An Introduction

to Databases
Made by:
Kristofer Am Delfin
 DATABASES
What is Data? In simple words, data can be facts related to any object
in consideration. For example, your name, age, height, weight, etc. are
some data related to you. A picture, image, file, pdf, etc. can also be
considered data.
What is Database? A database is a systematic collection of data. They
support electronic storage and manipulation of data. Databases make
data management easy.

An online telephone directory uses a database to Let us also consider Facebook. It needs to store,
store data of people, phone numbers, and other manipulate, and present data related to members,
contact details. Your electricity service provider their friends, member activities, messages,
uses a database to manage billing, client-related advertisements, and a lot more. We can provide a
issues, handle fault data, etc. countless number of examples for the usage of
databases.
Examples:
Types of Databases: OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASES
This type of computers database supports the storage of all data types. The
data is stored in the form of objects. The objects to be held in the database
have attributes and methods that define what to do with the data.
Here are some popular types of databases. PostgreSQL is an example of an object-oriented relational DBMS.

DISTRIBUTED DATABASES CENTRALIZED DATABASE

A distributed database is a type of database that has contributions from the It is a centralized location, and users from different backgrounds can access
common database and information captured by local computers. In this this data. This type of computers databases store application procedures
type of database system, the data is not in one place and is distributed at that help users access the data even from a remote location.
various organizations.

RELATIONAL DATABASES OPEN-SOURCE DATABASES

This type of database defines database relationships in the form of tables. It This kind of database stored information related to operations. It is mainly
is also called Relational DBMS, which is the most popular DBMS type in used in the field of marketing, employee relations, customer service, of
the market. Database example of the RDBMS system include MySQL, databases.
Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server database.
CLOUD DATABASES GRAPH DATABASES
A cloud database is a database which is optimized or built for such a A graph-oriented database uses graph theory to store, map, and query
virtualized environment. There are so many advantages of a cloud relationships. These kinds of computers databases are mostly used for
database, some of which can pay for storage capacity and bandwidth. It analyzing interconnections. For example, an organization can use a graph
also offers scalability on-demand, along with high availability. database to mine data about customers from social media.

DATA WAREHOUSES
OLTP DATABASES
Data Warehouse is to facilitate a single version of truth for a company for
OLTP another database type which able to perform fast query processing
decision making and forecasting. A Data warehouse is an information
and maintaining data integrity in multi-access environments.
system that contains historical and commutative data from single or
multiple sources. Data Warehouse concept simplifies the reporting and
analysis process of the organization.

NOSQL DATABASES PERSONAL DATABASE

NoSQL database is used for large sets of distributed data. There are a few A personal database is used to store data stored on personal computers that
big data performance problems that are effectively handled by relational are smaller and easily manageable. The data is mostly used by the same
databases. This type of computers database is very efficient in analyzing department of the company and is accessed by a small group of people.
large-size unstructured data.
MULTIMODAL DATABASE NETWORK DBMS
The multimodal database is a type of data processing platform that supports This type of DBMS supports many-to-many relations. It usually results in
multiple data models that define how the certain knowledge and complex database structures. RDM Server is an example of database
information in a database should be organized and arranged. management system that implements the network model.

DOCUMENT/JSON DATABASE HIERARCHICAL

In a document-oriented database, the data is kept in document collections, This type of DBMS employs the “parent-child” relationship of storing data.
usually using the XML, JSON, BSON formats. One record can store as Its structure is like a tree with nodes representing records and branches
much data as you want, in any data type (or types) you prefer. representing fields. The windows registry used in Windows XP is a
hierarchical database example.
Database Components:
There are five main components of a database:
HARDWARE DATA
The hardware consists of physical, Data is a raw and unorganized fact that is
electronic devices like computers, I/O required to be processed to make it
devices, storage devices, etc. This offers meaningful. Data can be simple at the same
the interface between computers and time unorganized unless it is organized.
real-world systems. Generally, data comprises facts, observations,
DATABASE ACCESS
perceptions, numbers, characters, symbols,
SOFTWARE LANGUAGE
This is a set of programs used to images, etc. Database Access language is used to
manage and control the overall PROCEDURE access the data to and from the
database. This includes the database Procedure are a set of instructions and rules
database, enter new data, update
software itself, the Operating System, that help you to use the DBMS. It is designing
already existing data, or retrieve
the network software used to share the and running the database using documented
required data from DBMS. The user
data among users, and the application methods, which allows you to guide the users
writes some specific commands in a
programs for accessing data in the who operate and manage it.
database access language and submits
database. these to the database.
Evolution of What is Structured Query Language (SQL)?
SQL is a programming language used by nearly all relational databases to
query, manipulate, and define data, and to provide access control. SQL was

Database:
What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?
first developed at IBM in the 1970s with Oracle as a major contributor,
which led to implementation of the SQL ANSI standard, SQL has spurred
many extensions from companies such as IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft.
Although SQL is still widely used today, new programming languages are
Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs
beginning to appear.
that enable its users to access databases, manipulate data, report, and
represent data. It also helps to control access to the database. Databases have evolved dramatically since their inception in the early
1960s. Navigational databases such as the hierarchical database (which

Database Management Systemsare not a new concept and, as such, had relied on a tree-like model and allowed only a one-to-many relationship),
and the network database (a more flexible model that allowed multiple
been first implemented in the 1960s.
relationships), were the original systems used to store and manipulate data.
Although simple, these early systems were inflexible. In the 1980s,
Charles Bachman’s Integrated Data Store (IDS) is said to be the first
relational databases became popular, followed by object-oriented databases
DBMS in history. With time database, technologies evolved a lot,
in the 1990s. More recently, NoSQL databases came about as a response to
while usage and expected functionalities of databases increased
the growth of the internet and the need for faster speed and processing of
immensely. unstructured data. Today, cloud databases and self-driving databases are
Most databases use structured query language (SQL) for writing breaking new ground when it comes to how data is collected, stored,
and querying data. managed, and utilized.
 Advantages of DBMS Disadvantages of DBMS
• DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data. • Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which
• DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of increases the budget of your organization.
multiple applications using the same data. • Most database management systems are often complex systems,
• Uniform administration procedures for data. so the training for users to use the DBMS is required.
• Application programmers never exposed to details of data • In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single
representation and storage. database which can be damaged because of electric failure or
• A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve database is corrupted on the storage media.
data efficiently. • Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes
• Offers Data Integrity and Security. lead to the loss of some data.
• The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of • DBMS can’t perform sophisticated calculations.
protection against prohibited access to data.
• A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a
manner that only one user can access the same data at a time.
• Reduced Application Development Time.
 Database Challenges:
Today’s large enterprise databases often support very complex queries and
are expected to deliver nearly instant responses to those queries. As a
result, database administrators are constantly called upon to employ a wide
variety of methods to help improve performance. Some common challenges
that they face include:

• Absorbing significant increases in data volume. The explosion of data coming in

from sensors, connected machines, and dozens of other sources keeps database
administrators scrambling to manage and organize their companies’ data efficiently. • Managing and maintaining the database and infrastructure. Database
administrators must continually watch the database for problems and perform
• Ensuring data security. Data breaches are happening everywhere these days, and preventative maintenance, as well as apply software upgrades and patches. As
hackers are getting more inventive. It’s more important than ever to ensure that data is databases become more complex and data volumes grow, companies are faced
secure but also easily accessible to users. with the expense of hiring additional talent to monitor and tune their databases.

• Keeping up with demand. In today’s fast-moving business environment, companies • Ensuring data residency, data sovereignty, or latency requirements. Some
need real-time access to their data to support timely decision-making and to take organizations have use cases that are better suited to run on-premises. In those
advantage of new opportunities. cases, engineered systems that are pre-configured and pre-optimized for running
• Removing limits on scalability. A business needs to grow if it’s going to survive, the database are ideal.
and its data management must grow along with it. But it’s very difficult for
database administrators to predict how much capacity the company will need,
particularly with on-premises databases.
 Summary:
Definition of Database or Database meaning: A database is a systematic
collection of data. They support electronic storage and manipulation of
data. Databases make data management easy.

DBMS stands for Database Management System

We have four major types of DBMSs namely Hierarchical, Network,

Relational, Object-Oriented

The most widely used DBMS is the relational model

that saves data in table formats. It uses SQLas the
standard query language.