MIDTERM NOTES A. THE DERIVATIVE Definition: The dezivative of the function fx) denoted by f'(x) is defined by S69) = im SOTA LO) F'@)= fn, ‘provided this timic exises Remarks: The notation Ax is read “delta x” is defined by Ax =x, — symbols A and x are mot separate but are always taken as one. Hence the two ‘Te geometsic interpretation of the derivative of 2 function is illustrated in the igure below. (3) A line that intersects a curve at two distinct points is called a secant line. If the line intersects the curve at exactly one point, the line is called a tangent line. In the diagram above, the slope of the secant ine is m = 2 ‘As Ax becomes smaller and smaller, the secant line moves down towards the tangent line. The tangent line is the limiting position of the secamt line. Hence the derivative of a function can be interpreted as “the slope of the line tangent to the curve at any point (x,3)”.Midterm Lectore Notes — Math 03 (Differential Calculus) a 99 ig, LOT A: I a Ba OTHER NOTATIONS USED: - Se+A2)- f) D.LsOo)= tim, = fin FOE ae 0 The deivniveokfa)at v= ae dened by jo) =m LOL Examples: Use the definition to find the derivative of the following functions: 1. f@)=$x+3 2 fea +2x41 Solution: 7G) fn EPONA SEE) _ yy 8D H31— HD = jim = 5x> Ax) +3-5x-3 Be = im Be = ims =5 Thus, f'@) =5 2p = fm Et =F) Tim GAN? +2 + Ae) + 1 (P+ 2x +9) a ‘ar ogg Exe) + a? + 2e + 22) $4 ao ax ting 28D + (A? + 209) aro ‘ax Ax(2x+ Ax +2) ao Be = jim (2x + ax +2) =2x+2 ‘Thus, if f(x) = x7 + 2x41, f'(x) =2x+2.Midterm Lecture Notes — Math 03 (Differential Calculus) 3.7°G) = jm FE A8) FO) = tin EEN Mey ae = tum (EER) FFEE+NG 6 sonctcing the emerator = a (eae t ya) (rationalizing the erator) _ (e+ Ax)—x “PL RGaeat - Ax ~ I RGatart we) im — mee 1 “Yed0t Ve 1 | VEtNE at 5 Thus.if f(@) = V3. F@) = 355 F@t dx) - Ff) 87> jm EE = um E42" aso Ae = tym ESE MH) + Bx (Oa)? + (Oe) ot ao ar hn 32 (A2) + 3x (Ox)? + (Aw)? a ar = yp Avf3x? + 3x(Ax) + (42)?] =e = jim 3x? + (3x)(09) + (42)*] = 3x7 Thus, if f(x) = «*, f' (x) = 327.Midterm Lecture Notes ~ Math 03 (Differential Caleulus) 4 Exercises 10. Find the derivative of the given functioa using the definition. Lf) =Ix-5 2. g@)=12x-x? 3. f@= x 2x41 450-35 3. fe) = xP -207 +2 6 sa-% THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS ‘We can simplify the process of finding the derivatives of functions using the theorems that follow. Theorem 1. D,()=0 [Derivative of a Constant] Examples: 1. D8) =0 2 DLD=0 Theorem 2, D.(x)=1 [Derivative of the Identity Function] Examples: 1.1f y= pl vee 2. ES@)=x, then f@)=1. Theorem 3. D,(x*) =nx"?, n any rational number. [Derivative of a Power] Examples: 1. D.(x*) = 2x 2. D,(2)=Sx4 ByMidierm Lecture Notes — Math 03 (Differential Calculus) SF p= datnen 2 = pees 4x! Theorem 4. D,[ef(0]=¢D,[/(2] Derivative of a Constant times a Function] Examples: 1. D,[2x]=2D,() = 21) =2, 2. Dib = -1..0)= (IM) =-1 3. If po4e then y'=4G4)= 12. 3 hen ® 4 vthen = S.D,(x7)= (2x? = Theorem 5. D.[f(x)* 2) =D,L/@1+ DL] Derivative of a Sum| Examples: 1. D,(2x+5)=D,(2x)+D,(5)=2+0=2 2. If y=Ix?-4x +5, then »'= 6x-4. (Differentiate term by term) 3.16 ya2e +4 7410, then 2 = 62 + 85-7. Diffrentae term by term) 28 ®

= Su* while [= 6x? -10x+4. Hence. a _d du. ode de Oe 0+ 4) or, a SQ? - 52 + 4+ 34 (6x? -10x+ 4) Remark. Whenever. a power has a base which is a function, we apply the power rule and multiply the result by the derivative of the base. Example 2. Find f(x) if f(x) =e +459 -22+8 Hence wehave, Solution: Notethat f(x) = (x* = 4x° - 2x F@)=HGE Hse Ie YT x? +1282) 1 Example 3. Findy’ if y= re ESSER Solution: The given function can be written as y= (x? +3x+6)*. Hence wehave, 6(a2 43x46)" Qa +3) = - Oe" Exercise A. Differentiate the following functions 1 fQ)= G45)" 6. 2. fO)=Gxt- 2249? 1 f@)=Qx- Txt > 3. FO)= 4-27 08 +40? 8 fO)=Qx77- Tx7 +7 ‘ (28 +5) oye Seaet Za © @e-2x- OO CR se3 Sy ee \* 10. Ge +2)'Axt) Gx-2)7Midterm Lecture Notes Math 03 (Differential Calculus) 9 C, RECTILINEAR MOTION AND THE DERIVATIVE AS ARATE OF CHANGE Suppose we have a particle moving along a straight line. Let s= /(¢)be the distance traveled, ‘by the particle at any time t_ The distance is positive if the object is moving to the right and negative if it moving to the left. Let the distance travelled by the puttidle from ¢=4, to ¢=4; be 5 = f(A) and 5; — f(t). respectively. We define the average velocity of the particle in this interval of time as fG) fe) Average Velocity Example 1. A particle is moving along a straight line such that the distance travelled at any time ris given by s= f(Q =F +2143 om. Find the average velocity of the particle as it moves from a) 1 = 1 second to 2 = 2 seconds and 5) n = 2 seconds to 2 = 4 seconds. Solution: a) f@)= f@) =F +20)+3=6 and fle) = f(Q)=27+2Q)+3=11 Average Velocity = 5) f(q)= FQ)= 2? +2(2)+39=11 and (= 4) = 4 + 24) 43 =17 17-11_6 oy Ty Bembec Take note that the average velocity is not constant. The average velocity does not give us information about the velocity of the particle at the instant when t = 2 seconds. ‘The velocity of the particle at the instant when ¢= ¢) is called the instantaneous velocity at . The instantaneous velocity of a car a particular time is the reading of the speedometer at that time. By getting the limit of the Average Velocity = + as r approaches 1, we get the instantaneous velocity of the particle at =n. Le. the quotient instentancous velocity of ¢= i is given by im lim "= 7'(t). provided this limit exists. Definition: If f is a function given by s= f(@and a particle is moving along 2 straight line such that sis the number of units in the dizected distance of the particle fiom a fixed point 0 on the line at runits of time. then the instantaneous velocity of the particle is given by as MO=SO o VO == ifn exists. ‘The speed of the pattie is given by | (0) | =| FO a ‘The acceleration of the paricie ais given by a()= f"(9 =Midterm Lecture Notes — Math 03 (Differential Calculus) 10 Example 2. A particle is moving along a straight line such that at any time 4, its distance travelled is given by s= f(t)=4-1° feet. Find the instantaneous velocity of the patticle at 1=3 seconds. Solution: s=f()= 4-0 and vO) ¢ =-2. So the instantaneous velocity at = 3 secondsis v(3) = -2(3) = -6t/sec. The speed of the particle at that instant is Gflsec. Example 3. A particle moves along a horizontal line where s = 24-47 + 21-1, where s is measured in centimeters. Determine when the particle is at rest and the intervals of time when the pattide is moving to the right or moving to the left. Also detennine the time when the particle reverses its direction. Solution: Since s= as VO = 5, =6F 8+2. The questions can be answered by Inowing when the velocity is negative, o or positive. Equating the velocity to zero, we have ° - 477 +2r-1, the velocity of the particle at any time vis given by 6t7 -8t+2=0 or 3¢7-4¢+1=0 of Gt-It-D=0. 1 Solving for i, wehave 1=1 or ¢=5. To know the signs of the velocity. we construct the following table. interval /value of fime | sign/value of the velocity 1 ¥@ =2Ge-DE-1) 1 és 5 positive 1 5 ° i : 5ersd negative t=1 0 a1 positive From the table, we conclude that the particle was moving to the right when 1< 1/3 and when 1> 1. It was moving to the left when ris between 1/3 and 1. ‘The particle changes direction where the velocity changes its sign, that is, at t= land ¢= 13. Example 4. A stone is dropped from a height of 64 ft. [fs ftis the height of the stone rseconds after being dropped. thea 5 = -16:? + 64, a. How long does it take the stone to reach the ground? 4, Find the instantaneous velocity of the stone whan it reaches the ground.Midterm Lecnore Notes — Math 03 (Differential Calculus) u Solution: a. Onthe ground, s=0. Thus, wehave s= -167? +64=0. Solving for 1, we have ¢ or f=+2. Wetaket=2sec. Henccit will take the stone 2 seconds to reach the ground. B, s= 161° +64 and v@)= FZ =-32r. The instantaneous velocity of the stone whenit reaches the ground is 32(2) ~-64 flsee Example 5. Mahmood throws 2 ball up with an initial velocity of 64 feet per second. If the distance of the ball from the ground at any time ¢ is (¢) = -16¢? + 64, where tis time in seconds, find a) the velocity of the ball at any time f; 6) the time it will take the ball to reach the ‘maximum height; c) the maximum height reached by the ball; and d) the final velocity of the ball ast strikes the ground. Solution: a. /(@) =-16+? +642, so the velocity of the ball at any time ris ch Px 3u + 64 nswer) ®. Acthe instant the ball researches its maximum height, theinstantaneous velocity is 0. Hence we have, v=32+64=0 Solving for #, we have t= 2 seconds. Hence it will take the ball 2 seconds to seach the maximum height. ¢ The ball attains its maximum height after2 seconds. Hence. The maximum height is FQ) = -16(2" + 64(2) = 64 Feet. 4, On the ground, s=0. Thus, wehave h(i) =-16t" +647=0. Solving for 1, wehave: -164* +642 =0 or -16:(¢-4)= 0 ‘The values of tare 0 and 4. Hence it will take the ball 4 seconds toreach the ‘ground and the final velocity is 4) = -324) + 64 = -G4 feet per second, The significance of the minus sign is that the ball was moving downward at thet instant, Definition. If y= f(x), the insiantancous rate of change of y per unit change in x at x1is f'(%). ie, the derivative of» with respect to vat n, if it exists. Example 6. balloon maintains the shape ofa sphere as itis being inflated. Find therate of change of the surface area with respect to the radius r at the instant when7 = 2 meters. Solution: The formula for the surface area of the sphere as a function of the radius ris, S(r) =4rv?. The rate of change of the surface area with respect to 7 is given byMidierm Lecture Notes — Math 03 (Differential Calculus) 12 as Fa an) = 80 ‘At the instant when ris 2 meters, the surface area is increasing st the rate of == = 8nQ metors)= 16 sq.m. Example 7. From Boyle's Law, the expansion of a gas is given by PV’ = C, where P is the number of ‘pounds per square unit of pressure, V’is the number of cubic units in the volume of the gas, and Cis constant. Find the instantaneous rate of change of with respect to P when P=3and V=6, Solution: From PY'=C, wehave V 5 ‘Thus, the instantaneous rate of change of with respect to P is given by Vv 18 When P = 3 and = 6, C = (3X6) = 18. Hence, — = -—> =-2 cubic units, 8 eo i.e, when P =3 Ibs per square unit, the volume decreases at the rate of 2 cubic cunits. Exercise B. Solve the following problems. 1. A particle moves in one direction along a straight line so that after t minutes its distance is s = 6 feet from the origin. a. Find the average velocity of the particle when it traveled from 2 min to 4 min. b. Find the instantaneous velocity at ¢= 2 minutes. 2. If st) =f —# +2 represents the position function of a particle that moves on a horizontal line. find the position, velocity, and speed and acceleration of the paticle at t = 3. [Note: The acceleration a ofa particle is the derivative of the velocity function.) 3. The area of a circular field is given by A= m?. As the radius r increases, the cost of making the field increases. What is the rate of increase in area when r= 200 feet? 4. Suppose a gas is pumped into a spherical balloon at a constant rate of 50 cubic centimeters per second. Assume that the gas pressure remains constant and that the balloon always has a spherical shape. How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when the radius is 5 centimeters? 5. Each edge of a cube is expanding at the rate of 1 centimeter (cm) per second. How fast is the volume changing when the length of each edges (2) 5 cm? (b) 10 em? (¢) acm? 6. A baseball diamond is 2 90-foot square. A ball is batted along the third-base line at a constant speed of 100 feet per second. How fast is its distance from first base changing when (2) it is halfway to third base? (b) it reaches third base? 7. What is the rate of change of the volume of a cube with respect to the length of each edge? 8. Find the rate of change of the arce of square with a vatiable sidex at the instant when x is 3 an.D. DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Let us now discuss the derivatives of transcendental functions. We start with trigonomenic functions. We first establish the derivatives of the sine and cosine functions. fen sift X(CosAx- 1) + cosx sin Ax “B as = in BX sin Ax = BR BAAD cose ae eee eee = cosx a Heace, lf y= f(s) =sia x, = fx) 0, a+ 1. ‘The domain of this function is the set of all real numbers while the range is the set of all positive real numbers. Defmition. The nateral exponential function is defined by y — fix) ~ e, where ¢ is the non terminating and non-repeating decimal number whose value is 2.718281828... ‘The domain of this fimction is the set of all real numbers while the range is the set of all positive real numbers. The graph of this function is shown below. Theorems: 1. Dyet)= ot [Decivative of Natural Exponential Function] de ww , 7 2. D,(a*)=a".n a= .a>0, az1 [Derivative of Exponential Function toBase a] Example 5. Find 2 if p=e a east _ oes Eo Solution: Re =e Be 304) =o 84 (Qx+3) Gnswar) Example 6.Find y’ if » Solution: feet) =e¥ A(x) Example 7. Find f'(x) if fe) =3*) Solution: f"(x) Sp = 30 Spit x*)] 03 = HDI? costs LOA) = dn 3.3") cos(x?) 2x.Midterm Lecture Notes — Math 03 (Differential Calculus) a Example 8. Find f'(x) if £0) = ere Solution: fe) = ODP DCE DDD (ed) DOD =D.) ep — Oe") e Cer e*-2*) ee F _le'-Cl-e*) ey _ leet t1te*) ep 2-2 +e*) ep ore angled Using tenons at if 3 Solution: Differentiating both sides, we have, Dixy)=D,{e"?) of xyty.l 0" Q=y') Solving fory" we have: LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS Definition The logarithmic fiction to base a is defined by y = log.x if and only if x= a The domain of this function is the set of all positive real numbers whereas the range is the set ofall real numbers. From this Definition, 381 implies that Jogs81=4. 6 =36 implies that loge36=2 273 =3 implies that logr3 = 13.Midterm Lecture Notes ~ Math 03 Differential Calculus) 2 PROPERTIES OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS: 1. n1=0 ne=l 3. In(xy) =n tin y 3. ny =rinx From the above properties, it follows that Ine" =x and e =x. The graphs of the natural ‘exponential and natural logarithmic functions sre minor images of each other with respect to the identity fanction y= x. 2 . 3 ~ 1 du yy js Theorems: 1. D, (aw) =>. [Natural Logarithmic Function] L du SS 2. Dios. ¥) = 7-5-2270. ae1 [Logarithmic Function to Base a] Proof: Let y= f(@)=In x. Thus, Da) =i, JED LO) tay THD“ = heMidterm Lecture Notes — Math 03 (Differential Calculus) 23 Pace) in (using the property: n= =n a-Inb) lin, x (eth) x (wth) Example 10. Find & if y ~ba(1+4x*) = fawi+4ey-— Solution. Be we ave (@)- TS Example 1]. Find y if y=In cos JX Lae qlnosal= TE sin. ae csin yx 1 tans cos fe 2fx ae Example 12. Use implicit differentiation to find y’ if >= In x> y +1) 1a <@ty+) jon: 2 (0) = fax Solution: SO) = Ub +y 4D) or 1 Cay (+y') or (et y+D=Aty) Gaye Solving fory” we have y'=x+y (answer)Midterm Lecture Notes — Math 03 (Differential Calculus) 4 Logarithmic Differentiation We now apply a technique for finding the derivative of complicated fimetions. For instance, show do we find the derivative of the function y =x". The power rule will not be applicable since the ‘exponent is not 2 rational number. To find the derivative of this function, we first simplify the exponent by geiting the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation. This is best illustrated by an example. Example 13. indy’ y ==" Solution: If y=x*, then by=l(x") or ny=xlox. Applying implicit Gifferentiation, we have Solving fory’, wehave y Sth), (+27 @x+D? Gx 2° Solution: We can find the derivative of this function using the niles of differentiation we teamed eailier. Let us apply logarithmic differentiation technique. Getting the logarithm of both sides and applying the properties of logarithms, we have Example 14. Find y'if y oe +2/'@x=n? Beye RGF +? Hae Inf 2)? ox in Dla a +2) + 3la( 2a #1) - 2in( 3-2) Applying implicit differentiation, we have 20% 32) 28) ve 6 =) Grd Ged & MSI Ga GD 4x + 2 GxtH CMidterm Lecture Notes Math 03 Differential Calculus) 25 Exercise G. A. Differentiate the following functions fe) 16 ete a7, Paine 2") ve is. 1 fooae a9, $=" 21. y= log (tan >) 10. y=sin¢e™) LL. £00 = in 4 +5 12. f(@)=W(3x+ 2)" 13. y=ladla 9) 14. y=tn(sec 2x+ tan 2x) 15. y= eset x +3) 30 y B. Find y’ using implicit differentiation. Jog 5((1- x) (+x) In(cos 2x+sin 2x) QL W(xytx+3)=2' i : f 8 E s L. y= f@) = sin“ x ifand only if sin y=. Domain: {x] x= 2-1 Sx SI} Range: {y| vER-F Sy Sh 2. y= 0) =cos" x if and only if cosy=x. Domain: {2| x ER-1 Sx SI} Range: (y| vER, 0 Sy Sa} 3. y=SG)=tan™ x ifend only if tan y=x. Domain: & Range: {v| vER-F if Solution: (@-3tan x? t 1 1y 2) _ Gohan ay Atanas 5 ~ G20 tiny? Exercise H. Find the derivative of the following functions = (swan). 1. y= sin a(2x+D) 2. y=cos*¢tan J) 3. y= tan l(e*)) 4. y=cot*(@-x/U+0) 5. y=see*(log cosa) 6 ysese7(2**)