BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATIONS % dx Maximum velocity, Umax = = =A w = 2 x 41.889 = 83.778 mm/s Maximum acceleration, max = Px 2 2 2 -e = Aw* = 2 x (41.889) = 3509.2 mm/s’ Example 1.2 A harmonic motion has a frequency of 10 Hz and its maximum velocity is 4.57 m/s. Determine its amplitude, period and maximum acceleration. Solution. Frequency, = 2nf=2nx10=20nrad/s Maximum velocity, Umax = A@ or Amplitude, A = sr = 0.07273 m Time period, T=4 een =01s Maximum acceleration, max = Aw® = 0.07278 x (20n)? = 287.12 m/s* Example 1.38 A harmonic displacement is x (t)=10 sin (30 t- 1/3) mm, where t is in seconds, and the phase angle in radians. Find the (a) frequency and the period of motion, (b) maximum displace- ment, velocity, and acceleration, and (c) displacement, velocity and acceleration at t = 1.2 s. Solution. Here A= 10 mm, w= 80 ™4, and 9= 3 1_ _30 (a) Frequency, f= FSR" at 4.775 Hz Time period, T=4=0.21s i (6) Maximum displacement, A = 10 mm Maximum velocity = A w = 10 x 30 = 300 mnv/s Maximum acceleration = Aw? = 10 x 900 = 9000 mm/s? () Att=12s x=10 sn(s0 x 12-§)= - 3.85 mm T Velocity, v=10 x 30cos (% Use 3 - 276.84 mm/s Acceleration, a = - 10x 900 sin (s0 x12- 3] = 3465.62 mm/s*a MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS AND Noisg 8 Conta, Example 1.4 Find the algebraic sum of the harmonic motions ; x1=2sin (~ +5 )anaas =3sin (~ + 3} Solution. x=x1+%2 =2sin(ot +2)+3 sin{ wr + 2% 3 3 ‘ n = 2[sin ot cos § + cos wét sin | +8[sin a cos 3 +con ot sn 2] = — 0.5 sin wt + 4.33 cos wt ; =A sin (wt + $) = (A ae ) sin wt + (Asin ) cos we where A =[¢ 0.5)" + (4.33)?] ” = 4.359 $= tan”? (425) = tan~1(— 8,66) = - 83.4° Example 1.5 Split up the harmonic motion : x = 10 sin| wt + * into tue harmonic motions one having a phase angle of zero and the other of Solution. Let the two harmonic motions be %1 =A) sin wt x2 =A sin(ox +8) Then An[At+ Abs 2.1 Aa cos] 100 = Aj + A} + V2 Ai Ao 0) Aosint Aj + A2 cos a A068 cAs ed VEAL + Aa ee q;" 0.51764 Solving (1) and (2), we get Ai =3.66 and A = 7.07 Al aq. Iso tang (2)BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATIONS 9 [« i] Example 1.6 A particle describes simultaneously two motions : x1 =3 sin 40t cm and x2 = 4 sin 41t em. What is the maximum and min- imum amplitude of ‘combined motion and the beat frequency ;= 1.161 N.m Example 1.8 The motion of @ particle is described as : a If the motion has two components, one of which 3” determine the other harmonic component. x1 = 2 sin(wt — Solution. x2=xX—X1 : ee a ~ ssn or +8 asin (oe 3 fe % _ if sin ot cong + £08 wt sing J asin vxtex 3 - cos otsin§ |BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATIONS 11 a 3. eli 1 3 sin wt) 4 x Bang] cosa 4x3 42x 2] = (2V3 - ee cos wt = 2.4641 sin wt + 3.732 cos wt =A sin (wt + 6) =A cos ¢.sin wt + A sin ¢.cos wt A ={(2.4641)? + (3.732)") = 4.472 o=tan™! aie =tan™! 1.5145 =56.564° or 0.31427 rad x2 = 4.472 sin(wt + 0.3142 7) whereeh SSL) NSH ee Example 2.1 A spring-mass system has a natural period of 0.21 What will be the new period if the spring constant i. : .21 s.. and () decreased by 50% ? E is (a) increased by 50%, Solution. Time period, T=27 Vz A 2 T « a m_«/m [2 . (a) Ti Nig NAS = 0.8165 T2 = 0.21 x 0.8165 = 0.1715 s =0.211\ a. z () T2=0.21\) 5 = =0.297s Example 2.2 A spring-mass system has a natural frequency of 10 Hz. When the spring constant is reduced by 800 N/m the frequency is altered by 45%. Find the mass and spring constant ofthe original system. — 14/k ; Solution. Natural frequency, oe Van44 1,4 [x 10°35 Vm k 2. 3947.84 or m ~) 1 4/4=800 10 x 0.55 = Qn m ‘e k - 800 = 1194.22 m AD) i t Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get m = 0.2905 kg, arid k = 1146.95 N/m 2.3 A helical spring, when fixed at one end and loaded at the bere a force of 100 N to produce an elongation of 10 mm, The ends of the spring are now rigidly fixed. One end vertically above the other, and a mass of 10 kg is attached at the middle point of its length, Determine the time taken to complete one vibration cycle when the mass is set vibrating in the vertical direction. Solution. . A 100 Soring stiffness, k = sO 10 N/émm When the mass is attached at the middle point of the spring, and the ends are rigidly fixed, the stiffness of the spring becomes 4k, as the stiffness is inversely proportional to the number of turns, and the springs are in parallel. Equivalent stiffness, ke = 40 N/mm Time period, T = 2n \m/ke Example 2.4 The maximum velocity attained by the mass ofasimple harmonic oscillator is 0.10 m/s, and the period of oscillation is 2 s. Ifthe mass is released with an initial displacement of 20 mm, find (a) the amplitude, (b) the initial velocity, (c) the maximum acceleration, and (d) the phase angle. : Solution. Natural frequency, o, = 2 = 2 _ rad/s The general solution of free vibrations of spring-mass system is : *()=Asin wnt +B cos wnt : \(z) +28 sin (om ¢+9)UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATIONS 45 vo On x0 where o= tan! v=k()=On +x COS Wnt +) Umax = On al +3 or = 31.83 mm Maximum acceleration, Gmax = - 02 X=- mn? x 31,88 = - 314.15 mnvs" 77.796. x20 = 51.074". Phase angle, o = tan