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Disclaimer

The information in this presentation is meant to supplement the

lecture discussion in the classroom, and solely for educational
purposes only. Although the author have made every effort to
ensure that the information in this presentation is correct, the author
do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any
loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors omissions result from
negligence, accident, or any other cause. References are provided
for informational purposes only and do not constitute endorsement
of any websites or other sources.

July 22 to 27, 2019

Central Luzon State University

1.1 – Charge ( )
o An electrical property of matter.
o Unit in ( ).

https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Materials_Science/Supplemental_Modules_(Materials_Science)/The_Scienc
e_of_Solar/Solar_Basics/A._Introductory_Physics_for_Solar_Application/II._Electricity/1._Charge_Carriers_and_th
e_Electric_Field. Date accessed: 07/09/19

1.2 – Current ( )
o When a charge moves, it is called electric o Two common types:
current.

Alternating Direct
o The unit of current is
=
( ) Current Current
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_Un
iversity_Physics_II_-
_Thermodynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/9%3A_Current_and_Resistance/9.1%3A_Ele
ctrical_Current. Date accessed: 07/09/19

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1.3 – Voltage ( )
o In order for a charge to travel from one point o The difference in voltage between any two
to another, it needs a potential (or a push). points, connections or junctions (called
o The electric potential (voltage difference) nodes) in a circuit is known as the Potential
is measured in ( ). Difference, ( p.d. ) commonly called
the Voltage Drop

o This voltage comes from a battery, generator,

or any other voltage sources

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_Un
iversity_Physics_II_-
_Thermodynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/9%3A_Current_and_Resistance/9.1%3A_Ele
ctrical_Current. Date accessed: 07/09/19

1.4 – Analogy on Fluid 1.5 – Resistance ( )

o Resistance is a property of a material to
oppose or resist the flow of current.
Measured in (Ω)
Electrical Mechanical
Qty Qty
Charge Fluid mass
Current Flowrate =
Voltage Pressure

https://www.popsautoelectric.com/how-resistance-effects-the-auto-electric-system/. Date accessed: 07/09/19

1.6 – Inductance ( ) 1.7 – Capacitance ( )

o Is a property of a coil that opposes change in o Is the amount of electric charge that a
the current capacitor receives for each volt of applied
o The basic unit of measurement for inductance potential
is called the Henry, ( ) after Joseph o Measured in ,( )
Henry, but it also has the units of Webers per
Ampere ( = / )

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/inductor/inductance.html

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2.1 - Voltage Sources

o An electric potential is produced from a from
a battery, generator, or any other voltage
sources

2.1 - Voltage Sources (Cont.) 2.1 - Voltage Sources (Cont.)

https://www.explainthatstuff.com/batteries.html. Date accessed: 06/27/19 https://www.ilkkimbuldu.com/akuyu-kim-buldu/. Date accessed: 06/27/19

2.1 - Voltage Sources (Cont.) 2.1 - Voltage Sources (Cont.)

o A generator is an electric machine that o Photovoltaics converts light into electricity
converts the shaft power to electrical power.

https://etap.com/product/photovoltaic-array-solar-panel. Date accessed: 06/27/19

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2.1 - Voltage Sources (Cont.) 2.1 - Voltage Sources (Cont.)

o Piezoelectric devices converts pressure to o Thermoelectric devices converts heat into
electricity. electricity

https://www.onedayonly.co.za/biolite-portable-campstove-with-thermo-electric-generator-cook-charge-heat-
36632.html. Date accessed: 06/27/19
https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/piezoelectric-transducer-circuit-diagram. Date accessed: 06/27/19 http://www.everredtronics.com/thermoelectric.generator.html. Date accessed: 06/27/19

2.2 - Resistors Resistors

o Are electrical devices designed for resisting
the current / dissipate the energy into heat.

https://www.sparkfun.com/products/14622. Date accessed: 06/27/19

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/industry-white-papers/the-
ultimate-guide-to-resistors/. Date accessed: 06/27/19

2.3 - Capacitors 2.4 - Inductors

o Are electrical devices that stores energy in an o Basically its just a coil
electrostatic field. o They are electrical devices that stores energy
o Consists of two conducting plates separated in a magnetic field.
by a distance

https://sonalabs.org/category/learn/embedded/basic_electronics/?v=a25496ebf095. Date accessed: 06/27/19 https://www.lte.com.tw/en/category/Power-Inductors-Coil/CAT-Power-Inductors_Coil.html

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2.5 - Diodes 2.6 - Transistors

o Allows current to flow in one direction only o Like a switch but with no physical contact
(something like a one-way switch) o Acts like an amplifier
o LED (Light-emitting diode)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transistors-three_types.jpg
https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2018/12/types-of-diodes-their-applications.html. Date accessed: 06/27/19

3.1 - Analog Multitester

3.2 - Digital Multimeter 3.3 - Voltmeter, & Ammeter

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3.4 - Clamp-on Meter 3.5 - Power Factor Meter

3.6 - Kilowatt-Hour Meter 3.7 - Watt Meter

3.8 - Instrument Current

Transformer & Instrument
Potential Transformer

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3.9 - MegaOhmeter (Megger) 3.10 - Phase Sequence Indicator

4.1 – Ohm’s Law

o Voltage is directly proportional to current
Resistanc
e
(ohms, Ω)

Voltage
=
(volts, V) Current
(Amperes,
A)

4.2 – Kirchhoff’s Law

o Ohm’s law can also be expressed as,
o Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze
circuits. But when couple with Kirchhoff’s
laws, it can be able to solve wide range of
electric circuits.
o The 2 kirchhoff’s law:

= o Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL), and

o Kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL)

o When voltage increase, current increases;

o When resistance increase, current decreases

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4.2.1 – (KCL) 4.2.2 – (KVL)

o The algebraic sum of currents entering a o The algebraic sum of all voltages around a
node is zero. closed path (or loop) is zero

= =

Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of

current
entering
= current
leaving
+
V
- voltage = voltage
- + rise drops

= +
(− )+ + (− )+ =

4.3 – Power Calculations

Current o Sign Conventions
(amps, A)
Active elements Passive elements

Power
= These are voltage These are resistors,
sources capacitors, etc.
They produce power They consume power

(watts, W) Voltage − +
(volts, V)

o When combined with ohm’s law, the power

formula would be,

= =
=
=
R

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5.1 – Resistors in Series 5.2 – Resistors in Parallel

= + + = = = = + + = = = = + + = + +
voltage current resistanc voltage current resistanc
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/ee-circuit-analysis-topic/ee-resistor-circuits/a/ee- https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/ee-circuit-analysis-topic/ee-resistor-circuits/a/ee-
series-resistors. Date accessed: 07/09/19 e parallel-resistors. Date accessed: 07/09/19 e

Series Parallel
= + + = = =
= = = = + +

= + + = + +

6.1 – Wye & Delta Connection

→∆ ∆→
+ +
= =
+ +
Delta Wye + +
= =
+ +
+ +
= =
+ +

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7.1 – Inductors in Series/Parallel

Series Parallel

= + + = + +

Voltage (V) Rate of

change of
= current

Inductance (H)
o If is constant, the across the inductor is
zero.
o If ↑, then > , If ↓, then <

8.1 – Capacitors in
Series/Parallel
Series Parallel

= + + = + +

Current (A) Rate of

across a change of
capacitor
= voltage

Capacitance
(F)
o As increase, the capacitor gets more
charge.
o If is constant, the across the inductor is
zero.

9.1 – AC Supply
o AC supply are produced from an AC
generator.
o The wave form produced is a sine wave
An AC generator
uses the principal
of Faraday’s
electromagnetic
induction to
convert a
mechanical energy
such as rotation,
into electrical
energy
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/sinusoidal-waveform.html. Date accessed: 07/09/19

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9.2 – AC Supply (Voltage)

o As the coil rotates anticlockwise around the o Instantaneous supply is changing.
central axis which is perpendicular to the o Polarity is changing
magnetic field, the wire loop cuts the lines of
90
magnetic force
o As this wire loop rotates, electrons in the wire
ow in one direction around the loop.

0 0 90 180 270 360

180

270
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/average-voltage.html. Date accessed: 07/10/19

9.2.1 – Average Voltage 9.2.1 – RMS Voltage

o AC voltages (or currents), the average value o Root Mean Squared (RMS) is the effective
is generally taken over one complete cycle. value
o The mean value is used for one half of the o Most multimeters, either digital or analogue
periodic cycle unless otherwise stated only measure the
R.M.S. values

=
=
=

9.3 – AC Supply (frequency) Frequency vs speed

o Frequency is the number of times the
waveform repeats itself within a one second 1 Hz
time period (1 rev/sec)
o It is the reciprocal of the time period
o Unit in Hertz, ( )
∝
0.5 Hz

= (0.5
rev/sec)

2 Hz
(2 rev/sec)

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Frequency vs no. of poles Summary for frequency

o Frequency is a function of the number of
poles and speed. Number
speed
2P of poles
∝
∝ =
=
frequenc
y
o As the number of poles increase, the speed
4P decreases

9.3 – AC Loads
o Three basic types of loads exist in circuits.
Resistive Capacitive Inductive

Back-up power
Motors, fans,
Heaters, ovens, supply, or used
compressors,
toasters, etc. for controlling
etc.
power use.

9.3.1 - Purely Resistive Loads 9.3.2 - Purely Capacitive Loads

o Loads o capacitive loads
consisting of do not exist in a
any heating stand-alone
element are format. They
classified as are used to
resistive loads correct
o is in-phase o and are out
with of phase.
leads

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/ac-resistance.html. Date accessed: 07/10

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/ac-capacitance.html. Date accessed: 07/10/19

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9.3.3 - Purely Inductive Loads 9.4 - Reactances

o Loads that o Is the ohmic value of the inductance and
power electrical capacitance due to the AC supply
motors are
inductive loads
Capacitive Reactance Inductive Reactance
o and are out
of phase.
leads
= =
Capacitive
Reactance in
Capacitive ohms
Inductance
Reactance in Capacitance
in Henrys
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/ac-inductance.html. Date accessed: 07/10/19 ohms in Farads

9.4 – Impedance (Z) 9.5 – RLC Circuits in Series

o Basically, it is the resistance in AC
o Impedance is the combination of all the
ohmic values; or the total reactances of the
combined RLC circuit
Impedanc
Ohm’s
e (ohms)
Law

=
Impedance in Series Impedance in
Parallel
= + − = + −
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/series-circuit.html. Date accessed: 07/10/19

9.6 – RLC Circuits in Parallel

Phasor
diagram for
a series
RLC circuits

Impedance
triangle for
RLC circuits
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/parallel-circuit.html. Date accessed: 07/10/19

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9.7 – Summary

Phasor Series Parallel

diagram for
a Parallel = + − = + −
RLC circuits
= + − =

Impedance = = + −
&
Admittance
triangle for
RLC circuits

9.8 – AC Power (Resistive)

Series Parallel

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/power-in-ac-circuits.html

9.8 – AC Power (Capacitive) 9.8 – AC Power (Inductive)

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/power-in-ac-circuits.html https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/power-in-ac-circuits.html

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9.9 – AC Power (Power Triangle)

Reactive Real Apparent

VAR Watts VA
=
= =
=

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/power-triangle.html

9.10 – Power Factor

o Power factor is the ratio of the working power
in KW to the apparent power in VA.

Aka as
demand. It is
the measure of
the amount of
power used
Something like
an efficiency

https://www.quora.com/What-is-power-factor-2. Date accessed: 07/10/19

10.1 – Three-Phase Waveform

o A system with 3 alternating voltages supplied
to a load. Preferred
o The voltages are equal in magnitude and for long
frequency distances
o But the instantaneous voltage is not equal.

Preferred
for short
distances
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/three-phase-transformer.html. Date accessed: 07/10/19
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/power/three-phase-rectification.html. Date accessed: 07/10/19

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Y ∆

Voltage Ø = Ø=

Current Ø= Ø =

Apparent Power =
True Power = cos

o Note that, the power is independent of the

circuit arrangement of the 3Ø system.

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