—Network programming–

Unit-1

1. What is Network architecture?

Computer Network Architecture

Computer Network Architecture is defined as the physical and logical design

of the software, hardware, protocols, and media of the transmission of data.
Simply we can say that how computers are organized and how tasks are
allocated to the computer.

The two types of network architectures are used:

-> Peer-To-Peer network

-> Client/Server network

Peer-To-Peer network

○ Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the computers are linked

together with equal privilege and responsibilities for processing the data.

○ Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small environments, usually up to 10

computers.

○ Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.

Client/Server Network

○ Client/Server network is a network model designed for the end users called

clients, to access the resources such as songs, video, etc. from a central

computer known as Server.

○ The central controller is known as a server while all other computers in the

network are called clients.

2. Define TCP & IP headers in detail?

3. Discuss about the Web server working method & Programming with example?

A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and

other protocols to respond to client requests made over the World Wide Web. The main job of

a web server is to display website content through storing, processing and delivering webpages

to users. Besides HTTP, web servers also support SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and

FTP (File Transfer Protocol), used for email, file transfer and storage.

When is a web server required?

Generally, web servers are used by web hosting companies and professional web app

developers. But, actually, anyone who satisfies one of the below categories can use it-

● One who owns a website (to make the local copy on their system resemble what

is on the internet).

● One who wants to use server-side technologies, such as PHP or ColdFusion, can

also use the web server.

How do Web servers work?

A page on the internet can be viewed, when the browser requests it from the web server and the

web server responds with that page. A simple diagrammatic representation of this is given below in

the figure:

The simple process consists of 4 steps, they are:

● Obtaining the IP Address from the domain name: Our web browser first obtains the

IP address the domain name resolves to. It can obtain the IP address in 2 ways-

● By searching in its cache.

● By requesting one or more DNS (Domain Name System) Servers.

● Browser requests the full URL: After knowing the IP Address, the browser now

demands a full URL from the web server.

● The web server responds to request: The web server responds to the browser by

sending the desired pages, and in case, the pages do not exist or some other error

occurs, it will send the appropriate error message.

● The browser displays the web page: The Browser finally gets the webpages and

displays it, or displays the error message.

Uses of web server: Web servers often come as part of a larger package of

internet- and intranet-related programs that are used for:

● sending and receiving emails;

● downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files; and

● building and publishing webpages.

4. Define Internet Protocols? Also discuss the Programming Applications?

Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer

to another on the internet. Each computer -- known as a host -- on the internet has at

least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the internet.

IP is the defining set of protocols that enable the modern internet. It was initially

defined in May 1974 in a paper titled, "A Protocol for Packet Network

Intercommunication," published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

and authored by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn.

How does IP routing work?

When data is received or sent -- such as an email or a webpage -- the message is divided into

chunks called packets. Each packet contains both the sender's internet address and the

receiver's address. Any packet is sent first to a gateway computer that understands a small

part of the internet. The gateway computer reads the destination address and forwards the

packet to an adjacent gateway that in turn reads the destination address and so forth until

one gateway recognizes the packet as belonging to a computer within its immediate

neighborhood -- or domain. That gateway then forwards the packet directly to the computer

whose address is specified.

What is an IP address?
IP provides mechanisms that enable different systems to connect to each other to transfer

data. Identifying each machine in an IP network is enabled with an IP address.

Types of Internet Protocol

Internet Protocols are of different types having different uses. These are mentioned

below:

1. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)

2. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

3. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)

4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

5. SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol)

6. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

7. HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)

8. TELNET (Terminal Network)

9. POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)

10. IPv4

11. IPv6

Unit 2

1. Discuss about Java Socket Program.?

Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications running
on different JRE.

Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented or connection-less.

Socket and Server-Socket classes are used for connection-oriented socket

programming and DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes are used for
connection-less socket programming.

The client in socket programming must know two information:

1. IP Address of Server, and

2. Port number.
Here, we are going to make one-way client and server communication. In this
application, client sends a message to the server, server reads the message and prints
it. Here, two classes are being used: Socket and ServerSocket. The Socket class is used
to communicate client and server. Through this class, we can read and write message.
The ServerSocket class is used at server-side. The accept() method of ServerSocket
class blocks the console until the client is connected. After the successful connection
of client, it returns the instance of Socket at server-side.

Example of Java Socket Programming

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

public class MyServer {

public static void main(String[] args){

try{

ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);

Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection

DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());

String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
System.out.println("message= "+str);

ss.close();

}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}

2. Write the term: domain protocol?

3. Define Socket Programming? Also explain the Thread Programming?

Socket Programming is a method to connect two nodes over a network to establish a means
of communication between those two nodes. A node represents a computer or a physical
device with an internet connection. A socket is the endpoint used for connecting to a node.
The signals required to implement the connection between two nodes are sent and received
using the sockets on each node respectively.

State diagram for server and client model

 1. The nodes are divided into two types, server node and client node.
2. The client node sends the connection signal and the server node receives the
connection signal sent by the client node.

Stages for Server

Different stages must be performed on the server node to receive a connection sent by
the client node. These stages are discussed elaborately in this section.

● 1. Socket creation:
● 2. Setsockopt:
● 3. Bind
● 4. Listen:
● 5. Accept:

Stages for Client

● Socket connection
 ● Connect

Thread programming : Thread programming is about breaking down a program into smaller

threads that can run concurrently. Threads are like independent units of execution that

share the same memory space. They're used to improve program performance by allowing

multiple tasks to happen simultaneously.

Types of Threads

In the operating system, there are two types of threads.

1. Kernel level thread.

2. User-level thread.

User-level thread

The operating system does not recognize the user-level thread. User threads can be easily

implemented and it is implemented by the user. If a user performs a user-level thread

blocking operation, the whole process is blocked. The kernel level thread does not know

nothing about the user level thread.

Kernel level thread

The kernel thread recognizes the operating system. There is a thread control block and

process control block in the system for each thread and process in the kernel-level thread.

The kernel-level thread is implemented by the operating system. The kernel knows about

all the threads and manages them.

4. Define TCP Ports? Also discuss elementary socket system calls?1.

Unit 3
 1. What is Java Beans?

A JavaBean is a Java class that should follow the following conventions:

○ It should have a no-arg constructor.

○ It should be Serializable.

○ It should provide methods to set and get the values of the properties, known as

getter and setter methods.

Why use JavaBean?

According to Java white paper, it is a reusable software component. A bean encapsulates

many objects into one object so that we can access this object from multiple places.
Moreover, it provides easy maintenance.

JavaBean Properties

A JavaBean property may be read, write, read-only, or write-only. JavaBean features are
accessed through two methods in the JavaBean's implementation class:

1. getPropertyName ()

For example, if the property name is firstName, the method name would be
getFirstName() to read that property. This method is called the accessor.

2. setPropertyName ()

For example, if the property name is firstName, the method name would be
setFirstName() to write that property. This method is called the mutator.

Advantages of JavaBean

The following are the advantages of JavaBean:/p>

○ The JavaBean properties and methods can be exposed to another application.

○ It provides an easiness to reuse the software components.

Disadvantages of JavaBean

The following are the disadvantages of JavaBean:

 ● JavaBeans are mutable. So, it can't take advantage of immutable objects.

● Creating the setter and getter method for each property separately may lead to

the boilerplate code.

2. Discuss about the DLL issues.

3. Write about the Windows socket & blocking I/O model with example?

4. Explain different APIs with their programming techniques?

An Application programming interface is a software interface that helps in connecting

between the computer or between computer programs. It is an interface that provides the
accessibility of information such that weather forecasting. In simple words, you can say it
is a software interface that offers service to the other pieces of software.

Example –
Best examples of web services APIs are- SOAP (Simple object access protocol), REST.

Features :

● An application programming interface is a software that allows two applications

to talk to each other.

● Application programming interface helps in enabling applications to exchange

data and functionality easily.

● The application programming interface is also called a middle man between two

systems.

● Application programming interface helps in data monetization.

● Application programming interface helps in improving collaboration

Different types of APIs :

These are common types of APIs as follows.

1. Open APIs –

It is also called public APIs which are available to any other users. Open APIs

help external users to access the data and services. It is an open-source

application programming interface in which we access with HTTP protocols.

2. Internal APIs –

It is also known as private APIs, only an internal system exposes this type of
 APIs. These are designed for the internal use of the company rather than the

external users.

3. Composite APIs –

It is a type of APIs that combines different data and services. The main reason

to use Composites APIs is to improve the performance and to speed the

execution process and improve the performance of the listeners in the web

interfaces.

4. Partner APIs –

It is a type of APIs in which a developer needs specific rights or licenses in

order to access. Partner APIs are not available to the public.

Applications of APIs in the real world :

Here, some real-world applications are as follows.

● Weather snippets –

In weather snippets, APIs are generally used to access a large set of datasets

to access the information of weather forecast which is very helpful information

in day-to-day life.

● Login –

In this functionality, APIs are widely used to log in via Google, Linked In, Git

Hub, Twitter and allow users to access the log-in portal by using the API

interface.

● Entertainment –

In this field, APIs are used to access and provide a huge set of databases to

access movies, web series, comedy, etc.

● E-commerce website –

In this, APIs provide the functionality like if you have purchase something, and

now you want to pay so, API provides interface like you can pay using different
 bank debit cards, UPI(Unified Payments Interface), credit card, wallet, etc.

● Gaming –

In gaming, it provides an interface like you can access the information of the

game, and you can connect to different users and play with different-different

users at the same time.

Unit 4
1. What are Packages in programming?
Ans.
A package in programming is a way of organizing and grouping related classes, interfaces,
functions, variables, and other elements that share a common purpose or functionality. A
package can also contain subpackages, which are packages inside another package. Packages
help to avoid naming conflicts, make the code easier to locate and use, and provide
controlled access to the members of the package. Different programming languages have
different ways of creating and using packages, but the general concept is similar.

Some examples of packages in programming are:

● In Java, a package is a directory of Java files that have the same package name at
the top of the file. For example, java.util is a package that contains many utility
classes, such as ArrayList, Scanner, Random, etc. To use a class from a package, you
need to import it using the import statement, such as import java.util.ArrayList;1
● In Python, a package is a directory of Python files that have an __init__.py file
inside it. For example, numpy is a package that contains many modules for scientific
computing, such as numpy.array, numpy.linalg, numpy.random, etc. To use a module
from a package, you need to import it using the import statement, such as import
numpy.array;2
● In C#, a package is a collection of assemblies that are distributed and installed
together. For example, System is a package that contains many assemblies for
common tasks, such as System.IO, System.Net, System.Text, etc. To use a class
from an assembly, you need to add a reference to it using the using statement, such
as using System.IO;

2. Write short notes on WAP architecture?

Ans.
WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol . The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a set of
communication protocols and an application programming model based on the World Wide Web
(WWW). Its hierarchical structure is quite similar to the TCP/IP protocol stack design.

It is a protocol designed for micro-browsers and it enables access to the internet in mobile devices.

WAP Model
The user opens the mini-browser in a mobile device. He selects a website that he wants to view. The
mobile device sends the URL encoded request via network to a WAP gateway using WAP protocol.

The WAP gateway translates this WAP request into a conventional HTTP URL request and sends it over
the internet. The request reaches to a specified web server and it processes the request just as it would
have processed any other request and sends the response back to the mobile device through WAP
gateway in WML file which can be seen in the micro-browser.

WAP Protocol stack

 1. Application Layer: This layer contains the Wireless Application Environment (WAE). It

contains mobile device specifications and content development programming languages like

WML.

2. Session Layer: This layer contains Wireless Session Protocol (WSP). It provides fast

connection suspension and reconnection.

3. Transaction Layer: This layer contains Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP). It runs on top

of UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and is a part of TCP/IP and offers transaction support.

4. Security Layer: This layer contains Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS). It offers data

integrity, privacy and authentication.

5. Transport Layer: This layer contains Wireless Datagram Protocol. It presents consistent

data format to higher layers of WAP protocol stack.

3. Define COBRA concept? Explain the Java network programming.?

Ans.
Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) could be a specification of a
regular design for middleware. It is a client-server software development model.

Using a CORBA implementation, a shopper will transparently invoke a way on a server

object, which may air a similar machine or across a network. The middleware takes the
decision, associated is to blame for finding an object which will implement the request,
passing it the parameters, invoking its methodology, and returning the results of the
invocation. The shopper doesn’t need to remember wherever the item is found, its
programming language, its software package or the other aspects that don’t seem to be a
part of the associated object’s interface.

CORBA Reference Model:

The CORBA reference model known as Object Management design (OMA) is shown below
figure. The OMA is itself a specification (actually, a group of connected specifications)
that defines a broad variety of services for building distributed client-server applications.
several services one may expect to search out in a very middleware product like CORBA
(e.g., naming, dealings, and asynchronous event management services) are literally fixed as
services within the OMA
Java Networking
Java Networking is a notion of combining two or more computing devices together to share
resources.All the Java program communications over the network are done at the
application layer. The java.net package of the J2SE APIs comprises various classes and
interfaces that execute the low-level communication features, enabling the user to
formulate programs that focus on resolving the problem.

The java.net package of the Java programming language includes various classes and
interfaces that provide an easy-to-use means to access network resources. Other than
classes and interfaces, the java.net package also provides support for the two well-known
network protocols. These are:

● Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – TCP or Transmission Control Protocol allows

secure communication between different applications. TCP is a connection-oriented
protocol which means that once a connection is established, data can be
transmitted in two directions. This protocol is typically used over the Internet
Protocol. Therefore, TCP is also referred to as TCP/IP. TCP has built-in methods to
examine for errors and ensure the delivery of data in the order it was sent, making
it a complete protocol for transporting information like still images, data files, and
web pages.
● User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – UDP or User Datagram Protocol is a
connection-less protocol that allows data packets to be transmitted between
different applications. UDP is a simpler Internet protocol in which error-checking
and recovery services are not required. In UDP, there is no overhead for opening a
connection, maintaining a connection, or terminating a connection. In UDP, the data
is continuously sent to the recipient, whether they receive it or not.

4. Explain Firewall? Discuss about Digital signature & security technique.

Ans.

Firewall:
A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing
network traffic based on a defined set of security rules. Its primary purpose is to
establish a barrier between a secure internal network and untrusted external networks,
such as the internet. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software forms.
Firewalls have been a first line of defense in network security for over 25 years.

Key Functions of Firewalls:

● Packet Filtering: Examines packets of data and makes decisions to allow or block
based on predefined rules.

● Stateful Inspection: Keeps track of the state of active connections and makes
decisions based on the context of the traffic.

● Proxying: Acts as an intermediary between internal and external systems,

forwarding requests and responses to add an extra layer of protection.

● Network Address Translation (NAT): Hides internal IP addresses from external

networks, adding another layer of security.

● Virtual Private Network (VPN) Support: Enables secure communication over the
internet by encrypting data traffic.

● Intrusion Prevention System (IPS): Monitors and analyzes network or system

activities for malicious exploits or security policy violations.

Digital Signature:
A digital signature is a cryptographic technique used to verify the authenticity and
integrity of digital messages or documents. It provides a way to ensure that the message
or document has not been altered and that it was indeed created by the claimed sender.

Components of Digital Signatures:

● Private Key: The signer uses their private key to create the digital signature.
● Public Key: The recipient uses the public key (which is available to everyone) to
verify the digital signature.
● Hash Function: A cryptographic hash function generates a fixed-size string of
characters (the hash) from the content of the message. The hash is then signed
with the private key.
Process of Digital Signature:

1. The sender uses a hash function to generate a unique hash value for the message.
2. The sender encrypts the hash value with their private key, creating the digital
signature.
3. The digital signature is sent along with the message to the recipient.
4. The recipient uses the sender's public key to decrypt the digital signature,
obtaining the hash value.
5. The recipient independently computes the hash value of the received message.
6. If the computed hash matches the decrypted hash from the digital signature, the
message is verified as authentic and unaltered.

Security Techniques:
Various security techniques complement firewalls and digital signatures to enhance overall
cybersecurity. Some key techniques include:

● Encryption: Protects data by converting it into a secure format that can only be
decrypted by authorized parties.
● Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Requires users to provide multiple forms of
identification before granting access, adding an extra layer of security.
● Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS): Monitor network or system
activities for signs of malicious behavior and take preventive actions.
● Security Auditing and Monitoring: Regularly review and analyze system logs to
identify and respond to security incidents.
● Access Controls: Restrict and manage user access to systems and data based on
their roles and responsibilities.
● Vulnerability Assessment and Patch Management: Regularly scan systems for
vulnerabilities and apply patches to address known security issues.
● Security Awareness Training: Educate users about security best practices to
reduce the risk of social engineering attacks.

Unit 5
1. Write about the client side programming?
Ans.

Client-side programming refers to the execution of code on the user's device (typically a
web browser) rather than on the server. This type of programming is integral to creating
dynamic and interactive user interfaces on the web.
Client-side programming plays a pivotal role in creating dynamic, responsive, and
interactive web applications. As technology continues to evolve, staying updated on the
latest client-side development trends and best practices is essential for building modern
and efficient user interfaces.

Here are key aspects and technologies associated with client-side programming:

1. Languages:
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): Defines the structure and content of web pages.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Controls the presentation and styling of HTML elements.

JavaScript: The primary client-side scripting language. JavaScript allows for dynamic
content, interactivity, and manipulation of the Document Object Model (DOM) in the
browser.

2. Document Object Model (DOM):

The DOM is a programming interface for web documents. It represents the structure of a
document as a tree of objects. JavaScript interacts with the DOM to dynamically update
and modify the content, structure, and style of a web page without requiring a full page
reload.

3. AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML):

AJAX enables the exchange of data with a server behind the scenes, without requiring a
full page reload. This allows for more responsive and dynamic user interfaces by updating
specific parts of a page.

4. Frameworks and Libraries:

jQuery: A fast and lightweight JavaScript library that simplifies tasks like DOM
manipulation, event handling, and AJAX.

React, Angular, and Vue.js: Modern JavaScript frameworks for building single-page
applications (SPAs) with dynamic user interfaces.

5. Responsive Web Design:

With the prevalence of various devices and screen sizes, responsive web design ensures
that web applications and sites adapt to different screen sizes and orientations. CSS
frameworks like Bootstrap and Flexbox help in creating responsive layouts.

2. How to retrieve files from an HTTP server? Explain.

Ans.
Retrieving a file from an HTTP server involves making an HTTP request to the server and
handling the response. The most common methods for retrieving files are using HTTP GET
requests.

Using python:

import requests
url = 'https://example.com/path/to/file.txt'
# Make a GET request to the server
response = requests.get(url)
# Check if the request was successful (status code 200)
if response.status_code == 200:
# Access the content of the file
file_content = response.content
# Save the content to a local file
with open('local_file.txt', 'wb') as local_file:
local_file.write(file_content)
else:
print(f"Failed to retrieve file. Status code: {response.status_code}")

Step-by-Step Explanation:

● Specify the URL: Define the URL of the file you want to retrieve.
● Make an HTTP GET Request: Use a library or tool that can send HTTP requests. In the
example above, the requests library in Python is used. The get method is employed to
make a GET request to the specified URL.
● Check the Response Status Code: The server responds with a status code indicating
the success or failure of the request. A status code of 200 typically indicates success. If
the status code is different, it may indicate an error, and you can handle it accordingly.
● Access the File Content: If the request is successful, you can access the content of the
file from the response object. In the example, response.content contains the binary
content of the file.
● Save the File Locally: Save the content to a local file. In the example, the content is
written to a file named 'local_file.txt' in binary mode ('wb'). Adjust the file name and mode
based on your needs.

3. Discuss about the accepting connection from browsers in

programming.
Ans. Establishing connections between web browsers and servers is fundamental for
web applications to function effectively. This process involves the browser initiating a
request to the server, which in turn accepts the connection and responds accordingly.

Browser Initiating Connection

When a user interacts with a web application, the browser initiates a connection to the
server hosting the application. This connection is typically established using the HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) protocol, which defines the rules for exchanging
messages between clients and servers.
The browser initiates the connection by sending an HTTP request message to the
server. This request message contains various information, including:

● The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) of the requested resource, such as a

webpage or an API endpoint
● The HTTP method, such as GET, POST, or PUT, indicating the action to be
performed on the resource
● Request headers, providing additional information about the request, such as
user authentication credentials or content type

Server Accepting Connection

Upon receiving an HTTP request message from the browser, the server initiates the
process of accepting the connection. This involves several steps:

1. Binding to a Port: The server listens on a specific port, which is a

software-assigned communication channel. The port number is specified in the
URL, typically 80 for HTTP and 443 for HTTPS (HTTP Secure).
2. Creating a Socket: The server creates a socket, which represents an endpoint for
communication between the server and the client.
3. Accepting Connection: The server listens for incoming connections on the
specified port. When a connection request arrives from the browser, the server
accepts the connection, creating a dedicated socket for communication with the
specific client.
4. Processing Request: Once the connection is established, the server processes
the HTTP request message received from the browser. This involves interpreting
the request headers, extracting the requested resource, and performing the
requested action, such as retrieving a file or executing a server-side script.
5. Sending Response: After processing the request, the server generates an HTTP
response message containing the requested data, such as the HTML content of
a webpage or the result of an API call. The response message also includes
status codes indicating the success or failure of the request.
6. Closing Connection: After sending the response, the connection between the
server and the browser may be closed, or it may remain open for persistent
connections. Persistent connections allow for faster subsequent requests, as the
socket remains established and no new connection setup is required.

This process of accepting connections from browsers and responding to their requests
is the foundation of web application development, enabling dynamic and interactive
experiences for users.

4. Explain the Server Class? Also discuss about Server side programming.
The term "Server Class" typically refers to a class in programming that is designed
to handle server-related functionalities. It could be specific to a programming
language, framework, or library. This class would usually be responsible for
managing incoming requests, handling connections, and performing server-side
tasks in the context of applications or systems that involve server-side
programming.

Server-side programming involves writing code that runs on the server to manage
the core logic, process data, interact with databases, and handle requests from
clients, ensuring secure and scalable functionality for web applications.

It is the program that runs on server dealing with the generation of content
of web page.

1) Querying the database

2) Operations over databases
3) Access/Write a file on server.
4) Interact with other servers.
5) Structure web applications.
6) Process user input. For example if user input is a text in search box, run a
search algorithm on data stored on server and send the results.

Examples :
The Programming languages for server-side programming are :
1) PHP
2) C++
3) Java and JSP
4) Python
5) Ruby on Rails
Frameworks and Libraries: Developers often use frameworks and libraries to
streamline server-side development.

For example:
● Express.js (Node.js): A lightweight web application framework.
● Django (Python): A high-level Python web framework.
● Spring Boot (Java): Simplifies the development of Java-based
applications.
● Ruby on Rails (Ruby): A full-stack web application framework.

server-side programming is the backbone of web applications, managing the logic,

data, and security aspects that make an application function smoothly. It
complements the client-side code to create a cohesive and interactive user
experience.