Z-TRANSFORMS AND DEFFERENCE EQUATION

CLASS NOTES

Z-Transform of some basic functions:

1. z z z
Z  a  =
n
; Z [1] = ; Z ( −a )n  =
z−a z −1 z+a
2. z
Z [ n] =
( z − 1)
2

3. 1  z 
Z   = log  
n  z −1 
4.  1   z 
Z  = z log  
 n + 1  z −1 
5.  1  1  z 
Z  = log  
 n − 1 z  z −1 
6. 1 1
Z   = ez
 n !
7. z ( z − cos θ )
Z [ cos nθ ] =
z − 2 z cos θ + 1
2

8. z sin θ
Z [sin nθ ] = 2
z − 2 z cos θ + 1
Inverse Z-Transforms:
The inverse Z-transform of Z [ f (n) ] = F ( z ) is defined as f (n) = Z [ F ( z ) ] .
−1

The inverse Z-Transform of some basic functions:

 z   z 
1. Z −1   = 1 ; Z −1   = (−1)
n

 z − 1   z + 1 
 z   z   1 
2. Z −1   = a n ; Z −1   = (−a)n ; Z −1   = a n −1
z −a z +a z +a
 z2 
3. Z −1  2
= (n + 1)a n
 ( z − a ) 
For Eg.
 z 
1) Z −1  2 
= (n − 1 + 1)a n −1 = na n −1
 ( z − a ) 
 1 
2) Z −1  2 
= (n − 2 + 1)a n −2 = (n − 1)a n− 2
 ( z − a ) 
 z2 
3) Z −1  2
= (n + 1)1n = n + 1
 ( z − 1) 
 z 
4) Z −1  2
= (n − 1 + 1)1n = n
 ( z − 1) 
 1 
5) Z −1  2
= (n − 2 + 1)1n = n − 1
 ( z − 1) 
 z2  nπ
4. Z −1  2 2
= a n cos
z +a  2
  z  π  π nπ  nπ
5. Z −1  2 2
= a n cos(n − 1) = a n cos  −  = a sin
n

z +a  2 2 2  2
Finding Inverse Z-transform by method of Partial Fractions:
Rules of Partial Fractions:
1. Denominator containing Linear factors:
f ( z) A B C
= + + + ...
( z − a )( z − b)( z − c)... ( z − a ) ( z − b) ( z − c)
2. Denominator containing factors ( z − a )n :
f ( z) A B C D
= + + + ... +
( z − a) n
( z − a) ( z − a) ( z − a )
2 3
( z − a)n
3. Denominator contains a quadratic factor of the form az + bz + c (where a,b,c are constants):
2

f ( z) A Bz
= 2 + 2
az + bz + c az + bz + c az + bz + c
2

f ( z) Az + B
(Or) = 2
az + bz + c az + bz + c
2

 z 
1. Find Z −1  2
using the method partial fraction.
 ( z + 1)( z − 1) 
Solution:
z
F ( z) =
( z + 1)( z − 1)
2

F ( z) 1
= − − − − − (1)
( z + 1)( z − 1)
2
z
Now,
1 A B C
= + +
( z + 1)( z − 1) z + 1 z − 1 ( z − 1) 2
2

1 = A ( z − 1) + B ( z + 1)( z − 1) + C ( z + 1)
2

1
Put z = 1 ⇒ 1 = 2C ⇒ C =
2
1
Put z = −1, ⇒ 1 = 4 A ⇒ A=
4
1 1 1+ 2 − 4 −1
Put z = 0 ⇒ 1 = A − B + C ⇒ B = + −1 ⇒ B = ⇒ B=
4 2 4 4
1 −1 1
1
= 4 + 4 + 2 2
( z + 1)( z − 1) z + 1 z − 1 ( z − 1)
2

1 z 1 z 1 z
(1) ⇒ F ( z ) = − +
4 z + 1 4 z − 1 2 ( z − 1) 2
Taking Z −1 on both sides
1 −1  z  1 −1  z  1 −1  z 
(1) ⇒ Z −1 [ F ( z ) ] = Z  − Z  + Z  2
4  z + 1  4  z − 1  2  ( z − 1) 
1 1 1
( −1) − (1) + n
n
f ( n) =
4 4 2
  
−1  z −2 .
2. Find Z
 (1 + z −1 )2 (1 − z −1 ) 
 
Solution:
z −2 1
F ( z) = =
(1 + z ) (1 − z )
−1 2
( z + 1)
−1 2
2  z −1 
z  
z 2
 z 
z
F ( z) =
( z + 1) ( z − 1)
2

F ( z) 1
= − − − − − (1)
( z + 1) ( z − 1)
2
z
1 A B C
= + +
( z − 1)( z + 1) z − 1 z + 1 ( z + 1)2
2

1 = A ( z + 1) + B ( z − 1)( z + 1) + C ( z − 1)
2

1
Put z = 1, 1 = 4A ⇒ A =
4
1
Put z = −1, ⇒ 1 = −2c ⇒ c = −
2
1
Equating co-efficients of z 2 ⇒ 0 = A+ B ⇒ B = −
4
F ( z) 1 1 −1 1 1 1
(1) ⇒ = + −
z 4 z − 1 4 z + 1 2 ( z + 1)2

1 −1  z  1 −1  z  1 −1  z 
(1) ⇒ Z −1 [ F ( z )] = Z  − Z  − Z  2 
4  z − 1  4  z + 1  2  ( z + 1) 
1 n 1 1
(1) − ( −1) + n ( −1)
n n
f ( n) =
4 4 2
1 1 1
f (n) = − ( −1) + n ( −1)
n n

4 4 2
 z −2 
3. Find Z −1  .
 (1 − z )(1 − 2 z )(1 − 3z ) 
−1 −1 −1

Solution:
1
 z −2 
F ( z) =  = z2
 (1 − z )(1 − 2 z )(1 − 3 z )   1 − 1  1 − 2  1 − 3 
−1 −1 −1

   
 z   z  z 
1
=
 z −1   z − 2   z − 3 
z2    
 z  z  z 
z
F ( z) =
( z − 1)( z − 2 )( z − 3)
F ( z) 1
= − − − − − (1)
z ( z − 1)( z − 2 )( z − 3)
 Now by Partial Fraction,
1 A B C
= + +
( z − 1)( z − 2)( z − 3) z − 1 z − 2 z − 3
1 = A ( z − 2 )( z − 3) + B ( z − 1)( z − 3) + C ( z − 1)( z − 2 )
Put z = 2, ⇒ 1 = − B ⇒ B = −1
1
Put z = 1, ⇒ 1 = 2A ⇒ A =
2
1
Put z = 3, ⇒ 1 = 2C ⇒ C =
2
1 z z 1 z
(1) ⇒ F ( z ) = − +
2 z −1 z − 2 2 z − 3
1  z   z  1 −1  z 
(1) ⇒ Z −1 [ F ( z ) ] = Z −1   − Z −1  + Z 
2  z − 1  z − 2  2  z − 3 
1 n 1 n
f (n) = (1) − ( 2 ) + ( 3)
n

2 2
1 1
f (n) = − 2n + 3n
2 2
z2 + z
4. Find the Z-transform of using partial fraction.
( z − 1)( z 2 + 1)
Solution:
z2 + z
F ( z) =
( z − 1)( z 2 + 1)
F ( z) z +1
=
z ( z − 1)( z 2 + 1)
z +1 A B Cz
= + 2 + 2
( z − 1)( z + 1) ( z − 1) ( z + 1) ( z + 1)
2

z + 1 = A( z 2 + 1) + B( z − 1) + Cz ( z − 1)
Put z = 1, ⇒ 2 = 2A ⇒ A = 1
Equating co-efficients of z 2 ⇒ 0 = A + C ⇒ C = −1
Put z = 0, ⇒ 1 = A − B ⇒ B = A −1 = 1 −1 = 0 B = 0
F ( z) 1 0 −z
= + 2 + 2
z ( z − 1) ( z + 1) ( z + 1)
z z2
F ( z) = −
( z − 1) ( z 2 + 1)
Put Z −1 on both sides
−1  z  −1  z 
2
Z [ F ( z )] = Z 
−1
 −Z  2 
 z − 1  z + 1
nπ  z2  nπ
f (n) = 1 − cos ∵ Z −1  2 2
= cos
2 z +a  2
Finding Inverse Z-transform by Residue Method:
By Inverse Z-Transforms Z [ F ( z ) ] = f (n)
−1

Procedure:
1. write F ( z ) from given expression and write F ( z ) z n −1
2. Find the poles by equating denominator to zero in F ( z ) z n −1
3. Write the order of poles
4. Find the residue at these poles
Case i: If z = a is pole of order 1 (or) simple pole then
 Re s F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z − a ) F ( z ) z n−1
z=a z →a

n −1 1 d m −1

Case ii: If z = a is pole of order m then  Re s F ( z ) z  =  lim m−1 ( z − a ) m F ( z ) z n−1
z =a m − 1 z →a dz
5. f (n) = sum of residues of F ( z ) z n−1
 2z 
−1
1 Find Z   by the method of residues.
 ( z − 2 ) ( z + 1) 
2

Solution:
2z
Let F ( z ) =
( z − 1) ( z 2 + 1)
n −1 2 zz n −1
F ( z) z =
( z − 1) ( z 2 + 1)
2zn
F ( z ) z n −1 = − − − − − (1)
( z − 1)( z + i)( z − i)
Here z = 1, z = i and z = −i are poles of order 1.
1) Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z − a ) F ( z ) z n −1
z =a z →a

2zn
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z − 1)
z =1 z →1 ( z − 1) ( z + i)( z − i)
2zn
= lim
z →1 ( z + i )( z − i )

2(1)n
=
(1 + i)(1 − i )
2
= ∵ (1 + i)(1 − i) = 12 − i 2 = 1 − (−1) = 1 + 1 = 2
2
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  =1
z =1

2) Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z − i ) F ( z ) z n −1
z =i z →a

2zn
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z − i)
z =i z →i ( z − 1) ( z − i) ( z + i)
2zn
= lim
z →i ( z − 1)( z + i)
2(i)n
=
(i − 1)(i + i)
2(i) n
=
2i (i − 1)
(i) n (i) n (i )n
= = 2 =
i(i − 1) (i − i) (−1 − i)
n −1 −(i)n
Re s  F ( z ) z  =
z =i (1 + i)
 3) Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z + i ) F ( z ) z n −1
z =− i z →− i

n −1 2zn

Re s  F ( z ) z   = lim ( z + i )
z =− i z →− i ( z − 1) ( z + i) ( z − i)
2zn
= lim
z →− i ( z − 1)( z − i )

2(−i) n 2(−i)n
= =
(−i − 1)(−i − i ) (1 + i)(2i)
(−i) n (−i) n (−i) n
= = =
(1 + i )(i ) (i + i 2 ) (i − 1)
(−i) n
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  =
z =− i (i − 1)
f (n) = sum of residues of F ( z ) z n−1
(i) n (−i) n
f ( n) = 1 − +
(1 + i ) (i − 1)
z ( z + 1)
2. Find the inverse Z-Transform of by residue method.
( z − 1)
3

Solution:
z ( z + 1)
Let F ( z ) =
( z − 1)
3

zz n −1 ( z + 1)
F ( z ) z n −1 =
( z − 1)
3

z n ( z + 1)
F ( z ) z n−1 = − − − − − (1)
( z − 1)
3

z = 1 is a pole of order 3
1 d m −1
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim m −1 ( z − a ) m F ( z ) z n −1
z =a (m − 1)! z → a dz
3 z ( z + 1)
n
n −1 1 d2

Re s  F ( z ) z  =  lim ( z − 1)
z =1 (3 − 1)! z →1 dz 2 ( z − 1)3
1 d2
lim 2  z n +1 + z n 
=
2 z →1 dz
1 d
= lim (n + 1) z n + nz n −1 
2 z →1 dz
1
= lim (n + 1)nz n −1 + n(n − 1) z n −2 
2 z →1
1
= lim (n 2 + n)(1)n −1 + (n 2 − n)1n −2 
2 z →1
1
=  n 2 + n + n2 − n 
2
1
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  =  2n 2 
z =1 2
n −1
Re s  F ( z ) z  = n 2
z =1
 f (n) = sum of residues of F ( z ) z n −1 = n 2
z
3. Find the inverse Z-transform of the function by the method of residues.
z + 7 z + 10
2

Solution:
 z 
Z −1  2 =?
 z + 7 z + 10 
z z
F ( z) = 2 =
z + 7 z + 10 ( z + 2)( z + 5)
n −1 zz n −1
F ( z) z =
( z + 2)( z + 5)
zn
F ( z ) z n −1 = − − − − − −(1)
( z + 2)( z + 5)
Here z=-2 and z=-5 are pole of order 1
1) Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z − a ) F ( z ) z n−1
z =a z →a

zn
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z + 2)
z =−2 z →−2 ( z + 2) ( z + 5)
(−2) n (−2) n
= =
(−2 + 5) 3
(−2)n
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  =
z =−2 3
n −1 zn
2) Re s  F ( z ) z  = lim ( z + 5)
z =−5 z →−5 ( z + 2) ( z + 5)
(−5)n (−5) n
= =
(−5 + 2) −3
−(−5) n
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  =
z =−5 3
f (n) = sum of residues of F ( z ) z n−1
(−2) n (−5) n 1
f ( n) = − = (−2) n − (−5) n 
3 3 3
 
 −1 z −2  by using residue method.
4. Find Z
 (1 + z −1 )2 (1 − z −1 ) 
 
Solution:
z −2 1
F ( z) = =
(1 + z ) (1 − z )
−1 2 2
−1
 z + 1   z −1 
z2    
 z   z 
z
F ( z) =
( z + 1) ( z − 1)
2

zz n −1
F ( z ) z n −1 =
( z + 1) ( z − 1)
2
 n −1 zn
F ( z) z = − − − − − (1)
( z + 1) ( z − 1)
2

Here z = −1 is pole of order 2, and z = 1 is pole of order 1

n −1 1 d m−1

1) Re s  F ( z ) z  =  lim m −1 ( z − a) m F ( z ) z n −1
z=a (m − 1)! z →a dz
1 d2 zn
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim 2 ( z + 1) 2
z =−1 (2 − 1)! z →−1 dz ( z + 1)2 ( z − 1)
1 d  zn 
= lim  
1! z →−1 dz  z − 1 
 ( z − 1)nz n −1 − z n (1 − 0) 
= lim  
( z − 1)
z →−1 2
 
(−1 − 1)n( −1) n −1 − ( −1) n −2n( −1) n−1 − ( −1)n ( −1) n
= = = [ 2n − 1]
( −1 − 1)
2
4 4
( −1)n
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1 
z =−1
= [ 2n − 1]
4
2) Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z − a ) F ( z ) z n−1
z =a z →a

zn
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim ( z − 1)
( z + 1)
z =1 2
z →1
( z − 1)
n n
z 1 1
= lim = =
( z + 1) (1 + 1)
z →1 2 2
2
1
Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  =
2 z =1

f (n) = sum of residues of F ( z ) z n−1

(−1) n 1
f (n) = [ 2n − 1] +
4 2
 9z3 
5. Using complex residue theorem evaluate Z −1  .
 (3 z − 1) ( z − 2) 
2

Solution:
 9z3  −1  9 z3  −1  z3 
Z −1   = Z   = Z  
 (3z − 1) ( z − 2)   9( z − 3 ) ( z − 2)   ( z − 3 ) ( z − 2) 
2 1 2 1 2

z3
F (z) =
( z − 13 ) ( z − 2)
n −1 z 3 z n −1
F (z) z =
( z − 13 ) 2 ( z − 2)
n −1 z n+2
F (z) z =
( z − 13 ) 2 ( z − 2)
1
Here z = are pole of order 2 and z = 2 is simple pole.
3
1 d m −1
1) Re s  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim m−1 ( z − a) m F ( z ) z n −1 here m = 2
z =a (m − 1)! z →a dz
 d  z n+2 
Res  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim1  ( z − 13 ) 2 
z = 13 z → 3 dz
 ( z − 13 )2 ( z − 2) 
d  z n+ 2 
= lim1  
z → 3 dz z − 2
 
 ( z − 2)(n + 2) z n+1 − z n+ 2 (1) 
= lim1  
z→3
 ( z − 2) 2 
 z [ ( z − 2)(n + 2) − z ] 
n +1

= lim1  
z→3
 ( z − 2) 2 
  1 n +1  1  1 
    − 2  (n + 2) −  
 3   3  3 
=
 1 
2

  − 2 
 3  
n +1 n +1
1  −5(n + 2)  1   1   −5n − 10 − 1 
   −     
3  3  3  3   3 
Res  F ( z ) z n−1  = 2
=
z = 13
 −5  25
  9
 3 
n n
9  1   1   −5n − 11  −1  1 
=      =   (5n + 11)
25  3   3   3  25  3 
n
−1  1 
Res  F ( z ) z n −1
 1 =   ( 5n + 11)
z=3 25  3 
 z n+ 2 
2) Res  F ( z ) z n −1  = lim  ( z − 2) 
z =2 z →2  ( z − 2) ( z − 13 )2 

2n + 2 9
Res  F ( z ) z n −1  = = 2n + 2
( 2 − 13 ) 25
z=2 2

9 n+2
Res  F ( z ) z n −1  = 2
z =2 25
f (n) = sum of residues of F ( z ) z n−1
n
9 n + 2 −1  1 
f ( n) = f ( n ) = 2 +   ( 5n + 11)
25 25  3 
Finding Inverse Z-transform by Convolution theorem:
Convolution of two sequences:
If { f (n)} and { g ( n)} are any two sequences then its convolution is defined by
n
f (n) ∗ g (n) = ∑ f (k ) g (n − k )
k =0
Convolution Theorem:
If Z [ f (n)] = F ( z ) and Z [ g (n) ] = G ( z ) then Z [ f (n) ∗ g (n)] = Z [ f (n)] ⋅ Z [ g (n) ] = F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z )
Note:
1) Z [ f ( n) ∗ g ( n) ] = F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z )
f (n) ∗ g (n) = Z −1 [ F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z ) ]
Z −1 [ F ( z ) ] ∗ Z −1 [G( z )] = Z −1 [ F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z ) ] ∵ Z −1 [ F ( z )] = f (n) & Z −1 [G ( z ) ] = g (n)
 Z −1 [ F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z ) ] = Z −1 [ F ( z ) ] ∗ Z −1 [G ( z ) ]
a n +1 − 1
2) 1 + a + a + a + ... + a =
2 3 n

a −1
1. z2
Find inverse Z-transform of by using convolution theorem.
( z − a)2
Solution:
−1  z2 
Given Z  2 
=?
 ( z − a) 
By convolution theorem
Z −1 [ F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z ) ] = Z −1 [ F ( z ) ] ∗ Z −1 [G( z )]
 z2   z z 
Z −1  2
= Z −1  ⋅
 ( z − a)   z − a z − a 
 z  −1  z 
= Z −1  ∗Z z −a
z−a  
= a ∗a
n n

n n
= ∑ a k a n−k ∵ f ( n) ∗ g ( n ) = ∑ f ( k ) g ( n − k )
k =0 k =0
n
= ∑ ak a−k an
k =0
n
= an ∑ 1
k =0

 z 2

Z −1  2 
= a n (n + 1) ⋅1 = (n + 1)a n
 ( z − a ) 
 z2 
Z −1  2 
= ( n + 1) a n
 ( z − a) 
z2
2. By using convolution theorem, show that the inverse Z-transform of is
( z + a)( z + b)
(−1)n n +1
b − a n +1 
b−a
Solution:
−1  z2 
Given Z  =?
 ( z + a)( z + b) 
By convolution theorem
Z −1 [ F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z ) ] = Z −1 [ F ( z ) ] ∗ Z −1 [G( z )]
 z2  −1  z z 
Z −1  =Z  ⋅
 ( z + a )( z + b)   z + a z + b 
 z  −1  z 
= Z −1  ∗Z z +b
z +a  
= ( − a ) ∗ ( −b )
n n

n n
= ∑ ( − a ) k ( −b ) n − k ∵ f ( n) ∗ g ( n ) = ∑ f ( k ) g ( n − k )
k =0 k =0
 n
= (−1) n ∑ a k b − k b n
k =0
k
n
a
= (−1) n b n ∑  
k =0  b 

  a   a  2  a 3 a 
n

= (−1) b 1 +   +   +   + ... +   
n n

  b   b   b   b  
  a  n +1   a n +1   a n +1 − b n +1 
   − 1  n +1 − 1  n +1 
= (−1)n b n   
b  = bn  b =b  b
n

 a
− 1
  a −1   a −b 
   b   
 b  b

 a n +1 − b n +1 b   a n +1 − b n +1 b 
= (−1) b n n
n +1
×  = (−1) b
n n
 × 
 b a −b  b b
n
a −b
 a n +1 − b n +1 
= ( −1) n  
 a −b 
 z2  ( −1) n n +1
Z −1  = b − a n +1 
 ( z + a )( z + b )  b − a

 z2 
3. Find Z −1   using convolution theorem.
 ( z − a )( z − b) 
Solution:
−1  z2 
Given Z  =?
 ( z − a )( z − b) 
By convolution theorem
Z −1 [ F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z ) ] = Z −1 [ F ( z ) ] ∗ Z −1 [G( z )]
 z2  −1  z z 
Z −1  =Z  ⋅
 ( z − a)( z − b)   z − a z − b 
 z   z 
= Z −1   ∗ Z −1  
z −a z −b
= (a ) n ∗ (b) n
n n
= ∑ (a )k (b) n − k ∵ f ( n) ∗ g ( n ) = ∑ f ( k ) g ( n − k )
k =0 k =0
n
= ∑ a k b−k bn
k =0
k
a
n
= b ∑ 
n

k =0  b 

  a   a  2  a 3 a 
n

= b 1 +   +   +   + ... +   
n

  b   b   b   b  
   a  n+1   a n +1   a n +1 − b n+1 
   − 1  n +1 − 1  n +1 
= bn   
b  = bn  b  =b  b
n

 a
− 1
  a −1   a−b 
 b   b   b 
 
 a n +1 − b n +1 b   a n +1 − b n +1 b 
=b  n
n +1
×  = (−1) b
n n
 × 
 b a −b  b b
n
a −b
a n +1 − b n +1
=
a −b
 z2  a n +1 − b n +1
Z −1  =
 ( z − a )( z − b)  a −b
 8z 2  −1
4. Using convolution theorem, find Z  
 (2 z − 1)(4 z + 1) 
Solution:
−1  8z 2 
Given Z  =?
 (2 z − 1)(4 z + 1) 
By convolution theorem
Z −1 [ F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z ) ] = Z −1 [ F ( z ) ] ∗ Z −1 [G( z )]
   
 8z 2
  8z 2   z z 
Z −1   = Z −1
  = Z −1
 ⋅ 
 (2 z − 1)(4 z + 1)   2 z − 1  4 z + 1    z − 1   z − 1 
   
2 

4      
2 

4  
   
 z   z 
= Z −1   ∗ Z −1  

 z−  1   z − 1 
  
2     
4  
n n
1 1
=   ∗ 
2 4
k n− k
n
1 1 n
= ∑    ∵ f ( n) ∗ g ( n ) = ∑ f ( k ) g ( n − k )
k =0  2   4  k =0
k n −k
n
1 1 1
= ∑     
k =0  2   4   4 
n k n k n
1 n
1 1 n
4 1 n

∑   ( 4) =   ∑ ∑ ( 2)
k k
=    = 
4 k =0  2  4 k =0  2  4 k =0
n
1
=   1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2 n 
4
n
n +1
 1   2 − 1 a n+1 − 1
=     ∵1 + a + a + a + ... + a =
2 3 n

 4   2 −1  a −1
n

−1 8z2  1 n +1
Z   =    2 − 1
 (2 z − 1)(4 z + 1)   4 
 z2 
5. Using convolution theorem find Z −1  
 ( z − 1)( z − 3) 
 Solution:
−1  z2 
Given Z  =?
 ( z − 1)( z − 3) 
By convolution theorem
Z −1 [ F ( z ) ⋅ G ( z ) ] = Z −1 [ F ( z ) ] ∗ Z −1 [G( z )]

−1 z2  −1  z z 
Z  =Z  ⋅
 ( z − 1)( z − 3)   z − 1 z − 3 
 z   z 
= Z −1   ∗ Z −1  
 z − 1  z − 3
= (1) n ∗ (3) n
n n
= ∑ (1) k (3) n − k ∵ f ( n ) ∗ g ( n) = ∑ f ( k ) g ( n − k )
k =0 k =0
n
= ∑ 1k 3− k 3n
k =0
k
n
1
= 3n ∑  
k =0  3 

  1   1  2  1 3 1 
n

= 3 1 +   +   +   + ... +   
n

  3   3   3   3  
  1  n+1   1n +1   1n +1 − 3n +1 
   − 1 − 1
 n+1  n  3n +1 
= 3n   
3  = 3n  3 =3  
 1   1   1− 3 
 3 −1   3
−1
  3 
 
1 − 3n +1 3   3n +1 − 3n +1 3 
= 3n  n +1 ×  = 3n
 × 
 3 1 − 3   3 n
3 −2 
−1
= 1 − 3n+1 
2
 z2  −1
Z −1   == 1 − 3n +1 
 ( z − 1)( z − 3)  2
Formation of Difference Equation:
1. Derive the difference equation from yn = ( A + Bn)2 n
Solution:
Given yn = ( A + Bn)2 n
yn = A2 n + Bn 2n − − − − − − (1)
Replace n by n + 1 in (1)
yn +1 = A2n +1 + B ( n + 1)2n +1
yn +1 = 2 A2 n + 2(n + 1) B 2n − − − − − (2)
Replace n by n + 2 in (1)
yn + 2 = A2n + 2 + ( n + 2) B 2n + 2
yn + 2 = 4 A2n + 4( n + 2) B 2n − − − −(3)
From (1), (2) and (3)
 yn 1 n
yn +1 2 2( n + 1) = 0
yn + 2 4 4( n + 2)
yn [8(n + 2) − 8(n + 1) ] − 1[ 4(n + 2) yn +1 − 2(n + 1) yn + 2 ] + n [ 4 yn +1 − 2 yn + 2 ] = 0
yn [ (8n + 16 − 8n − 8] − 1[ (4n + 8) yn +1 + (−2n − 2) yn + 2 ] + 4nyn+1 − 2nyn + 2 = 0
8 yn −4nyn +1 − 8 yn +1 +2nyn + 2 + 2 yn + 2 +4nyn +1 −2nyn + 2 = 0
2 yn + 2 − 8 yn +1 + 8 yn = 0
yn + 2 − 4 yn +1 + 4 yn = 0
2. Derive the difference equation from u n = a + b3n
Solution: un = a + b3n − − − −(1)
Replace n by n + 1 in (1)
un +1 = a + b3n +1
un +1 = a + 3b3n − − − −(2)
Replace n by n + 2 in (1)
u n + 2 = a + b3n + 2
un + 2 = a + 9b3n − − − −(3)
From (1), (2) and (3)
un 1 1
un +1 1 3 = 0
un + 2 1 9
un (9 − 3) − 1(3un + 2 − 9un +1 ) + 1(un +1 − un + 2 ) = 0
6un − 3un+ 2 + 9un +1 ) + un +1 − un + 2 = 0
−4un+ 2 + 10un +1 + 6un = 0
÷( −2) ⇒ 2un + 2 − 5un +1 − 3un = 0
 nπ 
3. Form the difference equation yn = cos  
 2 
Solution:
 nπ 
Given yn = cos   − − − −(1)
 2 
Replace n by n + 1 in (1)
 ( n + 1)π   π nπ   nπ 
yn +1 = cos   = cos  +  = − sin   − − − −(2)
 2  2 2   2 
Replace n by n + 2 in (1)
 ( n + 2)π   2π nπ 
yn + 2 = cos   = cos  + 
 2   2 2 
 nπ   nπ 
yn + 2 = cos  π +  = − cos  
 2   2 
yn + 2 = − yn from (1)
⇒ yn + 2 + yn = 0

Solutions of difference equation using Z-Transforms.

1. Z [ yn ] = Z [ y (n) ] = y ( z )
2. Z [ yn +1 ] = Z [ y (n + 1)] = zy ( z ) − zy (0)
3. Z [ yn + 2 ] = Z [ y (n + 2) ] = z y ( z ) − z y (0) − zy (1)
2 2

4. Z [ yn+3 ] = Z [ y (n + 3) ] = z y ( z ) − z y (0) − z y (1) − zy (2)

3 3 2

1. Solve using Z-transforms technique the difference equation yn + 2 + 4 yn +1 + 3 yn = 3n with

y0 = 0, y1 = 1 .
Solution:
yn + 2 + 4 yn +1 + 3 yn = 3n .
Taking Z-transform on both sides
Z [ yn + 2 ] + 4 Z [ yn +1 ] + 3Z [ yn ] = Z 3n 
z
 z 2 y( z ) − z 2 y(0) − zy(1)  + 4 [ zy ( z ) − zy(0)] + 3 y ( z ) =
z −3
Given y0 = y (0) = 0, y1 = y(1) = 1
z
z 2 y( z ) − z + 4 zy( z ) + 3 y( z ) =
z −3
z
( z 2 + 4 z + 3) y( z ) = +z
z −3
z + z 2 − 3z
( z + 4 z + 3) y ( z ) =
2

z −3
z − 2z
2
y( z) =
( z − 3) ( z 2 + 4 z + 3)
z ( z − 2)
y( z) =
( z − 3)( z + 1)( z + 3)
By Partial Fraction,
y( z)
=
( z − 2) − − − − − (1)
z ( z − 3)( z + 1)( z + 3)
Now
( z − 2) =
A
+
B
+
C
( z − 3)( z + 1)( z + 3) ( z − 3) ( z + 1) ( z + 3)
z − 2 = A ( z + 1)( z + 3) + B ( z − 3)( z + 3) + C ( z + 1)( z − 3)
1
Put z=3 ⇒ 1 = 24 A ⇒ A =
24
3
Put z= -1 ⇒ −3 = −8B ⇒ B =
8
−5
Put z = -3 ⇒ −5 = 12C ⇒ C =
12
( z − 2) =
1 / 24
+
3/8
+
−5 / 12
( z − 3)( z + 1)( z + 3) ( z − 3) ( z + 1) ( z + 3)
y ( z ) 1/ 24 3 / 8 −5 /12
(1) ⇒ = + +
z ( z − 3) ( z + 1) ( z + 3)
1 z 3 z 5 z
y( z ) = + −
24 ( z − 3) 8 ( z + 1) 12 ( z + 3)
Taking Z-1 on both sides
1 −1  z  3 −1  z  5 −1  z 
Z −1 [ y ( z ) ] = Z  + Z  − Z 
24  z − 3  8  z + 1  12  z + 3 
 1 3 5  z 
y (n) = (3) n + ( −1) n − ( −3) n ∵ Z −1   = an
24 8 12 z −a
2. Solve yn+2 – 3y n+1 – 10 yn = 0, given y0 = 1, y1 = 0.
Solution:
yn + 2 − 3 yn +1 − 10 yn = 0 .
Taking Z-transform on both sides
Z [ yn+ 2 ] − 3Z [ yn +1 ] − 10Z [ yn ] = Z [ 0]
 z 2 y ( z ) − z 2 y (0) − zy (1)  − 3 [ zy ( z ) − zy (0) ] − 10 y ( z ) = 0
Given y0 = y(0) = 1, y1 = y(1) = 0
z 2 y ( z ) − z 2 − 3 zy ( z ) + 3 z − 10 y ( z ) = 0
(z 2
− 3 z − 10 ) y ( z ) = z 2 − 3 z
z 2 − 3z
y( z) =
(z 2
− 3 z − 10 )
z ( z − 3)
y( z) =
( z + 2 )( z − 5)
By Partial Fraction,
y( z) ( z − 3)
= − − − − − (1)
z ( z + 2 )( z − 5)
( z − 3) A B
Now = +
( z + 2 )( z − 5) ( z + 2 ) ( z − 5)
z − 3 = A ( z − 5) + B ( z + 2 )
5
Put z= - 2 ⇒ −5 = −7 A ⇒ A =
7
2
Put z= 5 ⇒ 2 = 7 B ⇒ B =
7
5 2
( z − 3) = 7 + 7
( z + 2 )( z − 5) ( z + 2 ) ( z − 5)
5 2
y( z )
(1) ⇒ = 7 + 7
z z +2 z −5
5 z 2 z
y( z) = +
7 z + 2 7 z −5
Taking Z-1 on both sides
5 −1  z  2 −1  z 
Z −1 [ y ( z ) ] = Z  + Z 
7  z + 2  7  z − 5 
5 2  z 
y (n) = ( −2) n − 5n ∵ Z −1   = an
7 7 z −a
3. Solve the equation y ( n + 3) − 3 y ( n + 1) + 2 y ( n) = 0 given that y (0) = 4 , y (1) = 0 and
y ( 2) = 8 .
Solution:
Z [ y ( n + 3) ] − 3Z [ y ( n + 1) ] + 2 Z [ y ( n ) ] = Z [ 0 ]
 z 3 y ( z ) − z 3 y (0) − z 2 y (1) − zy (2)  − 3 [ zy ( z ) − zy (0) ] + 2 y ( z ) = 0
Given that y (0) = 4 , y (1) = 0
 z 3 y ( z ) − 4 z 3 − 8 z − 3 zy ( z ) + 12 z + 2 y ( z ) = 0
 z 3 − 3 z + 2  y ( z ) = 4 z 3 − 4 z
4z3 − 4z
y( z) = 3
z − 3z + 2
4 z ( z 2 − 1)
y(z) =
( z − 1) 2 ( z + 2)
4 z ( z − 1) ( z + 1)
y( z) = ∵ a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b )( a − b)
( z − 1) 2 ( z + 2)
4 z ( z + 1)
y( z) =
( z − 1)( z + 2)
By Partial Fraction
y( z) 4( z + 1)
= − − − − − (1)
z ( z − 1)( z + 2)
4( z + 1) A B
= +
( z − 1)( z + 2) z − 1 z + 2
4( z + 1) = A( z + 2) + B ( z − 1)
8
Put z = 1 ⇒ 8 = 3 A ⇒ A =
3
4
Put z = −2 ⇒ − 4 = −3B ⇒ B =
3
y( z) 8 / 3 4 / 3
= +
z z −1 z + 2
8  z  4 −1  z 
Z −1 [ y ( z ) ] = Z −1  + Z 
3  z − 1  3  z + 2 
8 4  z 
y ( n) = + ( −2) n ∵ Z −1  =a
n

3 3  z − a 
4. Using Z-transform solve y ( n ) + 3 y ( n − 1) − 4 y ( n − 2) = 0, n ≥ 2 given that
y (0) = 3and y (1) = −2
Solution:
Given y ( n ) + 3 y ( n − 1) − 4 y ( n − 2) = 0, n ≥ 2
Replace n by n + 2, we get
y ( n + 2) + 3 y ( n + 1) − 4 y ( n) = 0
Taking Z transforms on both sides
Z [ y ( n + 2) ] + 3Z [ y ( n + 1) ] − 4 Z [ y ( n ) ] = Z [ 0 ]
 z 2 y ( z ) − z 2 y (0) − zy (1)  + 3 [ zy ( z ) − zy (0) ] − 4 y ( z ) = 0
Given that y (0) = 3and y (1) = −2
 z 2 y ( z ) − 3 z 2 + 2 z  + 3 [ zy ( z ) − 3 z ] − 4 y ( z ) = 0
 z 2 + 3 z − 4  y ( z ) − 3 z 2 + 2 z − 9 z = 0
 z 2 + 3 z − 4  y ( z ) = 3 z 2 + 7 z
3z 2 + 7 z
y( z) = 2
z + 3z − 4
By Partial Fraction
y( z) 3z + 7 3z + 7
= 2 =
z z + 3 z − 4 ( z + 4)( z − 1)
 3z + 7 A B
Now, = +
( z + 4)( z − 1) z + 4 z − 1
3 z + 7 = A( z − 1) + B ( z + 4)
Put z = 1 ⇒ 10 = 5B ⇒ B = 2
Put z = −4 ⇒ − 5 = −5 A ⇒ A = 1
y( z) 1 2
= +
z z + 4 z −1
z z
y( z) = +2
z+4 z −1
 z   z 
Z −1 [ y ( z ) ] = Z −1   + 2 Z −1 
 z + 4  z − 1 
 z 
y ( n) = ( −4) n + 2(1) n = 2 + ( −4) n ∵ Z −1   = an
z −a
5. Solve using Z-transforms technique the difference equation un + 2 + 6un +1 + 9u n = 2 n with
u0 = u1 = 0 .
Solution:
un + 2 + 6un +1 + 9u n = 2 n
Assume u=y
yn + 2 + 6 yn +1 + 9 yn = 2 n ; y0 = y1 = 0
Taking Z-transform on both sides
Z [ yn + 2 ] + 6 Z [ yn +1 ] + 9 Z [ yn ] = Z  2n 
z
 z 2 y( z ) − z 2 y(0) − zy(1)  + 6 [ zy( z ) − zy(0)] + 9 y( z ) =
z−2
Given y0 = y (0) = 0 ; y1 = y(1) = 0
z
z 2 y( z ) + 6 zy( z ) + 9 y ( z ) =
z−2
z
( z 2 + 6 z + 9) y ( z ) =
z−2
z
y( z ) =
( z − 2)( z + 6 z + 9)
2

z
y( z) =
( z − 2)( z + 3) 2
By Partial Fraction,
y( z) 1
= − − − − − (1)
z ( z − 2)( z + 3) 2
1 A B C
Now = + +
( z − 2)( z + 3) 2
( z − 2 ) ( z + 3 ) ( z + 3)2
1 = A ( z + 3) + B ( z − 2)( z + 3) + C ( z − 2)
2

1
Put z = 2 ⇒ 1 = 25 A ⇒ A =
25
−1
Put z = −3 ⇒ 1 = −5C ⇒ C =
5
1
Equating co-efft. of z 2 on both sides ⇒ A + B = 0 ⇒ B = − A ⇒ B = −
25
 1 −1 −1
y( z)
= 25 + 25 + 5
z ( z − 2 ) ( z + 3 ) ( z + 3)2
Taking Z-1 on both sides
1 −1  z  1 −1  z  1 −1  z 
Z −1 [ y ( z ) ] = Z  − Z  − Z  2 
25  z − 2  25  z + 3  5  ( z + 3) 
1 1 1  z   z 
y (n) = (2) n − ( −3) n − n( −3) n −1 ∵ Z −1  2 
= na n −1 & Z −1   = an
25 25 5  ( z − a)  z−a
1 1 1
u (n) = (2) n − ( −3) n − n( −3) n −1 ∵u = y
25 25 5
6. Using Z-transform method solve y(k + 2) + y(k ) = 2 given that y0 = y1 = 0.
Solution:
Given y(k + 2) + y(k ) = 2 ; y0 = y1 = 0.
Assume k=n
y(n + 2) + y(n) = 2
Taking Z-transform on both sides
Z [ y (n + 2)] + Z [ y(n) ] = 2Z [1]
z
 z 2 y( z ) − z 2 y(0) − zy(1)  + y ( z ) = 2
z −1
Given that y0 = y1 = 0.
2z
( z 2 + 1) y ( z ) =
z −1
2z
y( z) =
( z − 1)( z 2 + 1)
y( z ) 2
= − − − − − (1)
z ( z − 1)( z 2 + 1)
By partial fraction
2 A B Cz
Now, = + 2 + 2
( z − 1)( z + 1) z − 1 z + 1 z + 1
2

2 = A( z 2 + 1) + B ( z − 1) + Cz ( z − 1)
Put z = 1 ⇒ 2 = 2 A ⇒ A = 1
Put z = 0 ⇒ 2 = A − B ⇒ B = A − 2 ⇒ B = −1
Equating co-efft. of z 2 on both sides ⇒ 0 = A + C ⇒ C = − A ⇒ C = −1
y( z) 1 −1 −z
(1) ⇒ = + 2 + 2
z z −1 z + 1 z + 1
z z z2
y( z) = − −
z −1 z2 +1 z2 +1
Taking Z-1 on both sides
 z  −1  z  −1  z 
2
Z −1 [ y ( z ) ] = Z −1   − Z   − Z  2 
 z − 1  z + 1  z + 1
2

nπ n nπ
y(n) = (1) n − 1n sin − 1 cos
2 2
nπ nπ
y ( n) = 1 − sin − cos
2 2
 kπ kπ
y ( k ) = 1 − sin − cos
2 2
 z  nπ −1  z2  nπ
∵ Z −1  2 2 
= a n
sin & Z  2 2 
= a n cos here a = 1
z +a  2 z +a  2
Problems based on Z-Transforms:
 nπ   nπ 
1. Find Z [ cos nθ ] , Z [sin nθ ] and hence find i) Z  cos , ii) Z sin 
 2   2 
iii) Z  r n cos nθ  iv) Z  r n sin nθ 
Solution:
inθ
We know that e = cos nθ + sin nθ
cos nθ = real part of einθ & sin nθ = imaginary part of einθ
z
and Z  a  =
n

z−a
Z einθ  = Z ( eiθ )  =
n z
  z − eiθ
z
=
z − ( cos θ + i sin θ )
z ( z − cos θ ) + i sin θ
= ×
( z − cos θ ) − i sin θ ( z − cos θ ) + i sin θ
z ( z − cos θ ) + i sin θ
Z  e inθ  = ∵ ( a + b )( a − b ) = a 2 − b 2
( z − cos θ ) 2 − i 2 sin 2 θ
z ( z − cos θ ) + iz sin θ
Z [ cos nθ + i sin nθ ] = 2 ∵ i 2 = −1
z − 2 z cos θ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
z ( z − cos θ ) z sin θ
Z [ cos nθ ] + iZ [sin nθ ] = 2 +i 2 ∵ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1
z − 2 z cos θ + 1 z − 2 z cos θ + 1
Equating co-efft. Of real and img parts on both sides
z ( z − cos θ ) z sin θ
Z [ cos nθ ] = ; Z [sin nθ ] =
z − 2 z cos θ + 1
2
z − 2 z cos θ + 1
2

Deduction:
We know that
z ( z − cos θ )
Z [ cos nθ ] =
z − 2 z cos θ + 1
2

 π
z  z − cos 
 nπ 
= 
2
i) Z  cos  = Z [ cos nθ ]θ → π
 2  π
2
z 2 − 2 z cos + 1
2
 nπ  z2 π
Z  cos  = 2 ∵ cos = 0
 2  z +1 2
z sin θ
Z [sin nθ ] = 2
z − 2 z cos θ + 1
π
z sin
 nπ 
ii) Z sin  = Z [ sin nθ ]θ→
π =
2
π
 2  2
z − 2 z cos + 1
2

2
 nπ  z π π
∴ Z sin  = 2 ∵ cos = 0 & sin = 1
 2  z +1 2 2
We know that
 Z  a n f ( n )  = Z [ f ( n) ]z → z
a

iii) Z  r cos nθ  =  Z [ cos nθ ] z → z

n

 z ( z − cos θ ) 
= 2
 z − 2 z cos θ + 1 z → z
r

 zz  
 r  r − cos θ  
=  2  
 z 2z 
 r 2 − r cos θ + 1 
z  z − r cos θ 
 
= 2  
r r
z − 2 zr cos θ + r 2
r2
z ( z − r cos θ )
Z  r n cos nθ  = 2
z − 2 zr cos θ + r 2
z z
sin θ sin θ
iv) Z  r n sin nθ  =  Z {sin nθ } z → z = 2 r = 2 r
z z z − 2 zr cos θ + r 2
r
− 2 cos θ + r 2

r2 r r2
zr sin θ
Z  r n sin nθ  =
z − 2 zr cos θ + r 2
2

1
2. Find the Z-transform of , for n ≥ 1
n( n + 1)
Solution
 1 
Z =?
 n(n + 1) 
By partial Fraction:
1 A B
= +
n( n + 1) n n + 1
1 = A(n + 1) + Bn
Put n = −1; 1 = − B ⇒ B = −1
Put n = 0; A = 1
1 1 1
= −
n( n + 1) n n + 1
 1  1  1 
Z  =Z  −Z   − − − − − (1)
 n( n + 1)  n  n + 1
Now, we know that
∞
Z [ f ( n ) ] = ∑ f ( n) z − n
n =0
∞ n
1 11
Z =∑   ∵n > 0
 n  n =1 n  z 
2 3
1 11 11
= +   +   + ....
z 2 z  3 z 
 x 2 x3 1
= x + + + .... here = x
2 3 z
= − log(1 − x)
1  1  z −1   z 
Z   = −log  1 −  = − log   = log  
n  z  z   z −1 
1  z 
Z   = log  
n  z −1 
n
 1  ∞ 1 1
Z =∑  
 n + 1  n=0 n + 1  z 
2
11 11
= 1 +   +   + ....
2 z  3 z 
 1 1  1  2 1  1 3 
= z  +   +   + ..
 z 2  z  3  z  
  1   z −1 
= z  − log 1 −   = − z log  
  z   z 
 1   z 
Z  = z log  
 n +1   z −1 
 1   z   z 
(1) ⇒ Z   = log   + z log  
 n( n + 1)   z −1   z −1 
 1   z 
∴Z   = ( z + 1) log  
 n( n + 1)   z −1 
3. Find Z  n ( n − 1)( n − 2 )  .
Solution:
( )
Z  n ( n − 1)( n − 2 )  = Z  n 2 − n ( n − 2 )  = Z  n3 − 2n 2 − n 2 + 2n  = Z  n3 − 3n 2 + 2n 
Z  n ( n − 1)( n − 2 )  = Z  n3  − 3Z  n 2  + 2 Z [ n ] − − − −(1)
We know that
∞
Z [ f ( n ) ] = ∑ f ( n) z − n
n =0
∞ n
1
Z [ n] = ∑ n  
n =0  z 
1 2 3
1 1 1
= 0 + 1  + 2   + 3   + .....
z z z
= x + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 + .....
−2
1 1 −2
= x (1 + 2 x + 3 x + .....) = x(1 − x ) = 1 − 
2

z z
−2 2
1  z −1  1 z  1  z2 
=   =   =  
z z  z  z −1  z  ( z − 1) 2 
z
Z [ n] =
( z − 1)
2

d
We know that Z [ nf (n)] = − z
dz
{Z [ f (n)]}
 d
Z  n2  = − z
dz
{Z [ n]}
d  z 
= −z  
dz  ( z − 1) 2 
 
 ( z − 1)2 (1) − z[2( z − 1)] 
= −z  
( z − 1)
4
 
 ( z − 1)( z − 1 − 2 z ) 
= −z  
( z − 1)
4
 
 −1 − z 
= −z  3
 ( z − 1) 
z + z2
Z  n  =
2

( z − 1)
3

d
Z n3  = Z  n n2  = − z Z n2 
dz  
{ }
d  z + z 2 
= −z  
dz  ( z − 1)3 
 
 ( z − 1)3 (2 z + 1) − ( z 2 + z )3( z − 1) 2 (1 − 0) 
= −z  
 ( z − 1)6 
 ( z − 1) ( z − 1)(2 z + 1) − 3( z + z )  
2 2

= −z   
 ( z − 1) 6

 2 z 2 − 2 z + z − 1 − 3z 2 − 3 z 
= −z  
 ( z − 1) 4 
 − z 2 − 4 z −1
= −z  
 ( z − 1) 
4

z ( z 2 + 4 z + 1)
Z  n3  =
( z − 1) 4
z ( z 2 + 4 z + 1) z + z2 z
(1) ⇒ Z  n ( n − 1)( n − 2 )  = − 3 +2
( z − 1) ( z − 1) ( z − 1)
4 3 2

2 z 2 + 5 z + 14
4. If U ( z ) = , evaluate u2 and u3 .
( z − 1)4
Solution:
2 z 2 + 5 z + 14
Given U ( z ) = F ( z ) =
( z − 1)4
We know that
 5 14 
z2  2 + + 2 
2 z + 5 z + 14
2
= lim 
z z 
u0 = f (0) = lim F ( z ) = lim
z →∞ z →∞ ( z − 1) 4 z →∞
4 1
2

z 1 − 
 z
1
u0 = f (0) = 0 ∵ = 0
∞
 u1 = f (1) = lim [ zF ( z ) − zf (0) ]
z →∞

 z (2 z 2 + 5 z + 14) 
= lim  − z (0) 
z →∞
 ( z − 1) 4

 3 5 14  
z 2+ + 2  
= lim  
z z  
−0
z →∞  4

 1 
 z 1 − 
4

  z 
1
u1 = f (1) = 0 ∵ = 0
∞
u2 = f (2) = lim  z 2 F ( z ) − z 2 f (0) − zf (1) 
z →∞

 z 2 (2 z 2 + 5 z + 14) 
= lim  − z 2 (0) − z (0) 
z →∞
 ( z − 1) 4

 4 5 14  
 z 2+ + 2 
z z  2+ 0+ 0
= lim   = =2
z →∞ 
1   (1 − 0)
4 4
4
 z 1 −  
  z 
u 2 = f (2) = 2
u3 = f (3) = lim  z 3 F ( z ) − z 3 f (0) − z 2 f (1) − zf (2) 
z →∞

 z 3 (2 z 2 + 5 z + 14) 3 
= lim  − z (0) − z 2 (0) − z (2) 
z →∞
 ( z − 1) 4

 z 3 (2 z 2 + 5 z + 14) 
= lim  − 2z
z →∞
 ( z − 1) 4

 (2 z 2 + 5 z + 14) 2 
= lim z 3  − 2
z →∞
 ( z − 1) 4 z 
 z 2 (2 z 2 + 5 z + 14) − 2( z − 1) 4 
= lim z 3   ∵ ( a − b) = a − 4a b + 6a b − 4ab + b
4 4 3 2 2 3 3
z →∞
 z ( z − 1)
2 4

 (2 z 4 + 5 z 3 + 14 z 2 ) − 2( z 4 − 4 z 3 + 6 z 2 − 4 z + 1) 
= lim z 3  
z →∞
 z 2 ( z − 1) 4 
 2 z + 5 z + 14 z − 2 z + 8 z − 12 z + 8 z − 2 
4 3 2 4 3 2
= lim z 3  
z →∞
 z 2 ( z − 1) 4 
 13 z 3 + 2 z 2 + 8 z − 2 
= lim z  3

z →∞
 z 2 ( z − 1) 4 
 2 8 2  2 8 2
z 6  13 + + 2 − 3   13 + + 2 − 3  13 + 0 + 0 − 0
= lim 
z 
= lim 
z z z z z 
=
z →∞
 1 
4 z →∞
 1 
4
(1 − 0) 4
z 1 − 
6
1 − 
 z  z
u3 = f (3) = 13
5. State and prove initial and final value theorem of Z-transform.
Initial value theorem:
If Z [ f (n) ] = F ( z ) then f (0) = lim F ( z )
z →∞
Proof:
We know that
∞
Z [ f ( n ) ] = ∑ f ( n) z − n
n =0
∞ n
1
lim F ( z ) = lim ∑ f (n)  
z →∞ z →∞
n=0 z
 1
0
1
1
1
2

= lim  f (0)   + f (1)   + f (2)   + ...
z →∞
 z z z 
1
lim F ( z ) = f (0) ∵ = 0
z →∞ ∞
Final value theorem:
If Z [ f (n) ] = F ( z ) then lim f ( n) = lim( z − 1) F ( z )
n →∞ z →1
Proof:
∞
Z [ f ( n) ] = ∑ f ( n) z − n − − − − − (1)
n =0
∞
Z [ f ( n + 1) ] = ∑ f ( n + 1) z − n − − − − − (2)
n=0
(1) − (2) ⇒
∞ ∞
Z [ f ( n + 1) ] − Z [ f ( n) ] = ∑ f ( n + 1) z −n
− ∑ f ( n) z − n
n=0 n =0
∞
[ zF ( z ) − zf (0)] − F ( z ) = ∑ [ f (n + 1) − f (n)] z − n
n=0
∞
lim [ ( z − 1) F ( z ) − zf (0) ] = lim ∑ [ f ( n + 1) − f ( n) ] z − n
z →1 z →1
n=0
∞
lim [ ( z − 1) F ( z ) ] − f (0) = ∑ [ f ( n + 1) − f ( n) ]
z →1
n=0

lim [ ( z − 1) F ( z ) ] − f (0) =  f (1) − f (0)  +  f (2) − f (1)  + ... +  f (n + 1) − f ( n)  + ...∞

z →1

lim [ ( z − 1) F ( z ) ] − f (0) = − f (0) + f ( n + 1) + ...∞

z →1

lim [ ( z − 1) F ( z ) ] = lim f ( n) ∵ f ( n + 1) = f ( n) when n → ∞

z →1 n →∞
Hence proved