Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 08

Design of Reinforced Concrete

Columns
By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

[email protected]
www.drqaisarali.com

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture Contents

 General Introduction

 ACI Code Provisions

 Part - I
 Concentrically loaded Columns

 Mechanics

 Example

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Lecture Contents

 Part-II
 Eccentrically loaded Columns

 Mechanics

 Interaction Diagram and Example

 Use of Design Aids and Example

 References

 Appendix

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Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

 Explain the importance of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement in
RC columns

 Develop interaction diagrams for square RC columns

 Design concentric and uniaxially eccentric RC columns

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General

 Introduction
 A structural member (usually vertical) , used primarily to support
axial compressive load is called column.

 However, columns would generally carry bending moments as well,

about one or both axes of the cross section.

Column for 60-story Bank of America Column for 20-story Dominion Mall &
Corporate Center, North Carolina Apartments, Pakistan (Designed by DQA).

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General

 Introduction
 Columns transmit loads from upper floor levels to the lower floor
levels and ultimately to the ground through the foundations.

 Unlike beams and slabs that carry the load of a single floor, columns
bear the load of multiple floors above them, resulting in an
accumulation of load. Load

Beam
Column Footing

Soil

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General

 Reinforcement in RC columns
 Longitudinal Reinforcement

 They are provided parallel to the direction

of the load to resist the Bending moment
as well as the Compression.

 Lateral Reinforcement

 The lateral reinforcement is provided in

the form of ties or continuous spiral to
resist Shear and to hold the longitudinal
bars.

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General

 Classification of RC Columns
 RC columns can be classified on various bases as shown below.

Classification of RC Columns

Based on Lateral Based on Based on

reinforcement Loading Slenderness

Tied Spiral Concentric Eccentric Short Long

Column Column Column Column Column Column

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General

 Types of RC Columns (based on lateral reinforcement)

1. Tied Columns

 Columns (of any shape) with closely spaced

lateral ties/hoops.

2. Spiral Columns

 Columns (of any shape) with continuous spiral

reinforcement wound in a helical pattern.

 They are generally more efficient than tied

columns.

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General

 Types of RC Columns (based on slenderness)

1. Short Columns

 Columns that fail due to the failure of materials

are called short columns.

 Most of the concrete columns fall in this

category.

2. Long /Slender columns

 Columns in which failure occurs due to

geometric instability (buckling) are called long
columns.

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General

 Types of RC Columns (based on loading)

1. Concentric Columns

 Columns in which applied load is aligned with its P P

central axis, resulting in uniform compression

throughout the column's cross-section.

2. Eccentric Columns

 Columns in which applied load does not

coincide with its central axis, causing an uneven
distribution of compression forces across the
column's cross-section. They can be
a) Concentric column b) Eccentric column

1. Uniaxially eccentric

2. Biaxially eccentric

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General

 Types of RC Columns (based on loading)

25′-0″ 25′-0″ 25′-0″

When the spans are equal in both
directions and the loading is uniformly

20′-0″
distributed then
A) Interior columns ⇒ Concentric

B) Edge columns ⇒ Uniaxially eccentric

20′-0″
C) Corner Columns ⇒ Biaxially eccentric
A

20′-0″
C B

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General

 Types of RC Columns (based on loading)

Bending about Y axis

(uniaxially eccentric)

No Bending
(Concentric)

Bending about X axis

(uniaxially eccentric)

Y
Bending about
X
both axes

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns

 Dimensional Limits
 According to ACI Code 18.7.2, column shall be at least 12 in.

 Reinforcement Limits
a) Longitudinal reinforcement limits (ACI 10.6.1.1)

 Area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be at least but

shall not exceed .

 Minimum Reinforcement is necessary to provide resistance

to bending, and to reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage of
the concrete under sustained compressive stresses.

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns

 Reinforcement Limits
a) Longitudinal reinforcement limits

 Maximum amount of longitudinal reinforcement is limited to

ensure that concrete can be effectively consolidated around
the bars

 Longitudinal reinforcement in columns usually does not exceed 4

percent as the lap splice zone will have twice as much
reinforcement, if all lap splice occur at the same location.

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ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns

 Reinforcement Limits
a) Longitudinal reinforcement limits
 Minimum diameter #4 (ACI 10.7.3)

 Minimum number of bars 4 for rectangular columns

6 for circular columns.

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ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns

 Reinforcement Limits
a) Longitudinal reinforcement limits

 Minimum spacing between longitudinal bars ( ACI 25.2.3)

 Clear spacing between longitudinal bars shall be at least the

greatest of; 1.5 in. and 1.5 (where is the diameter of
longitudinal bar).

 However, to ensure proper concreting,

it is better to maintain a minimum clear
spacing of 3 inches. 𝑆

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns

 Reinforcement Limits
b) Shear reinforcement limits

 Maximum spacing of lateral ties (ACI 25.7.2.1)

 Maximum spacing shall not exceed the least of;

i.

ii.
𝑆

iii. 16 of longitudinal bar

iv. 48 of hoop/tie bar

v. Smallest dimension of member

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns

 Reinforcement Limits
b) Shear reinforcement limits

 Minimum diameter of lateral ties (ACI 25.7.2.2)

 Diameter of tie bar shall be at least:

i. #3 for longitudinal bars having size up to #10.

ii. #4 for longitudinal bars having size larger than #10.

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns

 Reinforcement Limits
b) Shear reinforcement limits

 Diameter and spacing of spiral reinforcement (ACI 25.7.3)

 The minimum spiral reinforcement size is 3/8 in.

 Spacing/pitch of spiral must not be less than 1 in. and greater than 3 in.

Spirals
Longitudinal
bars

Pitch

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Part - I

Design of Concentric RC
Columns

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Axial Capacity
From the figure shown below, we have

Because of the perfect bonding between ∆

concrete and steel bars, the strain in both Concrete

materials will be identical. As a result, steel Steel bar

bars with a grade of 80 or lower will yield at the

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
ultimate stage ( ). 2 2

and 𝑓 40
𝜖 , = = = 0.0014 < 𝜖 = 0.003
𝐸 29000
so, 𝜖 , =
60
= 0.0021 < 𝜖
29000
80
𝜖 , = = 0.0028 < 𝜖
29000

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 22

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Axial Capacity
Area of concrete can be found by subtracting steel area from the
gross area of the section. Taking , the preceding equation
becomes

From which the design axial capacity is determined as;

Where ;

0.65 for tied column and 0.75 for spiral column (ACI Table 21.2.2).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 23

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Axial Capacity
According to ACI 318, R22.4.2.1, an additional reduction factor ‘α’ is
used to account for accidental eccentricities not considered in the
analysis that may exist in a compression member, and to recognize
that concrete strength may be less than under sustained high loads.
Finally, we get

( for tied column)

and

( for spiral column)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 24

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Axial Capacity
For no failure;

Taking

---- (8.1) ( for tied column)

And

---- (8.2) ( for spiral column)

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Tied Column

 Example 8.1
 Design an 18″ × 18″ tied column for a factored axial compressive
load of 300 kips. Take and

300kips

18″

18″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 26

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Tied Column

 Solution
 Given Data

18″

18″

 Required Data

Design the column for the given axial load

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Tied Column

 Solution
 Step 1: Determination of Longitudinal Reinforcement

From eq.(8.1), we have

Substituting values in the above equation gives

On solving for we get

negative sign shows no reinforcement is required.

Thus, provide minimum steel , ,

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Tied Column

 Solution
 Step 1: Determination of Longitudinal Reinforcement

 Alternative approach:

Calculate design axial capacity of column by assuming 1% steel area

and compare the calculated capacity with demand axial load

OK!

Therefore,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 29

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Tied Column

 Solution
 Step 2: Determination of Longitudinal Reinforcement

Using #6 bar with

Number of bars

Hence use 8,#6 bars.

Note:
• To maintain the symmetrical distribution along the perimeter of the cross-
section, the number of bars in a square column should be a multiple of 4.

• The configuration may alter for a rectangular or circular column.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 30

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Tied Column

 Solution
 Step 2: Detailing of Lateral / shear Reinforcement

Using #3 bar with , maximum spacing is the least of:

𝐴 𝑓
i. = 0.22 x 40,000/ (50x18) = 9.8″
50𝑏
𝐴 𝑓
ii.
0.75 𝑓 ′𝑏
= 0.22 x 40,000 / (0.75 x18) = 11.9″

iii. 16 of longitudinal bar = 16 x 0.75 = 12″

iv. 48 of hoop/tie bar = 48 x 3/8 = 18″

v. Smallest dimension of member = 18″

Therefore, 9.8″. Finally provide #3 ties @ 9″ c/c

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 31

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Tied Column

 Solution
 Step 3: Drafting

Beam

#3@9ʺ c/c
18ʺ A

8- #6 bars

18ʺ Lap Splice

Section A-A h (if required) B

#3@9ʺ c/c
18ʺ

8- #6 bars #3@9ʺ c/c

8- #6 bars
18ʺ
Section B-B

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Design of Spiral Column

 Example 8.2
 Design a circular spiral column having diameter of 24″ to support an
axial service dead load of 500 kips and an axial service live load of
230 kips. Take and

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 33

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Part - II

Design of Eccentrically Loaded

RC Columns

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Introduction
 An eccentrically loaded column is one that is subjected to both axial
load and bending moment simultaneously.

 As a result, combined stresses are induced in the section as shown

below.
Z Z

Y Y X
X
Mu

Axial Stress Distribution

Bending Stress Distribution Combined Stress Distribution

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Introduction
 To simplify the computations, this coupled action can be transformed
into and the equivalent eccentricity .

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Introduction
y
Pu Pu h
d
d'
y x
Mu
b
x Pu
ex

Mu=Puex
As2 As1
𝜖 = 0.003

N.A
𝜖

N.A
Stress Diagram
Strain Diagram
c

𝜖
C a Stress
Strain Diagram
Diagram

0.85fc'
T
T=As2 fs2 C=Cc+Cs

Red Region: Compression

Bending moment can be transformed into eccentricity using 𝑀 = 𝑃 𝑒 Blue Region : Tension

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Capacity of Eccentrically loaded Column

Pu

Mu=Puex

Diagram
a. Axial Capacity

Diagram
StrainDiagram

Diagram
𝜖 = 0.003

Stress

0.85fc'
Stress

Strain
x
From the Figure;

ex

C=Cc+Cs
d'
Layer 1

a
As1

c
N.A
N.A

y
d
h

T=As2 fs2
As2

𝜖
Layer 2

b
Taking 0.85 gives 𝑃

--- (8.3)

Compression
Concrete

Tension
( Note that 𝐴 is steel area of a SINGLE layer, not the total steel area)
Steel bar

𝑇 𝐶 𝐶

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Capacity of Eccentrically loaded Column

b. Flexural Capacity 0.85𝑓 ′
𝑑′
𝐶
𝐴 𝑎 𝐶
ℎ/2
𝑙 𝑙
From figure; N.A
h
Center
𝑑
𝑙
𝐴
𝑇
𝑑′

Where;

𝐶 = 0.85𝑓 𝑎𝑏 = 0.85𝑓 𝛽 𝑏𝑐
Now, taking moment about the center of section,
𝐶 =𝐴 𝑓

𝑇 =𝐴 𝑓

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 39

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Capacity of Eccentrically loaded Column

b. Flexural Capacity

Since , therefore

From which the design flexural capacity is determined as,

---- (8.4)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 40

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Capacity of Eccentrically loaded Column

 Calculation of Normal Stresses in Steel ( 𝒔𝟏 𝒔𝟐 )

 Compressive stress 𝜖
𝑃 𝑄
d′ 𝜖
𝐴 𝑆 𝑇

c - d′
c
From ∆ ∆ , we have d
𝑅
h

d-c
𝐴A
s
𝑈 𝑉
𝜖

bbw

---- (8.5)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 41

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Capacity of Eccentrically loaded Column

 Calculation of Normal Stresses in Steel ( 𝒔𝟏 𝒔𝟐 )

 Tensile stress 𝜖
𝑃 𝑄
d′ 𝜖
𝐴 𝑆 𝑇

c - d′
c
From ∆ ∆ , we have d
𝑅
h

d-c
𝐴A
s
𝑈 𝑉
𝜖

bbw

---- (8.6)

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Limitations of Equations 8.3 and 8.4

 It is important to note that equations 8.3 and 8.4 are valid for

1. Two layers of reinforcement.

2. (since was taken 0.85)

 For intermediate layers of reinforcement, the corresponding

terms with “ ” shall be added in the equations.

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics

 Design Approaches
 Unlike the flexural members, the design of eccentrically loaded
columns is relatively complicated due to the coupled action of
axial force and bending moment, making it inconvenient to use
straightforward equations.

 Two commonly used approaches for designing such columns are

1. Interaction Diagrams

2. Design Aids

 Both approaches are discussed in subsequent slides.

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Introduction
 A graphical representation that shows the interaction/relationship
between axial capacity and flexural capacity of a structural
member having known material properties, dimensions and
reinforcement is called Interaction diagram or Capacity curve.
∅𝑃

∅𝑀

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Failure Criteria

 If the factored demand in the form of and lies inside or at the

border line of the design interaction diagram, the column will be
deemed safe against the given demand, otherwise it is failed.

• Point 1 lies within the curve, indicating

that the column is safe against the
Point 2
demand.

• Point 2 falls outside the curve, showing

∅𝑃

that the column’s capacity is insufficient

to carry the given demand.

Point 1

∅𝑀

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 46

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Important features of Interaction diagram

 Control Regions
Axial capacity (𝑃)

Compression-controlled
Compression controlled regionregion
(design is governed by axial capacity of member )

∅𝑀 , ∅𝑃 Balanced Point
Balanced Condition
(Crushing and yielding occurs simultaneously)

Tension-controlled region
Tension
(Designcontrolled region
is governed by flexural capacity)

Flexural capacity (

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 47

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Important features of Interaction diagram

 Horizontal Cutoff

 The horizontal cutoff at upper end of the curve at a value of

represents the maximum design load specified in the ACI 318-19
10.4.2.1 for small eccentricities i.e., large axial loads.

0.8𝑃 𝑀 ,𝑃 Compression controlled region

Axial capacity

0.8∅𝑃 ∅𝑀 , ∅𝑃 Balanced Condition

Tension controlled
Tension controlled region

Flexural capacity

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Important features of Interaction diagram

 Linear Variation of Strength Reduction Factor

Variation of Φ from 0.65 to 0.90 is applicable for to

respectively.

𝜖 −𝜖
0.75 + 0.25
0.003
0.8𝑃 𝑀 ,𝑃

Axial capacity
𝜖 −𝜖 0.8∅𝑃 ∅𝑀 , ∅𝑃
0.65 + 0.25
0.003

𝜖
𝜖 =𝜖 𝜖 =𝜖 + 0.003 Flexural capacity

Fig. R21.2.2b Interaction Diagram

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 49

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram

 The interaction diagram can be developed by calculating certain points
at key locations, using different values of c. These points are obtained
from equations 8.3 and 8.4 as described below.

For a given set of material properties ( , )

dimensions ( and area of reinforcement
( ) the only variable that remains unknown is the
depth of the neutral axis, c.

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram

 Point 1 is determined using equation of concentrically loaded column
ignoring factor.

 All other control points can be obtained using the following 3 steps.

1. Assume reasonable value of c.

1
2. Compute and 2
3
𝑑 𝑑

∅𝑃
𝑓 = 87 1 − ≤ 𝑓 and 𝑓 = 87 −1 ≤𝑓
𝑐 𝑐 4
5
3. Calculate and
6
7
∅𝑀

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 51

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram

 Point 1
 Point representing capacity of column when concentrically loaded.

 This is the point at which = 0.

 Design axial capacity equation of concentric column will be used.

∅ 0.85𝑓 ′(𝐴 − 𝐴 ) + 𝑓 𝐴
ϵ = 0.003
Point 1
∅𝑃

∅𝑀 b Strain Diagram

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram

 Point 2
 This point corresponds to crushing of the concrete at the compression
face of the section and zero stress at the other face.

 and

From eq. 8.3 and 8.4

ϵ = 0.003
1
Point 2
∅𝑃

c h

N.A

∅𝑀 b Strain Diagram

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 53

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Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram

 Point 3
 At Point 3, the strain in the reinforcing bars farthest from the compression
face is equal to zero.

 and

ϵ = 0.003
1
2 From eq. 8.3 and 8.4

Point 3
∅𝑃

c h

ϵ =0
N.A
Strain Diagram
∅𝑀 b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 54

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram

 Point 4
 Point representing capacity of column for balance failure condition
, and

ϵ = 0.003
1
2
3
From eq. 8.3 and 8.4 c
∅𝑃

Balanced
Point 4 condition
h
N.A

ϵ =ϵ

Strain Diagram
∅𝑀 b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 55

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram

 Point 5
 Point on capacity curve for which ,

 or (designer′s preference)

ϵ = 0.003
1
2
3
c
∅𝑃

From eq. 8.3 and 8.4

N.A
4
5 h
Point

ϵ =ϵ + 0.003

Strain Diagram
∅𝑀 b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 56

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram

 Point 6
 Point on capacity curve at which the strain in tension steel is sufficiently
greater than yield. Let consider two times that of point 5, then

 (for simplicity, assume c = 0.25d for both grades)

 or
ϵ = 0.003
1
2
3 c
N.A
∅𝑃

4
5 h
From eq. 8.3 and 8.4
ϵ ≫ϵ + 0.003
Point 6
Strain Diagram
∅𝑀 b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 57

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram

 Point 7
 This is the pure bending case on capacity curve at which the axial load is
zero and and or and c can be taken as;

(Please refer to the Appendix for the derivation of this equation.)

ϵ = 0.003
1
2
c N.A
3
∅𝑃

4
5 h
From eq. 8.3
and 8.4 ϵ ≫ϵ + 0.003
6
Point Strain Diagram
7
∅𝑀 b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 58

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Development of Interaction Diagram (summary)

c 𝒇𝒔𝟏 𝒇𝒔𝟐 ∅𝑷𝒏 ∅𝑴𝒏

Point
(𝑖𝑛. ) (𝑘𝑠𝑖) (𝑘𝑠𝑖) (𝑘𝑖𝑝) (𝑓𝑡. 𝑘𝑖𝑝)

1 Axial capacity --- --- Eq. (1a) 0

2 𝑐=ℎ Eq. (2)

Eq. (1b)
3 𝑐 = ℎ − 𝑑′

4 𝑐 = 0.69𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 0.59𝑑

5 𝑐 = 0.41𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 0.37𝑑

6 𝑐 = 0.25𝑑
𝑑 0
𝐴 𝑓 − 87 1 −
7 𝑐
𝑐 =
0.72𝑓 𝑏

.∅𝑃 = ∅ 0.85𝑓 ′(𝐴 − 𝐴 ) + 𝑓 𝐴 -------- Eq. (1a)

∅𝑃 = ∅ 0.72𝑓 𝑏𝑐 + 𝐴 𝑓 − 𝑓 -------- Eq. (1b)
∅𝑀 = ∅ 0.36𝑓 𝑏𝑐 ℎ − 0.85𝑐 + 𝐴 ℎ/2 − 𝑑 𝑓 +𝑓 -------- Eq. (2)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 59

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Example 3.8
 Develop interaction diagram for the given column. The material
strengths are and with 4 - #8 bars.

15ʺ

15ʺ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 60

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Given Data

15ʺ

15ʺ
 Required Data

Develop Interaction diagram

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 61

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Example 8.3
 Develop interaction diagram for the given column. The material
strengths are and with 4 #6 bars.

12ʺ

12ʺ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 62

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Point 1: Pure Axial Condition
From eq.(8.1) (ignoring ), we have

On substituting values;

Now,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 63

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Point 1: Pure Axial Condition
The pure axial capacity of column (ignoring ) is given by

On substituting values;

And

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 64

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Point 2
and can be calculated as;

15ʺ

and

15ʺ
Now, with c = h = 15″

and

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 65

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Point 2
Now, from eq.(3.3) and (3.4) we have

⇐ Note that 𝐴 is steel area of single layer.

Similarly,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 66

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Point 3
with

Now,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 67

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Point 4: Balanced Condition
with 60

Now,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 68

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Point 5
with 60

Now,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 69

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Point 6
with

Now,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 70

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Point 7: Pure Bending Condition

Now,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 71

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Summary of Calculations

c 𝑓 𝑓 ∅𝑃 ∅𝑀
Point Remarks
(𝑖𝑛. ) (𝑘𝑠𝑖) (𝑘𝑠𝑖) (𝑘𝑖𝑝) (𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡)

1 --- --- --- 281.5 0

Compression
2 15.00 60.0 -13.8 391.7 49.9 controlled region
3 12.625 60.0 0.0 327.5 73.6

4 7.45 59.3 60.0 156.2 109.0 Balanced condition

5 4.67 42.8 60.0 111.8 125.0

Tension controlled
6 3.16 21.6 60.0 37.5 96.8 region

7 2.58 6.9 60.0 0.0 80.8

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 72

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Plot of Interaction Curve

4-#8 bars
15ʺ

15ʺ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 73

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Summary of calculations

c 𝑓 𝑓 ∅𝑃 ∅𝑀
Point Remarks
(𝑖𝑛. ) (𝑘𝑠𝑖) (𝑘𝑠𝑖) (𝑘𝑖𝑝) (𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡)

1 --- --- --- 281.5 0

Compression
2 12.00 40.0 -16.3 234.4 19.4 controlled region
3 9.75 40.0 0.0 187.1 32.6

4 6.73 40.0 39.1 113.9 43.8 Balanced condition

5 4.00 38.0 40.0 91.8 52.8

Tension controlled
6 2.25 9.8 40.0 20.8 32.0 region

7 1.90 0 -16.0 0 25.1

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 74

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Plot of Interaction Curve

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 75

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Interaction Diagram

 Solution
 Plot of Interaction curve ( in sPCOLUMN)

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Aids

 Introduction
 In practice, Design Aids are used for the design of eccentrically
loaded RC columns.

 They can be found in handbooks and special volumes published by

the American Concrete Institute (ACI).

 They cover the most frequent practical cases, such as

symmetrically reinforced rectangular and square columns and
circular spirally reinforced columns.

 Design Aids for different ranges of and are provided in

Appendix. (at the end of this lecture).

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Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Aids

 Procedure of using Design Aids

1. Select a trial cross-sectional
dimensions and

2. Calculate the ratio based on

required cover distances to the bar
centroids and select the
corresponding column design
chart.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 78

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Design Aids

 Procedure of using Design Aids

4. Calculate and factor

5. Using values of and , read

the required reinforcement ratio
from the graph.

6. Calculate the total steel area

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 79

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Aids

 Example 8.4
 Using design aids, design a 12″ square column section to support a
factored load of 145 kip and a factored moment of 40 kip-ft. The
material strengths are and

12″

12″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 80

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Aids

 Solution
1. Dimensions are already given to us;

2. Calculate ratio

Assuming

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 81

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Aids

 Solution
3. Calculate and factor

For , and , The relevant Design Aid

is DA-5 (from Appendix)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 82

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Aids

 Solution
4. Read from the graph INTERACTION DIAGRAM, DA-5 h
h
f /c= 4 ksi
g = 0.08
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
 = 0.6
0.07
1.6 Kmax

0.06
e Pn
1.4
Calculate Area of steel
0.05
5.
0.04
1.2 𝑓 /𝑓 = 0
0.03

∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃
1.0 0.02

𝐾 =
0.25
Using #6 bar 0.01

0.8
0.007
0.50
No. of bars 0.6

0.75
0.4

1.0
0.2

0.0
0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0 𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 83

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Aids

 Example 8.5 (Class Activity)

 Using design aids, design a 15″ square column section to support a
factored load of 200 kip and a factored moment of 80 kip-ft. The
material strengths are and

15″

15″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 84

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

Figure 9

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 85

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Appendix

 Derivation of c for Pure Bending Condition

As

For pure bending case,

Here , and

Substituting the above values, we get

(This is an implicit equation, hence shall be solved by Equation Solver)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 86

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Appendix

 DESIGN AIDS (DA-1)

INTERACTION DIAGRAM DA-1 h

h
f /c= 3 ksi
2.2 g = 0.08
fy = 60ksi

0.07
 = 0.6
2.0
Kmax

0.06
1.8 Pn
e

0.05
1.6

0.04
1.4 fs/fy = 0
∅𝑓 𝐴

0.03
𝑃

1.2
𝐾 =

0.02 0.25
1.0
0.01

0.8 0.50

0.6
0.75

0.4

0.2 1.0

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 87

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Appendix

 DESIGN AIDS (DA-2)

INTERACTION DIAGRAM, DA-2 h

h
g= 0.08 f /c= 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.7
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
0.04 fs/fy = 0
1.4
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃

1.2
0.25
𝐾 =

0.02

1.0
0.01
0.50
0.8

0.75
0.6

0.4
1.0

0.2

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 88

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Appendix

 DESIGN AIDS (DA-3)

INTERACTION DIAGRAM , DA-3 h

h
g= 0.08 f /c = 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.8
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
fs/fy = 0
0.04
1.4
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴

0.25
𝑃

1.2
𝐾 =

0.02

1.0
0.01 0.50

0.8
0.75

0.6

0.4 1.0

0.2

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 89

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Appendix

 DESIGN AIDS (DA-4)

INTERACTION DIAGRAM , DA-4 h

g = 0.08 h
f /c= 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.9
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05

1.6 fs/fy = 0
0.04

1.4
0.03
0.25
∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃

1.2
𝐾 =

0.02

1.0 0.50
0.01

0.8
0.75

0.6
1.0

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 90

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Appendix

 DESIGN AIDS (DA-5)

INTERACTION DIAGRAM , DA-5 h

h
f /c= 4 ksi
g = 0.08
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
 = 0.6
0.07
1.6 Kmax

0.06
e Pn
1.4 0.05

0.04
1.2 fs/fy = 0
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃

1.0 0.02
𝐾 =

0.25
0.01

0.8
0.50

0.6

0.75
0.4

1.0
0.2

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 91

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Appendix

 DESIGN AIDS (DA-6)

INTERACTION DIAGRAM , DA-6 h

h
f /c= 4 ksi
g = 0.08
1.8 fy = 60ksi

0.07
 = 0.7

1.6 Kmax
0.06

e Pn
1.4 0.05

0.04
fs/fy = 0
1.2
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴
𝑃

1.0 0.02
0.25
𝐾 =

0.01

0.8
0.50

0.6
0.75

0.4
1.0

0.2

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 92

Updated: Jan 23, 2024 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Appendix

 DESIGN AIDS (DA-7)

INTERACTION DIAGRAM , DA-7 h

h
g = 0.08 f /c= 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.8

1.6 Kmax
0.06

e Pn
0.05
1.4

0.04 fs/fy = 0

1.2
0.03
∅𝑓 𝐴

0.25
𝑃

1.0 0.02
𝐾 =

0.01
0.50
0.8

0.6 0.75

1.0
0.4

0.2

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 93

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Appendix

 DESIGN AIDS (DA-8)

INTERACTION DIAGRAM , DA-8 h

h
g= 0.08 f /c= 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.9

1.6 0.06 Kmax

e Pn
0.05
1.4
fs/fy = 0
0.04

1.2
0.03
0.25
∅𝑓 𝐴

0.02
𝑃

1.0
𝐾 =

0.01 0.50
0.8

0.75
0.6

1.0
0.4

0.2

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
𝑃𝑒
𝑅 =
∅𝑓 𝐴 ℎ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 94