30. (a) Calculate both the average and rms values of the waveform plotted in Fig. 11.38. (b) Verify your solutions with appropriate PSpice simulations (Hint: you may want to employ two pulse waveforms added together).
v(t)
t (s) –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
■ FIGURE 11.38
11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor
31. For the circuit of Fig. 11.39, compute the average power delivered to each I load, the apparent power supplied by the source, and the power factor of the Z1 combined loads if (a) Z1 = 14/32◦ and Z2 = 22 ; (b) Z1 = 2/0◦ and Z2 = 6 − j ; (c) Z1 = 100/70◦ and Z2 = 75/90◦ . 119 3 V rms + Z2 – 32. Calculate the power factor of the combined loads of the circuit depicted in Fig. 11.39 if (a) both loads are purely resistive; (b) both loads are purely induc- tive and ω = 100 rad/s; (c) both loads are purely capacitive and ω = 200 rad/s; ■ FIGURE 11.39 (d) Z1 = 2Z2 = 5 − j8 . 33. A given load is connected to an ac power system. If it is known that the load is characterized by resistive losses and either capacitors, inductors, or neither (but not both), which type of reactive element is part of the load if the power factor is measured to be (a) unity; (b) 0.85 lagging; (c) 0.221 leading; (d) cos (−90◦ )? 34. An unknown load is connected to a standard European household outlet (240 V rms, 50 Hz). Determine the phase angle difference between the voltage and current, and whether the voltage leads or lags the current, if (a) V = 240/243◦ V rms and I = 3/9◦ A rms; (b) the power factor of the load is 0.55 lagging; (c) the power factor of the load is 0.685 leading; (d ) the capac- itive load draws 100 W average power and 500 volt-amperes apparent power. 35. (a) Design a load which draws an average power of 25 W at a leading PF of 0.88 from a standard North American household outlet (120 V rms, 60 Hz). (b) Design a capacitor-free load which draws an average power of 150 W and an apparent power of 25 W from a household outlet in eastern Japan (110 V rms, 50 Hz). 36. Assuming an operating frequency of 40 rad/s for the circuit shown in I Fig. 11.40, and a load impedance of 50/−100◦ , calculate (a) the instanta- neous power separately delivered to the load and to the 1 k shunt resistance 275 20 mA 1 k Load at t = 20 ms; (b) the average power delivered to both passive elements; (c) the apparent power delivered to the load; (d) the power factor at which the source is operating. ■ FIGURE 11.40 37. Calculate the power factor at which the source in Fig. 11.40 is operating if the load is (a) purely resistive; (b) 1000 + j900 ; (c) 500/−5◦ . 454 CHAPTER 11 AC CIRCUIT POWER ANALYSIS
38. Determine the load impedance for the circuit depicted in Fig. 11.40 if the source is operating at a PF of (a) 0.95 leading; (b) unity; (c) 0.45 lagging. 39. For the circuit of Fig. 11.41, find the apparent power delivered to each load, ZA ZC and the power factor at which the source operates, if (a) Z A = 5 − j2 , Z B = 3 , ZC = 8 + j4 , and Z D = 15/−30◦ ; (b) Z A = 2/−15◦ , + 200 0 V rms – ZB ZD Z B = 1 , ZC = 2 + j , and Z D = 4/45◦ .
■ FIGURE 11.41 11.5 Complex Power
40. Compute the complex power S (in polar form) drawn by a certain load if it is known that (a) it draws 100 W average power at a lagging PF of 0.75; (b) it draws a current I = 9 + j5 A rms when connected to the voltage 120/32◦ V rms; (c) it draws 1000 W average power and 10 VAR reactive power at a leading PF; (d) it draws an apparent power of 450 W at a lagging PF of 0.65. 41. Calculate the apparent power, power factor, and reactive power associated with a load if it draws complex power S equal to (a) 1 + j0.5 kVA; (b) 400 VA; (c) 150/−21◦ VA; (d ) 75/25◦ VA. 42. For each power triangle depicted in Fig. 11.42, determine S (in polar form) and the PF.
Im (VAR) Im (kVAR)
1.5 4
3 1.0 S S 2 0.5 1
Re (W) Re (kW) 1 2 3 1 2
(a) (b) ■ FIGURE 11.42
43. Referring to the network represented in Fig. 11.21, if the motor draws complex power 150/24◦ VA, (a) determine the PF at which the source is operating; (b) determine the impedance of the corrective device required to change the PF of the source to 0.98 lagging. (c) Is it physically possible to obtain a leading PF for the source? Explain. 44. Determine the complex power absorbed by each passive component in the circuit of Fig. 11.43, and the power factor at which the source is operating.
18
18 + 240 45 V rms –j5 1000 – j10
■ FIGURE 11.43 EXERCISES 455
45. What value of capacitance must be added in parallel to the 10 resistor of
Fig. 11.44 to increase the PF of the source to 0.95 at 50 Hz?
–j10 j20
+ 100 0 V rms – 20 10
■ FIGURE 11.44
46. The kiln operation of a local lumberyard has a monthly average power demand of 175 kW, but associated with that is an average monthly reactive power draw of 205 kVAR. If the lumberyard’s utility company charges $0.15 per kVAR for each kVAR above the benchmark value (0.7 times the peak average power demand), (a) estimate the annual cost to the lumberyard from PF penalties; (b) calculate the money saved in the first and second years, respectively, if 100 kVAR compensation capacitors are available for purchase at $75 each (installed). 47. Calculate the complex power delivered to each passive component of the cir- cuit shown in Fig. 11.45, and determine the power factor of the source.
j30 –j25
+ 50 –17 V rms – 10 15
■ FIGURE 11.45
48. Replace the 10 resistor in the circuit of Fig. 11.45 with a 200 mH inductor, assume an operating frequency of 10 rad/s, and calculate (a) the PF of the source; (b) the apparent power supplied by the source; (c) the reactive power delivered by the source. 49. Instead of including a capacitor as indicated in Fig. 11.45, the circuit is erro- neously constructed using two identical inductors, each having an impedance of j30 W at the operating frequency of 50 Hz. (a) Compute the complex power delivered to each passive component. (b) Verify your solution by calculating the complex power supplied by the source. (c) At what power factor is the source operating? 50. Making use of the general strategy employed in Example 11.9, derive Eq. [28], which enables the corrective value of capacitance to be calculated for a general operating frequency.
Chapter-Integrating Exercises 51. A load is drawing 10 A rms when connected to a 1200 V rms supply running at 50 Hz. If the source is operating at a lagging PF of 0.9, calculate (a) the peak voltage magnitude; (b) the instantaneous power absorbed by the load at t = 1 ms; (c) the apparent power supplied by the source; (d) the reactive power supplied to the load; (e) the load impedance; and ( f ) the complex power supplied by the source (in polar form). 52. For the circuit of Fig. 11.46, assume the source operates at a frequency of 100 rad/s. (a) Determine the PF at which the source is operating. (b) Calculate the apparent power absorbed by each of the three passive elements. (c) Compute the average power supplied by the source. (d ) Determine the 456 CHAPTER 11 AC CIRCUIT POWER ANALYSIS
Thévenin equivalent seen looking into the terminals marked a and b, and calculate the average power delivered to a 100 resistor connected between the same terminals.
50
j60 80
5 0 A
b ■ FIGURE 11.46
53. Remove the 50 resistor in Fig. 11.46, assume an operating frequency of
50 Hz, and (a) determine the power factor at which the load is operating; (b) compute the average power delivered by the source; (c) compute the instantaneous power absorbed by the inductance at t = 2 ms; (d) determine the capacitance that must be connected between the terminals marked a and b to increase the PF of the source to 0.95. 54. A source 45 sin 32t V is connected in series with a 5 resistor and a 20 mH inductor. Calculate (a) the reactive power delivered by the source; (b) the apparent power absorbed by each of the three elements; (c) the complex power S absorbed by each element; (d) the power factor at which the source is operating. 55. For the circuit of Fig. 11.37, (a) derive an expression for the complex power delivered by the source in terms of the unknown resistance R; (b) compute the necessary capacitance that must be added in parallel to the 28 mH inductor to achieve a unity PF.
