Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
The Effect of Learning Style and Academic Performance in ASMNHS
Cookery Student

Background of Study

Education is a methodical process that involves using both formal and

informal methods to acquire knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes. Volpp &

Loewenstein, (2020) stressed that study habits are the actions, routines, and

approaches people use to efficiently absorb, remember, and apply new

information. Good learning style are crucial for academic achievement

because they facilitate effective learning and enhance performance in a

variety of learning environments. In Additions, learning style that focus on

positive effect behaviors, actions, skills, and individual learning styles can

enhance students' retention as well as their academic achievement

(Psychology Today, 2021).

Students are expected to develop their learning style particular in their

own field of specialization. (Develop good habits, 2021), throughout the

academic year, maintaining strong performance can be achieved by forming

routines for studying. Students should plan their study sessions around

periods of time when they are most productive. (Ho, 2020) supported that

When fatigued or under duress, learning is not possible. Taking rest periods

will assist the brain recharge and process new knowledge. According to

Zegarra (2019), Knowing that there are numerous distinct learning styles and

that every individual would retain material more effectively in various

approaches.
 Learning styles are personal inclinations and methods for absorbing

and analyzing knowledge. By customizing learning style to complement

individual strengths, learning can be made more efficient and pleasurable

through an understanding of learning styles. (Gilakjani, 2012) posits that by

hearing and analyzing information based on pitch, intensity, and speed,

auditory learners gain knowledge. Furthermore; (Zegarra, 2019) supported

that kinesthetic learning involves hands-on experiences, requiring logical

reasoning, while verbal learners prefer word use and language proficiency,

while social learners prefer group or collaborative learning. Recognizing one's

preferred learning style is crucial for effective study, as group work allows for

faster learning, improved performance, and assistance from others ( Loveless

2021).

The researchers are the grade 11 and grade 12 TVL-Cookery at

Asuncion S. Melgar National High School. Based on their experiences, most

of the students are passive in terms of understanding every session and lack

of productive motivation. It is a challenge to understand and learn learning

styles to improve their unique skills and intellectual capacity.

Based on the above premises, it is necessary to identify the effects of

learning style to the Grade 11 and grade 12 TVL- Cookery Students and

whether they affect their academic performance in the institution. The

researchers believe that the pedagogy skills of teaching are beneficial in

improving the academic performance of the students.

Statement of the problem

This study entitled “learning style in Academic Performance. of Student

in ASHNHS. The primary aims to investigate the learning style in relation to

academic performance.

1. What is the demographic profile in terms of the following?

 Name: (optional)

 Sex:

 Grade and Section:

 Track and strand enrolled:

 Habit/learning style

2. How do learning style affect to the academic performance of the student of

ASMNHS?

3. What are the factors affecting the academic performance of grade 11 and

grade 12 senior high school students ?

Significance of the Study

This research titled, the effects of learning style in academic

performance among the grade11 and grade 12 TVL-Cookery students in

education during face to face classes is beneficial to the following;

 School. This study will give them insights as to what measures are

appropriate to be taken in order that the students undertaking research in

TVL- Cookery and other subjects in learning.

Department Head. This study aims to promote listening, engagement

and empathy by giving each member of the group an integral role in the

academic endeavor.

Instructor. This study aims to serve as a wake-up call to teachers to

create and develop easy to-understand strategies for learning method in

actual session, as well as to use appropriate teaching strategies.

Parents. This study will enable parents to realize their great role in

dealing with their children’s educational needs and support.

Students. The result of this study will be beneficial for them in that they

will be informed about the factor of the students that affect their academic

performance specifically affects of in specific learning style during actual

session and how effective they are. This will serve them to improve and to

motivate them in a good way to deal with actual knowledge and to promote

them without murmuring and disputing as a result of the students

experiencing slow to come up the topic.

Researcher. This study will serve as a tool and reference material that

will help improve the other researchers' studies related to this topic. Its

information and date could be used for other studies that will be conducted.

Scope And Delimitation

The researcher will examine to describe the learning style in academic

performance among grade 11 and grade 12 students at the Asuncion S.

Melgar National High School. The scope of this study is confined to randomly
Grade 11 and Grade 12 TVL - Cookery students at Asuncion S. Melgar

National High School A.Y 2023-2024, who will serve as the research's

respondent.

Null Hypothesis

There’s no effects of study habits in academic performance of Grade

11 and Grade 12 TVL-Cookery Students.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES, THEORETICAL AND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter deals with the literature and studies related to the Effects

of learning style in Academic Performance among the Grade 11 and Grade 12

TVL-Cookery students. It is also to present the state of the art in order to

better grasp the investigations in order to gain a deeper understanding of the

research in order to fully comprehend the research for a better understanding

of the study.

Related Literature

Effective learning style are crucial for academic success, as they

empower individuals to efficiently acquire, retain, and apply knowledge,

ultimately enhancing learning outcomes and personal development.

According to K. Premalakshmi's 2012, Making a regular study schedule is a

critical first step towards achieving academic success, as the skill of

developing productive learning style is highlighted. To improve their study

abilities and enhance their educational experiences, children practice under

the supervision of their parents and teachers both at home and in school.
 Shakeel and Peterson (2020) have highlighted that education is one of

the most important aspects of human resource development and that students

are any academic institution's most valuable asset in education. They

contended that among the subjects that should be given the most attention in

higher education is figuring out and projecting students' academic

performance as well as evaluating the variables influencing it.

Through the years, numerous research has been carried out

throughout the years to look at the aspects that have a big impact on student's

academic success. To ensure the growth of human capital in our nation, it is

indeed crucial to comprehend the factors that influence students' academic

performance.

As covered in PITCS (2021), education is one of the most important

aspects of human resource development. Student achievement in a variety of

academic topics is based on their academic performance. Typically,

educators use standardized test scores, graduation requirements, and

classroom performance to evaluate student achievement (Ballotpedia, n.d.).

Moreover, a student's learning abilities, parental background, peer pressure,

teacher quality, and learning infrastructure all have an impact on their

academic performance.

Academic performance plays a crucial role in producing graduates of

high caliber, as it is closely linked to the nation's economic and social

progress (Singh et al., 2016). Indicating how crucial it is to keep an eye on

and evaluate students' academic progress to guarantee academic success, it

is also regarded as a significant performance indicator for colleges.

 One of the most important ideas explains how a student's environment

has a big influence on their academic achievement (Sharma et al., 2016). This

links to Egalite (2016) when he disclosed that a student's surroundings,

including the people in their immediate vicinity, significantly affect their

academic performance. Factors such as personal, study habits, home-related,

school-related, and lecturer factors are the most common (Bugwak, 2023). It

can also be affected by intelligence, motivation, personality, aptitudes,

interests, study habits, self-esteem, and the rapport between a teacher and

their students (Kasyoka, 2023). These variables, however, differ from one

nation, one individual, and one setting to another. Additionally, these myriads

of variables are intricately interrelated (Kasyoka, 2023), making it difficult to

analyze to the extent to which these have an impact that differs among

personalities and backgrounds (Mushtaq & Khan, 2012).

Learning style

Learning style is defined as a student's method of studying, whether it

be systematic, effective, or ineffective, etc.; an individual's behavior related to

their studies; the culmination of all the habits and practices that an individual

uses to learn found to influence students' academic performance (Nair, 2020).

In actuality, one of the most crucial traits shared by all people who "are

educated" and "are being educated" is their study habits because they devote

their time and attention to learning something new.

A study conducted by Nair (2020) revealed that there was a positive

link between learning style and academic performance in English among

student respondents. Similarly, Siahi and Maiyo (2015) investigated the

learning style and academic achievement of students and discovered that

there is a positive correlation of 0.66 between students' academic

achievement and their study habits. The results implied that study habits need

significant attention if we are to improve performance. It can be concluded

that the better the student's learning style the higher their learning

achievement. Furthermore, it was revealed that there was a significant

relationship between study habits and students’ academic performance.

Although the influence of time studying on student performance was

not well-explored, a study conducted by Mendezbal (2013) indicate that those

who spend more hours studying will perform better and those who spend

fewer hours, and those who have poor study habits fail to get high grades. It

was then recommended that teachers and parents collaboratively guide

students on how to develop good learning style thereby enhancing their

academic performance, but regretfully, a lot of students lack study skills. This

study links to our research because it has similar goal which is to emphasize

study habits as an essential component of academic success.

Theory of Academic Performance

Elger (2007) created the Theory of Academic Performance (ToP) to create a

framework that can be used to both explain performance and performance

improvements. The theory emphasizes six fundamental factors that make up the

current performance level are as follows: personal factors, fixed factors, identity,

knowledge, skills, and context. This theory aims to enhance performance and provide

the tools needed to support growth and learning.

A theory of performance (ToP) can be helpful in various learning contexts

because exceptional achievements stem from high-level performances. Making a

positive impact and making a difference is this theory's purpose. Based on the theory
of academic performance (ToP), this study examines the various personal (personal

condition and study habits) and external (home and instructor-related) factors that can

impact students' academic performance, both positively and negatively.

Conceptual Framework

Effects of learning style in

academic performance

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework on the effects of personal and external factors to

the academic performance.

Figure 1 illustrates the different contributing factors that affect the academic

performance of the 3rd year Bachelor in Elementary Education students such as;

Personal factors (personal condition and study habits) and external factors (home and
instructor-related). The personal and external factors stand as the independent

variable. On the other hand, academic performance stands as the dependent variable.

Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter discusses the research design, research locale,

respondents, sampling procedure, research instrument, data gathering

procedures, ethical considerations, methods of scoring, and interpretation and

analysis of data.

Research Design

This will employ a quantitative type of research design specifically

descriptive-survey research design to gather information about prevailing

conditions or situations for description and interpretation (Aggarwal, 2008 as

cited by Salaria, 2012). It is also concerned with the characteristics of the

whole sample aside from the characteristics of individuals.

This study will utilize a descriptive-survey design since the results of

the study will be used to determine the Effects of Learning Style in Academic

Performance among the grade 11 and Grade 12 TVL-Cookery Students in

the first semester of the Academic Year 2023-2024 concerning the

respondents’ responses and answers in the survey method. Thus, the

researchers were confident that this approach best fits this study.

Research Locale

The research will be held at Asuncion S. Melgar Senior High School.

With these standards and recognition, the school is expected to have students

with good learning style and good academic performance.

Respondents

The respondents will be the Forty (40) officially registered Asucion S.

Melgar National High School students enrolled in the first semester of the

school year 2023-2024. The researchers chose them because there are no

studies conducted evaluating the academic performance of elementary

education students in the said education institution.

Sampling Procedure

The sample size will be taken from the population, as per result of the

N
calculations using the Slovin’s formula, n= 2 , where N= population and
(1+ Ne )

e = error balance. Slovin’s formula is utilized for it gives the researcher an

idea of how large the sample size needs to be, to ensure a reasonable

accuracy of results. Moreover, since the researchers are part of the total
population of regular Grade 11 and Grade 12 TVL-Cookery in the first

semester of the Academic Year 2023-2024 students (respondents), they will

not be included in the sampling, to prevent biased results.

Figure 1: Computation of the sample size required for a population size N =

86 if an error of e=0.05 is tolerated.

N
n= 2
(1+ Ne )

86
n= 2
(1+(86)(0.05) )

86
n=
(1+0.215)

86
n=
1.215

n=71

In the sampling procedure, simple random sampling will be used in

determining the forty (40) respondents out of seventy-four (74) population of

the regular Grade 12 TVL- Cookery Students in the teacher education

institution enrolled in the first semester of the Academic Year 2023-2024. The

researchers will utilize this kind of sampling method because there are no

specific characteristics that the respondents must possess in order to fulfill the

purpose of the study. In addition, this type of probability sampling does not

only give each element in the population a chance of being included in the

sample but also makes the selection of every possible combination of the

desired number of cases equally likely.

Research Instrument
 This study will make use of a 5-point Likert Scale Questionnaire, which

has four (4) indicators namely: personal condition, learning style, home-

related factors, and the lecturer factor.

The 5-point Likert Scale Questionnaire will be conducted through face-

to-face transactions.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers will utilize the results of the 5-point Likert Scale

Questionnaire survey of the Grade 12 TVL-Cookery Students to determine the

their learning style; their level of academic performance; if is there a

significant relationship between study habits and academic performance. The

data gathered will be treated using the sample mean and standard deviation.

Ethical Considerations

This study was subject to certain ethical issues. An informed consent

form (ICF) will be given to the respondents to ask for their approval to

participate in the survey. The aim of the respondents’ approval is to reassure

them that participation in the study is voluntary and are free to withdraw from

it at any point and for any reason.

Furthermore, the researchers will make sure that the respondents are

fully informed regarding the purpose of the study, assuring them that their

answers will be treated confidential and will only be utilized for academic

purposes and for the purposes of the research.

Methods of Scoring and Interpretation

 To interpret the data effectively, the researchers will employ sample

mean, sample standard deviation, and the Deductive Thematic Analysis

respectively.

1. Sample Mean

This is used to determine the assessment of the respondents with

regards to their responses in the survey questionnaire.

FORMULA: x ¿
∑x
n

x = sample mean

∑ x ❑ = each value from the data set

n = number of items in the sample

2. Standard Deviation

The standard deviation provides an indication of how far the individual

responses to a question vary or “deviate” from the mean.

(x i − x ) ²
FORMULA: S=∑ , where:
N −1

S = sample standard deviation

N = the size of the population

∑ x i = each value from the sample

x = sample mean

Data Analysis

Data analysis procedures will involve manual computation and the use

of Statistics (a readily available application) to interpret and analyze the data.

Statistical formulas to be used include sample mean and standard deviation to

fully understand and determine the result of the 5-point Likert Scale

Questionnaire given to the 71 respondents.

After the treatment of the data, summarizations will follow. Then, the

research findings will be linked to the research statements.

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