Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar

Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Course Code PSY 303

Course Description Psychological Statistics
Week 5

MODULE 4: VARIABILITY

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/variability.asp

Module Introduction
In this module, we will introduce the statistical concept of variability. We will
describe the methods that are used to measure and objectively describe the differences that
exist from one score to another within a distribution. In addition to describing distributions
of scores, variability also helps us determine which outcomes are likely and which are very
unlikely to be obtained. This aspect of variability will play an important role in inferential
statistics.

Intended Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define variability and explain its use and importance as a statistical measure.
2. Describe variance and standard deviation for what is measured by each and
calculate for population and sample and for ungrouped data and grouped data.
3. Identify the other measures of location or position and calculate for each measure.

College of Arts and Sciences - Psychology Department

Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
2nd Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021 1
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Module Content
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO VARIABILITY

Variability provides a quantitative measure of the differences between scores in a

distribution and describes the degree to which the scores are spread out or clustered
together.

The term variability has much the same meaning in statistics as it has in everyday
language; to say that things are variable means that they are not all the same. In statistics,
our goal is to measure the amount of variability for a particular set of scores, a distribution.
In simple terms, if the scores in a distribution are all the same, then there is no variability.
If there are small differences between scores, then the variability is small, and if there are
large differences between scores, then the variability is large.

The purpose for measuring variability is to obtain an objective measure of how the
scores are spread out in a distribution. In general, a good measure of variability serves two
purposes:

1. Variability describes the distribution. Specifically, it tells whether the scores are
clustered close together or are spread out over a large distance. Usually, variability
is defined in terms of distance. It tells how much distance to expect between one
score and another, or how much distance to expect between an individual score and
the mean.

2. Variability measures how well an individual score (or group of scores) represents
the entire distribution. This aspect of variability is very important for inferential
statistics, in which relatively small samples are used to answer questions about
populations.

There are three different measures of variability: the range, standard deviation, and
variance. Of these three, the standard deviation and the related measure of variance are by
far the most important.

THE RANGE
The obvious first step toward defining and measuring variability is the range,
which is the distance covered by the scores in a distribution, from the smallest score to the
largest score. The range is defined as the difference between the highest and lowest value
in the distribution. It is easy to compute, however this measure of the variaton is the least
reliable because it is easily influenced by the extreme values.

FORMULA FOR THE UNGROUPED DATA

In ungrouped dat, the range is the difference between the highest and lowest value
in the distribution.

R=H-L
where:
R – range
H – represents the highest value
L – represents the lowest value

College of Arts and Sciences - Psychology Department

Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
2nd Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021 2
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Example 1: The ages of 15 students in a certain class were taken as shown below.
15, 18, 17, 16, 19, 21, 18, 16, 17, 20, 21, 19, 24, 23, 18

R=H–L
R = 24-15
R=9

FORMULA FOR THE GROUPED DATA

In grouped data, range is the difference between the highest upper class boundary
and the lowest lower class doundary.

R = HUCB - LLCB
where:
R – range
HUCB – represents the highest upper class boundary
LLCB – represents the lowest lower class boundary

Example 2:
Class Interval f
21 – 23 3 R = HUCB – LLCB
24 – 26 4 R = 38.5 – 20.5
27 – 29 6 R = 18
30 – 32 10
33 – 35 5
36 - 38 2

INTER-QUARTILE RANGE
This value is obtained by getting the difference between the third and the first
quartile:
IQR = Q3 – Q1
where:
Q3 – the third quartile
Q1 – the first quartile

FORMULA FOR THE UNGROUPED DATA

The formula for ith quartile is:

𝒊(𝒏+𝟏) th
Qi = ( ) value ; where i = 1, 2, 3
𝟒

Example 3: A random sample of 15 patients yielded the following data on the length of
stay (in days) in the hospital. 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 10, 14, 12, 10, 13, 13, 9, 8, 10, 12. Find
quartiles.

1. Arrange the data in ascending order: 5, 6, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 15
2. Find the first quartile Q1
𝑖(𝑛+1) th
Qi = (
4
) value
1(15+1) th
Q1 = (
4
) value
1(16) th
Q1 = (
4
) value
Q1 = (4)th value
Q1 = 9

College of Arts and Sciences - Psychology Department

Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
2nd Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021 3
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

3. Find the third quartile Q3

𝑖(𝑛+1) th
Qi = (
4
) value
3(15+1) th
Q3 = (
4
) value
3(16) th
Q3 = (
4
) value
Q3 = (12)th value
Q3 = 13

4. Find the inter-quartile range

IQR = Q3 – Q1
IQR = 13 – 9
IQR = 4

FORMULA FOR THE GROUPED DATA

The formula for ith quartile for group data is:

𝒊(𝒏) th
Qi = ( ) value
𝟒
where:
value i = 1, 2, 3
n – the total number of observations
𝒊(𝒏)
𝟒
− <𝑐𝑓
Qi = L + (
𝒇
)c

where:
L - the lower boundary of the quartile class
n - total number of observations
f - frequency of the quartile class
<cf - cumulative frequency of the class previous to quartile class
c - the class width/ class interval

Example 4: The following table gives the amount of time (in minutes) spent on the
internet each evening by a group of 56 students.

Class Interval Class Boundaries f <cf

22-24 21.5-24.5 2 56
19-21 18.5-21.5 24 54
16-18 15.5-18.5 15 30
13-15 12.5-15.5 12 15
10-12 9.5-12.5 3 3
56

1. Find the quartiles Q1 and Q3

Q1 Q3
𝒊(𝒏) th 𝑖(𝑛) th
Qi = ( ) value Qi = ( ) value
𝟒 4
𝟏(𝟓𝟔) th 3(56) th
Q1 = ( ) value Q3 = ( ) value
𝟒 4
𝟓𝟔 th 168 th
Q1 = ( ) value Q3 = ( ) value
𝟒 4
Q1 = 14th value Q3 = 42th value

College of Arts and Sciences - Psychology Department

Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
2nd Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021 4
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

The cumulative frequency just greater The cumulative frequency just greater
than or equal to 14 is 15. The than or equal to 42 is 54. The
corresponding class 12.5−15.5 is the 1st corresponding class 18.5−21.5 is the 3rd
quartile class. quartile class.
𝒊(𝒏) 𝑖(𝑛)
𝟒
− <𝒄𝒇 4
− <𝑐𝑓
Qi = L + (
𝒇
)c Qi = L + (
𝑓
)c
𝟏(𝟓𝟔) 3(56)
𝟒
−𝟑 4
− 30
Q1 = 12.5 + (
𝟏𝟐
)3 Q3 = 18.5 + (
24
)3
𝟏𝟒− 𝟑 42− 30
Q1 = 12.5 + (
𝟏𝟐
)3 Q3 = 18.5 + (
24
)3
𝟏𝟏 12
Q1 = 12.5 + ( ) 3 Q3 = 18.5 + ( ) 3
𝟏𝟐 24
Q1 = 12.5 + 2.75 Q3 = 18.5 + 1.5
Q1 = 15.25 Q3 = 20

2. Find the inter-quartile range

IQR = Q3 – Q1
IQR = 20 – 15.25
IQR = 4.75

MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION

The mean absolute deviation refers the arithmetic mean of the absolute deviation
of the values from the mean of the distribution. This measure is sometimes referred to as
the average deviation.

FORMULA OF MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION FOR THE UNGROUPED DATA

𝜮∣𝒙–𝒙∣
MAD =
𝒏

where:
MAD – mean absolute deviation
x – individual values
x – the mean of the distribution
n – sample size or population

Example 5: Consider the following values: 13, 16, 9, 6, 15, 7, 11. Determine the value of
MAD.
𝛴∣𝑥–𝑥∣
MAD =
𝑛

1. Mean: = 77/7 = 11

2. Σ ∣ x – x ∣ = (13-11) + (16 – 11) + (9 -11) + (6 – 11) + (15 – 11 ) + (7 – 11) +

(11 - 11)
= (2) + (5) + (2) + (5) + (4) + (4) +(0)
= 22
22
MAD =
7
MAD = 3.14

College of Arts and Sciences - Psychology Department

Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

FORMULA OF MEAN AVERAGE DEVIATION FOR THE GROUPED DATA

In frequency distribution of continuous type, the class intervals or groups are
arranged in such a way that there are no gaps between the classes and each class in the
table has its respective frequency. The class intervals are chosen in such a way that they
must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

𝜮 𝒇∣ 𝒙 – 𝒙 ∣
MAD =
𝒏

where:
MAD – average deviation / mean adsolute deviation
x – class mark or midpoint
x – the mean of the distribution
n – sample size or population

Example 6:
x
Classes f
(class
fx
∣x–x∣ f∣x–x∣
mark) (x – 8.36)
X= L+U/2
2-4 2 3 6 5.36 10.72
5-7 3 6 18 2.36 7.08
8 – 10 6 9 54 0.64 3.84
11 - 13 2 12 24 3.64 7.28
14 - 16 1 15 15 6.64 6.64
Total Σf = 14 Σfx = 117 Σf ∣ x – x ∣ = 35.56

Mean: X = Σfx/n = 117/14 = 8.36

𝜮 𝒇∣ 𝒙 – 𝒙 ∣
MAD =
𝒏
35.56
MAD =
14

MAD = 2.54

4.2 STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE

Standard deviation and variance are the most commonly used measures of
variability. Both of these measures are based on the idea that each score can be described
in terms of its deviation or distance from the mean. The variance is the mean of the squared
deviations. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance and provides a
measure of the standard distance from the mean.

VARIANCE
Variance equals the mean of the squared deviations. Variance is the average
squared distance from the mean.

College of Arts and Sciences - Psychology Department

Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

FORMULA FOR THE UNGROUPED DATA

Population Variance Sample Variance

𝜮 (𝒙 – 𝝁)𝟐 𝜮 (𝒙 – 𝒙 )𝟐
σ2 = S2 =
𝑵 𝒏−𝟏

or or

(𝜮𝑿)𝟐 (𝛴𝑋)2
𝜮𝑿𝟐 – 𝛴𝑋2 –
𝑵 𝑛
σ =
2 2
S =
𝑵 𝑛−1

where: where:
σ2 – population variance S2 – sample variance
x – individual score x – individual score
μ – mean x – mean
N – total number of scores n – total number of scores

FORMULA FOR THE GROUPED DATA

Population Variance Sample Variance

𝜮𝒇 (𝒙 – 𝝁)𝟐 𝜮𝑓 (𝒙 – 𝒙 )𝟐
σ2 = S2 =
𝑵 𝒏−𝟏

or or

(𝜮𝒇𝑿)𝟐 (𝛴𝑓𝑋)2
𝜮𝒇(𝑿)𝟐 – 𝛴𝑓(𝑋)2 –
𝑵 𝑛
σ2 = S2 =
𝑵 𝑛−1

where: where:
σ2 – population variance S2 – sample variance
f - frequency f - frequency
x – class mark x – class mark
μ – mean x – mean
N – total number of scores n – total number of scores

STANDARD DEVIATION
The standard deviation is the most commonly used and the most important measure of
variability. Standard deviation uses the mean of the distribution as a reference point and
measures variability by considering the distance between each score and the mean.
In simple terms, the standard deviation provides a measure of the standard, or average,
distance from the mean, and describes whether the scores are clustered closely around the mean
or are widely scattered.

College of Arts and Sciences - Psychology Department

Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

FORMULA FOR THE UNGROUPED DATA

Population Standard Deviation Sample Standard Deviation

𝜮 (𝒙 – 𝝁)𝟐 𝜮 (𝒙 – 𝒙 )𝟐
σ=√ S=√
𝑵 𝒏−𝟏

or or

(𝛴𝑋)2
𝜮(𝑿)𝟐 – (𝜮𝑿)𝟐 𝛴(𝑋)2 –
σ= √ 𝑵 S= √ 𝑛
𝑵 𝑛−1

or simply or simply

standard deviation = √𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 standard deviation = √variance

where: where:
σ – population standard deviation S – sample standard deviation
x – individual score x – individual score
μ – mean x – mean
N – total number of scores n – total number of scores

FORMULA FOR THE GROUPED DATA

Population Standard Deviation Sample Standard Deviation

𝜮𝒇 (𝒙 – 𝝁)𝟐 𝜮𝑓 (𝒙 – 𝒙 )𝟐
σ=√ S=√
𝑵 𝒏−𝟏

or or

(𝛴𝑓𝑋)2
𝜮𝒇(𝑿)𝟐 – (𝜮𝒇𝑿)𝟐 𝛴𝑓(𝑋)2 –
σ= √ 𝑵 S= √ 𝑛
𝑵 𝑛−1

or simply or simply

standard deviation = √𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 standard deviation = √variance

where: where:
σ – population standard deviation S – sample standard deviation
f - frequency f - frequency
x – class mark x – class mark
μ – mean x – mean
N – total number of scores n – total number of scores

College of Arts and Sciences - Psychology Department

Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
2nd Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021 8
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
The coefficient of variation is a relative measure of dispersion. It may be utilized
to determine the degree of extend of variability of two sets of data relative to the mean of
the distribution of each set of data.

FORMULA FOR THE GROUPED AND UNGROUPED DATA

Coefficient of Variation (Population) Coefficient of Variation (Sample)

𝛔 S
CV = (100%) CV = (100%)
𝒙 𝑥

where: where:
σ – population standard deviation S – sample standard deviation
x – mean x – mean

Example 7: Ungrouped Data

Calculate population variance (σ2), population standard deviation (σ), and
coefficient of variation from the following data: 3,13,11,15,5,4,2,3,2

1. Find the mean: X = ΣX/n = X = 58/9 = X = 6.44

2. Find the population variance:

(𝜮𝑿)𝟐
𝜮 (𝒙 – 𝝁)𝟐 𝜮𝑿𝟐 –
σ2 = σ2 = 𝑵
𝑵 𝑵

x x–μ ( x – μ)2 x x2
3 -3.44 11.83 3 9
13 6.56 43.03 13 169
11 4.56 20.79 11 121
15 8.56 73.27 15 225
5 -1.44 2.07 5 25
4 -2.44 5.95 4 16
2 -4.44 19.71 2 4
3 -3.44 11.83 3 9
2 -4.44 19.71 2 4
ΣX = 58 0.04 208.22 ΣX = 58 ΣX = 582
2

𝟐𝟎𝟖.𝟐𝟐 (58)2
σ2 = 582 – 9
𝟗 σ2 =
σ2 = 23.14 9
3364
582 – 9
σ2 =
9
582 – 373.78
σ2 =
9
σ2 = 23.14

College of Arts and Sciences - Psychology Department

Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

3. Find the population standard deviation:

𝜮 (𝒙 – 𝝁)𝟐 𝜮(𝑿)𝟐 – (𝜮𝑿)𝟐
σ=√ σ=√ 𝑵
𝑵 𝑵

𝟐𝟎𝟖.𝟐𝟐 582 – 3364

σ=√ σ=√ 9
𝟗 9
σ = √𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 582 – 373.78
σ = 4.81 σ=√ 9
208.22
σ=√
9
σ = √23.14
σ = 4.81

4. Find the coefficient of variation:

𝛔
CV = (100%)
𝒙
𝟒.𝟖𝟏
CV = (100%)
𝟔.𝟒𝟒
CV = 74.69 %

Example 8: Ungrouped Data

Calculate sample variance (S2), sample standard deviation (S), and coefficient of
variation from the following data: 3,13,11,15,5,4,2,3,2

1. Find the mean: X = ΣX/n = X = 58/9 = X = 6.44

2. Find the sample variance:

𝜮 (𝒙 – 𝒙 )𝟐 𝜮𝑿𝟐 –
(𝜮𝑿)𝟐
S2 = 2 𝒏
𝒏−𝟏 S =
𝒏−𝟏
x x–x ( x – x)
2
x x2
3 -3.44 11.83 3 9
13 6.56 43.03 13 169
11 4.56 20.79 11 121
15 8.56 73.27 15 225
5 -1.44 2.07 5 25
4 -2.44 5.95 4 16
2 -4.44 19.71 2 4
3 -3.44 11.83 3 9
2 -4.44 19.71 2 4
ΣX = 58 0.04 208.22 ΣX = 58 ΣX = 582
2

𝟐𝟎𝟖.𝟐𝟐 (58)2
S2 = 582 – 9
𝟗−𝟏 2
S =
2 𝟐𝟎𝟖.𝟐𝟐 9−1
S = 3364
𝟖 582 –
S2 = 26.03 9
S2 =
9−1
582 – 373.78
S2 =
8
S2 = 26.03

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Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
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3. Find the sample standard deviation:

𝜮 (𝒙 – 𝒙 )𝟐 (𝜮𝑿)𝟐
S=√ 𝜮(𝑿)𝟐 –
𝒏−𝟏 S= √ 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏

S=√
𝟐𝟎𝟖.𝟐𝟐 582 – (58)2
𝟗−𝟏 S=√ 9−1
9

𝟐𝟎𝟖.𝟐𝟐
S=√ 582 – 9 3364
𝟖 S=√ 8
S = √𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟑
582 – 373.78
S = 5.10 S=√ 8
208.22
S=√
8
S = √26.03
S = 5.10

4. Find the coefficient of variation:

𝐒
CV = (100%)
𝒙
𝟓.𝟏𝟎
CV = (100%)
𝟔.𝟒𝟒
CV = 79.19 %

Example 9:Grouped Data

Calculate population variance (σ2), population standard deviation (σ), and
coefficient of variation from the following grouped data.

Frequency Class Mark (x)

Classes fx
f X = L+U/2
14 - 16 5 15 75
11 - 13 4 12 48
8 - 10 3 9 27
5-7 2 6 12
2-4 1 3 3
Σf = 15 Σx = 45 Σfx = 165

1. Find the mean: X = ΣfX/n = X = 165/15 = X = 11

2. Find the population variance:

𝜮𝒇 (𝒙 – 𝝁)𝟐 (𝜮𝒇𝑿)𝟐
𝜮𝒇(𝑿)𝟐 –
σ2 = σ2 = 𝑵
𝑵 𝑵
f x x–μ ( x – μ) 2
f( x – μ) 2
f x x 2
fx f (x)2
5 15 4 16 80 5 15 225 75 1125
4 12 1 1 4 12 144 48 576
4
3 9 -2 3 9 81 27 243
4 12
2 6 36 12 72
2 6 -5 25 50 1 3 9 3 9
1 3 -8 64 64 Σf = 15 ΣX = 45 Σx2 = 495 Σfx = 165 Σfx =
Σf = 15 ΣX = 45 -10 110 210 2025

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𝟐𝟏𝟎 (165)2
σ2 = 2025 –
15
𝟏𝟓 σ2 =
σ2 = 14 15
27225
2025 – 15
σ2 =
15
2025 – 1815
σ2 =
15
σ2 = 14

3. Find the population standard deviation:

𝜮𝒇 (𝒙 – 𝝁)𝟐 𝜮𝒇(𝑿)𝟐 – (𝜮𝒇𝑿)𝟐
σ=√ σ=√ 𝑵
𝑵 𝑵

σ=√
𝟐𝟏𝟎 2025 – (165)2
𝟏𝟓 σ=√ 15
15

σ = √𝟏𝟒
σ = 3.74 2025 – 27225
σ=√ 15
15

2025 – 1815
σ=√ 15
𝟐𝟏𝟎
σ=√
𝟏𝟓
σ = √14
σ = 3.74

4. Find the coefficient of variation:

𝛔
CV = (100%)
𝒙
𝟑.𝟕𝟒
CV = (100%)
𝟏𝟏
CV = 34 %

Example 10:Grouped Data

Calculate sample variance (S2), sample standard deviation (S), and coefficient of
variation from the following grouped data.

Frequency Class Mark (x)

Classes fx
f X = L+U/2
14 - 16 5 15 75
11 - 13 4 12 48
8 - 10 3 9 27
5-7 2 6 12
2-4 1 3 3
Σf = 15 Σx = 45 Σfx = 165

1. Find the mean: X = ΣfX/n = X = 165/15 = X = 11

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2. Find the sample variance:

𝜮𝒇 (𝒙 – 𝒙 )𝟐 𝜮𝒇(𝑿)𝟐 –
(𝜮𝒇𝑿)𝟐
S2 = 2 𝒏
𝒏−𝟏 S =
𝒏−𝟏
f x x–x ( x – x)2 f( x – x)2 f x x2 fx f (x)2
5 15 4 16 80 5 15 225 75 1125
4 12 1 1 4 4 12 144 48 576
3 9 -2 4 12 3 9 81 27 243
2 6 -5 25 50 2 6 36 12 72
1 3 -8 64 64 1 3 9 3 9
Σf = 15 ΣX = 45 -10 110 210 Σf = 15 ΣX = 45 Σx2 = 495 Σfx = 165 Σfx = 2025
𝟐𝟏𝟎 (165)2
S2 = 2025 – 15
𝟏𝟓−𝟏 S2 =
2 𝟐𝟏𝟎 15−1
S = 27225
𝟏𝟒 2025 – 15
S2 = 15 S2 =
14
2
2025 – 1815
S =
14
S2 = 15

3. Find the sample standard deviation:

𝜮𝒇 (𝒙 – 𝒙 )𝟐
S=√ 𝜮𝒇(𝑿)𝟐 – (𝜮𝒇𝑿)𝟐
𝒏−𝟏 S= √ 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏

𝟐𝟏𝟎 (165)2
S=√ 2025 – 15
𝟏𝟓−𝟏 S=√ 15−1
𝟐𝟏𝟎
S=√ 2025 – 15 27225
𝟏𝟒 S=√ 14
S = √𝟏𝟓
2025 – 1815
S = 3.87 S=√ 14
𝟐𝟏𝟎
S=√
𝟏𝟒
S = √15
S = 3.87

4. Find the coefficient of variation:

𝐒
CV = (100%)
𝒙
𝟑.𝟖𝟕
CV = (100%)
𝟏𝟏
CV = 35.18 %

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Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
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BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY JPLPC-Malvar
Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

4.3 OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION OR POSITION

Other descriptive measures that indicate location or position of particular values

or scores in an arranged distribution are the quartiles, deciles and percentiles.

• A quartile is a type of quantile which divides the number of data points into four
more or less equal parts, or quarters. The first quartile (Q1) is defined as the middle
number between the smallest number and the median of the data set.
A quartile divides data into three points – a lower quartile, median, and
upper quartile, to form four groups of the data set. The lower quartile or
first quartile is denoted as Q1 and is the middle number that falls between the
smallest value of the data set and the median.

• A decile is usually used to assign decile ranks to a data set. A decile rank arranges
the data in order from lowest to highest and is done on a scale of one to ten where
each successive number corresponds to an increase of 10 percentage points.

• A percentile (or a centile) is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below
which a given percentage of observations in a group of observations falls. For
example, the 20th percentile is the value (or score) below which 20% of the
observations may be found.

FORMULA FOR THE UNGROUPED DATA

FORMULA FOR THE GROUPED DATA

Where:
Qi or Di or Pi is a particular score or entry
L is the lower class boundary of the class interval containing in/4 or 10 or 100
f is the frequency of the class interval
cf is the sum of all frequencies of the intervals immediately before the class interval where
Qi or Di or Pi is contained
n is the total frequency;
c is the class size

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Example 11: Ungrouped Data

Calculate Quartile-1, Deciles-3, Percentiles-20 from the following data:
3,13,11,11,5,4,2

1. Arranging observations in the ascending order: 2,3,4,5,11,11,13

2. Find Quartile-1, Deciles-3, Percentiles-20:
Quartile 1 Deciles 3 Percentiles 20
𝒊(𝒏+𝟏) th 𝑖(𝑛+1) th 𝑖(𝑛+1) th
Qi = ( ) value Di = ( ) value Pi = ( ) value
𝟒 10 100
𝟏(𝟕+𝟏) th 3(7+1) th 20(7+1) th
Q1 = ( ) value D3 = ( ) value P20= ( ) value
𝟒 10 100
Q1 = 2nd value 3(8) th 20(8) th
D3 = ( ) value P20= ( ) value
Q1 = 3 10 100
D3 = 2.4th value P20= 1.6th value
D3 = 2nd value + 0.4 (3rd - P20= 1st value + 0.6 (2nd –
2nd) 1st)
D3 = 3 + 0.4 (4-3) P20= 2 + 0.6 (3 – 2)
D3 = 3.4 P20= 2.6
Example 12: Grouped Data
Calculate Quartile-3, Deciles-7, Percentiles-20 from the following grouped data

Classes f <cf
14 - 16 5 15
11 - 13 4 10
8 - 10 3 6
5-7 2 3
2-4 1 1
Σf = 15

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Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
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1. Find Quartile-3, Deciles-7, Percentiles-20:

Quartile 3 Deciles 7 Percentiles 20
𝒊𝒏 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 th
Qi = ( )th value in the <cf Di = ( )th value in the <cf Pi = ( ) value in the <cf
𝟒 10 100
column column column
𝟑(𝟏𝟓) th 7(15) th 20(15) th
Q3 = ( ) value D7 = ( ) value P20= ( ) value
𝟒 10 100
Q3 = 11.25th value D7 = 10.5th value P20= 3rd value

The cumulative frequency just The cumulative frequency just The cumulative frequency just
greater than or equal to 11.25 greater than or equal to 10.5 is greater than or equal to 3 is 3. It
is 15. It lies in the class 14-16 15. It lies in the class 14-16 lies in the class 5-7 and
and corresponding class and corresponding class corresponding class boundary is
boundary is 13.5-16.5. boundary is 13.5-16.5. 4.5-7.5.
The lower boundary point of The lower boundary point of The lower boundary point of
13.5-16.5 is 13.5. 13.5-16.5 is 13.5. 4.5-7.5 is 4.5.
L=13.5 L=13.5
L=4.5
𝒊𝒏 𝑖𝑛
𝟒
− <𝒄𝒇 10
− <𝑐𝑓
Qi = L + (
𝒇
)c Di = L + (
𝑓
)c 𝑖𝑛
− <𝑐𝑓
𝟑(𝟏𝟓) 7(15) Pi = L + ( 100 )c
− 𝟏𝟎 − 10 𝑓
𝟒 10
Q3 = 13.5 + (
𝟓
)3 D7 = 13.5 + (
5
)3 20(15)
−1
𝟏𝟏.𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎 10.5 − 10 P20= 4.5 + ( 100 )3
Q3 = 13.5 + ( )3 D7 = 13.5 + ( )3 2
𝟓 5 3−1
𝟏.𝟐𝟓 0.5 P20= 4.5 + (
2
)3
Q3 = 13.5 + (
𝟓
)3 D7 = 13.5 + (
5
)3 2
Q3 = 13.5 + 0.75 D7 = 13.5 + 0.3 P20= 4.5 + ( ) 3
2
Q3 = 14.25 D7 = 13.8 P20= 4.5 + 3
P20= 7.5

End of Module Assessment

Module Activity: Computing Measures of Variability

Calculate sample variance (S2), sample standard deviation (S), coefficient of
variation (CV), quartile 2, and decile 6, from the following grouped data. Show your
complete table distribution based on your choice of method.
Attach your computation either type written or hand written.

Class Interval Frequency

70 - 79 3
60 - 69 6
50 - 59 8
40 - 49 12
30 - 39 9
20 - 29 7
10 – 19 5

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Instructional Material: PSY 303 Psychological Statistics
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Malvar, Batangas
Tel. Nos.: (043) 778-2170/ (043) 406-0830 loc. 122
Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Other Assessments:
• Online Recitation – This will incorporate a video conference within online
teaching to give learning a more personal touch. During scheduled brief online
interviews, students can demonstrate their proficiency in most essential topics.
(Google Meet/FB Messenger)

• Online Activities – These are integral part of the course. This may come in various
tasks such as group work, individual activity, research work, extended reading and
the like. This will provide opportunities for the students to transfer the concepts
they have learned in class to a more concrete situation and to equally participate in
class discussion.

Learning Reference
Gravetter, F.J. & Wallnau, L.B. (2016). Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 10th Edition;
Boston, MA: Cengage

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