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Histograms Processing

The document discusses histograms and their applications in digital image processing. Histograms are graphical representations of the tonal distribution in images and are used to analyze and adjust properties like brightness and contrast. Common histogram processing techniques include sliding, stretching, and equalization.

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41 views4 pages

Histograms Processing

The document discusses histograms and their applications in digital image processing. Histograms are graphical representations of the tonal distribution in images and are used to analyze and adjust properties like brightness and contrast. Common histogram processing techniques include sliding, stretching, and equalization.

Uploaded by

shivani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Histograms Introduction

In digital image processing, the histogram is used for graphical representation of a digital image.
A graph is a plot by the number of pixels for each tonal value. Nowadays, image histogram is
present in digital cameras. Photographers use them to see the distribution of tones captured.

In a graph, the horizontal axis of the graph is used to represent tonal variations whereas the
vertical axis is used to represent the number of pixels in that particular pixel. Black and dark
areas are represented in the left side of the horizontal axis, medium grey color is represented in
the middle, and the vertical axis represents the size of the area.

Applications of Histograms
1. In digital image processing, histograms are used for simple calculations in software.
2. It is used to analyze an image. Properties of an image can be predicted by the detailed
study of the histogram.
3. The brightness of the image can be adjusted by having the details of its histogram.
4. The contrast of the image can be adjusted according to the need by having details of the
x-axis of a histogram.
5. It is used for image equalization. Gray level intensities are expanded along the x-axis to
produce a high contrast image.
6. Histograms are used in thresholding as it improves the appearance of the image.
7. If we have input and output histogram of an image, we can determine which type of
transformation is applied in the algorithm.

Histogram Processing Techniques


Histogram Sliding

In Histogram sliding, the complete histogram is shifted towards rightwards or leftwards. When a
histogram is shifted towards the right or left, clear changes are seen in the brightness of the
image. The brightness of the image is defined by the intensity of light which is emitted by a
particular light source.
Histogram Stretching

In histogram stretching, contrast of an image is increased. The contrast of an image is defined


between the maximum and minimum value of pixel intensity.

If we want to increase the contrast of an image, histogram of that image will be fully stretched
and covered the dynamic range of the histogram.

From histogram of an image, we can check that the image has low or high contrast.
Histogram Equalization

Histogram equalization is used for equalizing all the pixel values of an image. Transformation is
done in such a way that uniform flattened histogram is produced.

Histogram equalization increases the dynamic range of pixel values and makes an equal count of
pixels at each level which produces a flat histogram with high contrast image.

While stretching histogram, the shape of histogram remains the same whereas in Histogram
equalization, the shape of histogram changes and it generates only one image.

Here's a basic overview of the technique:

1. Calculate Histogram: Compute the histogram of the input image. The histogram
represents the frequency distribution of pixel intensities.
2. Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF): Compute the cumulative distribution
function of the histogram. The CDF represents the cumulative sum of histogram values.
3. Histogram Equalization: Map the intensity values of the input image to new intensity
values using the CDF. This mapping redistributes the intensity values to achieve a more
uniform histogram.
4. Output Image: Generate the output image using the mapped intensity values.
There are various techniques and variations of histogram equalization, including:

1. Global Histogram Equalization: Applies the same transformation to the entire image. It
can lead to over-enhancement or artifacts in regions with low contrast.
2. Local Histogram Equalization (Adaptive Histogram Equalization): Divides the image
into smaller regions and performs histogram equalization independently on each region.
This method can better preserve local details and avoid over-enhancement.
3. Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE): Improves upon
standard local histogram equalization by limiting the contrast amplification in each local
area. This prevents over-amplification of noise and avoids artifacts.
4. Bi-Histogram Equalization: Splits the histogram into two parts and applies histogram
equalization separately to each part. It's useful for images with bimodal histograms.
5. Modified Histogram Equalization Techniques: Various modifications exist to address
specific issues or improve performance, such as contrast stretching, histogram matching,
and using different histogram shapes.

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