rs |" CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS os tson duo ean clang te dts adoring i stone Seo |, pubshing this book. Insp of hie, any inaccuracy or ornting ear actus then CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS cwes no responsbiy, CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS wil be grateful you could point out any such error Your svggestions wileapprecetes be ©All right reserved by CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS. No pat of this book may be reproduced or utitzed in any form without the written permission from the publisher. 4 ara BNE [Pusan A unit of | Career Endeavour Academy Pvt. Ltd.Preface to the First Edition Mathematical Physics form an important part of the syllabus for the graduate and post- graduate physics courses of various Indian Universities. While teaching this subject, particularly in physics honours classes, we very often refer to various standard books for the various topics of Mathematical Physics. But none of these books is fully sufficient for, the preparation of different competitive examinations at national and state levels such as CSIR-UGC-NET/JRF, lIT-JAM, GATE, TIFR, JEST, BARC etc. In all these competitive examinations, the section of Mathematicat Physicscarries.a high percentage of weightage of the total marks as follows: + In every year CSIR-UGC-NET paper contains questions ofa least 30 to 35 marks from this section out 200 marks. * Inevery year GATE paper contains questions of at least 10 to 12 marks from this section out 100 marks. © In every year UT-JAM paper contains questions of at least 10 to 12 marks from this section out 100 marks. The purpose of the present book is to provide a brief discussion of every important topic of the Mathematical Physics syllabus. Each chapter contains a significant number of solved problems some of which contain subtle points, not explicit in the text and hence will help the students to attain a deeper understanding of the ideas presented in the book. Moreover, the problems that are asked in CSIR-UGC-NET and HT-JAM examinations till date, has been solved at the end of each chapter. A large variety of problems given with answers at the end of each chapter for the practice of the students, will surely help to grow self-confidence, Itis hoped that the book will be able to meet up all the requirements of the students preparing. for the. various competitive examinations. However, any constructive criticism and suggestions for the improvement of the book will always be highly appreciated. Much care has been taken to minimize the typographical errors, yet if any noticed, then your suggestions dre invited with a view to improve the book in future editions. 1 would like to thank my parents, family members, students, friends and specially Anwesha Chakraborty who have given constant support in the development of the book. Thanks are due to the unit of Career Endeavour Publications for making sincere efforts towards timely publication of the book. Last but not the list, a very special thanks to Mohammad Firoz for typing, formatting and designing of the book. July 15, 2014 Surajit Paul New Delhi, India (Author)| CONTENTS PART-A (For CSIR-UGC-NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM & OTHER M.SC., Ph.D. Entrances) CHAPTER 1: Vector Calculus ‘ 1A Basic Review of Vectors 1 « 1.2 Product of Vectors 2 £ 13. Gradient, Divergence and Curl 4 14 Line Integration of vectors, 9 1.5 Surface Integration of Vectors 12 1.6 — Volume Integration of Vectors 16 17 Vector Related Theorems 16 18 Linear Dependency of Vectors 24 & ee ‘Orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinates 25 p CSIR-NET/JRE Previous Years Questioris with Solutions 28 £ IIT JAM Previous Years Questions 30 Practice Set 37 CHAPTER 2: Matrices 2.1 Basic Review of Matrices 42 22- Bigenvalues and Eigenvectors 48 23° Cayley-Hamilton Theorem 49 24 — Rank ofa Matrix 52 25 — Diagonalization of a Matrix 54 2.6 Linear transformation : 55 27 Applications 56 € CSIR-NET/JRF Previous Vears Questions with Salutions 58 i IIT JAM Previous Years Questions 61 € Practice Set 6 2 | CHAPTER 3: Differential Equations eS 3.1 Basic Review of Differential Equation 7 | 3.2 Differential Equation of First Order and First Degree n € 3.3. Smear Second Order Differential Equations 8 | 3.4 Singular Points and Ordinary Points 86 & 3.5 Power Series Solution (About Ordinary Points) 86 | 36 Frobenius Method (About Regular Singular Points} 87 € 3.7 Legendre Differential Equation 88 | 3.8 Bessel Differential Equation 90 ‘ 3.9 Hermite Differential Equation 92 ij 3.10 Lagauerre Differential Equation . 93 4 ‘CSIR-NET/JRF Previous Years Questions with Solutions 83 IIT JAM Previous Years Questions 98 Practice Set 99CHAPTER 4: Fourier Series 44 42 43 44 Periodic Function Fourier Series Expansion Half Range Series Perseval’s Formula UT JAM Previous Years Questions Practice Set PART-B 106 106 118 118 120 123 (For CSIR-UGC-NET/JRF, GATE & OTHER M.Sc, Ph.D. Entrances) CHAPTER 5: Complex Analysis SA 5.2 83 84 55, 56 Basic Review of Complex Numbers Function of a Complex Variable Complex Analytic Function Power Series Expansion of Complex Fiinction Singularity of Complex Function Residue of a Complex Function CSIR-NET/JRF Previous Years Questions with Solutions Practice Set CHAPTER 6: Fourier Transform 61 62 63 64 CHAPTE! 7A 72 CHAPTE a1 82 83 84 85 86 a? 88 Infinite Fourier Transform Fourier Sine Transform Fourier Cosine Transform Properties of Fourier Transform CSIR-NET/JRF Previous Years Questions with Solutions Practice Set R 7: Laplace Transform Basic Laplace Transform Properties of Laplace Transform CSIR-NET/IRF Previous Years Questions with Solutions Practice Set R 8: Probability Basic Review of Probability Baye’s Theorem Random Variable Probability Distribution Binomial Distribution Poisson Distribution Gaussian Distr Exponential Distribution CSIR-NET/JRF Previous Years Questions with Solutions Practice Set 127 128 129 133 138 140 149 156 162 162 162 163 166 168 169 169 174 175 178 182 183 183 185 185 187 188 192 196CHAPTER 9: Numerical Techniques 9.1 Significant Figures 202 9.2 — Raunding-off Numbers 202 93 Roots of Equation 203 94 Bisection Method 203 95 Newton Raphson Method 205 96 Interpolation And Extrapolation 207 9.7 Numetical fntegration 209 98 Numerical Solution of Differential Equation 210 Practice Set : 21 CHAPTER 10: Tensors 10.1 Basic Review of Tensors 215 10.2 Metric Tensor 218 10.3 Chrystoffel Symbols 224 Practice Set 222 é CHAPTER 11: Introductory Group Theory 224 CHAPTER 12: Dirac Delta, Beta and Gamma Function 231 PART-C (For IfT-JAM & OTHER M.Sc. Entrances) CHAPTER 13: Partial Differentiation 233 CHAPTER 14: Taylor's Theorem 248 ‘ CHAPTER 15: Jacobian 251 CHAPTER 16: Multiple Integrals 259&€ a & VECTOR ALGEBRA 1.1 Basic Review of Vectors 1.1.1 Definition: Physical quantities having both magnitude, a define direction in space and it should follow the lavs of vector addition, Example : Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum, Force, Electric Field, Torque, etc 1.1.2 Various type of vectors: (1) Equal vectors : Véctors having same magnitude and same direction. (2) Null Veetors: Vestors having coincident initial and terminal point ie. its magnitude is zero and it has any arbitrary direction, (3) Unit Vectors : Vectors having unit magnitude. Unit vector along & (4) Reciprocal Vector: Vector having same direction but reciprocal magnitude corresponding to origitl vector (8) Negative Vector: Vestors having same magnitude but opposite direction corresponding to original vector. 1.1.3 Orthogonal Resolution of Vectors: Any vector A in - handed rectangulac cartesian coordinate system can be represeinted as OP: WitA,jrA.K, where, j,j and i are the unit vectors in direction of x, y and z axis respectively and A,,A,,A, are the rectangular components of vector A.along x,y, axis,VECTOR ALGEBRA If A makes angles or, B, y with x, y, z axes respectively, then direction cosines of A are. I= cosa.= SS m=cogh= Msn cony= 4 and P+ ne +n? So, an unit vector along A can be written as A = If +mj+nk 1.2 Products of Vectors 1.2.1 Scalar Product or Dot Product: Properties: (w)If a= af +a,j+a,b and 5=bi +5,)+04, then g.5-a,5, +4,b, +4,b, (V) Projection of 4 on B= Al B (vi) Work done by force jé on an object in displacement of 7= F# 1.2.2 Vector Product or Cross Product : axb = [a|sinoa where fi is unit vector normal to the plane containing G and 5. Properties: ‘ ( &xb=+5%4) (i) For two collinear vectors (parallel or anti-parallel vectors) ax =0. ii) x7 =jxjabxk=0, ixjok,jxk=ikxi=j ¢ jk (iw) f= af+a,jra,k and §=b) +b,j+b,£, then axb=|* Oy Se ¢ 4, 4, (\) Torque (#) =x (applied force)F (vi) Angular momentum (E. (vi) Linear velocity (¥) = (angular velocity) x lc, a, a, . c 1.2.3 Scalar Triple Product: 2-(5 x2)a 2 Ik VECTOR ALGEBRA =. Soin: Soln: Sotn: Sot: Properties: @ a-Gxa = 5. E-(@xs) ic. [abc] = [bea = Jeab) ii) Volume of a parallelopiped having @, 5, Z as concurrent edges is (ii) If 4, 5,2 are coplanar vectoss, then, {abc] = [bea] = [eab] = 0 1.2.4 Vector Triple Product: x xé)= 5-2) -2@-b) It represents a vector coplanar with § and ¢ . and perpendicular to a Example-1: The range of x for which between the vectors 4=2x°7+4yj+é and B= obtuse, is equal to @x<0 (xr 12 (0 AB <0=9 14x? ~7x<0= x(2x-1)<0 Therefore, - [O a cost26? + 6 cost20? tab +ba=(a? +b? —al + 2 Ua Sab +26 = 029 a= Por b= Example-3: The value of ‘mt for which 4 =i j~2é,B=31-+5j +6b,€=-1+4}-+mk wile co-planar is (a) 13/2 72 (5/2 @ue ra 3 Since, 7,8,6 areco-phnar, A(BxC)=0-|3 5 6|=0-2m= |-l 4 om Example-4: If 6 = 7x + Jx(axj)+kx(acd) then B can be simplified to @0 wa © 2% (@Noneofthese b =ix(axi)+ jx(axj)+kx(axh) =a(i3)-i(ia)+a(j.j)-j ja) a(éé)-k( baVECTOR ALGEBRA Soin, ax(5x Example-S: Three unit vectors 4,5,¢ (5 and é are not parallel) are such that ax(b xé angles which @ makes with 6 and @, respectively are (a) 30°,90” (b) 150°, 90° (©) 60°, 90° @ 90°, 30° ‘The angle which @ makes with 5 and_Z are 150°,90° respectively. 1.3 Gradient, Divergence and Curl 1.3.1 Gradient of a Sealer Field : Gradient ofa continuously differentiable scala function (x,y,z) is mathematically defined a: pee eee 26 5, O65 emt 09- (2 cae Lil Bt a;,0,,2; Sat or Bad or nabletop Physical interpretation: Gradient of scalar function ¢ at any point P(x, y, 2) is a vector, whose magnitude ‘equal 0 the rate of change of scalar function @ with distance along the normal o level surface and is direction is along the normal othe level surface at that pone where, ¥ Level surface : It has same value of scalar function 6 at each point. Example: Equipotential surface. Directional Derivative : Directional derivative of ‘6’ in the direction of A is defined as the component of ‘Vo inthe direction of vector A and is given by, 9. A Tangent Plane aud Norma to the level surface: Consider $(x,y,z)=c be the equation of a level surface. and 7 =xi + yj +2k be the position vector of any point P (x,.2) on this surface. unit normal to the surface wl 22 2 Example-7: Find the unit normal to the surface of elipsoid ote @ “(ees) 1 atthe point | Fo oe 2, 1s le top jek a a ab! Ve __ bei +a) + abk Litt Weed a ars ) tae 33 Calculation of 74 if @ is given as a funetion of *t’: beside iti. Example-8. ¢=Inr = First take normal derivative of @ wrt. ‘r’ and just put Example-9: Show that, V’r" = n(n-+l)r", Vir" =0.(9r") =n(n-2)r"" nr) =9.( 9 (no F43nr"? = n(n—2)r"? +3nr"? =n(n+l)r? Example-10: The vector "7: will solenoidal for (r #0) (a)n=3 (b)n=-3 ()n=2 @a=-2 (rF)=0rFr (¥.7) =n "17.7 +31" = (n4+3)r"; So this will solenoidal for n=-3 & 9(F)=0 at then find § Example-11: If grad z Given that grad ¢= 1VECTOR ALGEBRA ox Therefore, 3, = 5198 = xox Go) +4(y.2) (eayaey> Putting? =? +y°-+2 me ae AL + f(y,2)> constant of imegration E hay aey 2 Wr) + (0.2) similar # Sot I s2)andg(r)=—ss+/(49). 1 50, d(r)=—35*C Sine, at rai d()=0-90--Lye > i rd ar 3 Example-12: If 7 isa constant vector and 7 is the position vector then ¥(F) would be Putting this in equation (1), we get $(r) =~ (@ (07)F (b) |F|F © (#F)F @F Solw: Forse je eka 0(FF (Ext By t Bz)= Bit Riek =F Example-13: Forthe finction #(%¥)= 3 sind the maghtude ofthe directional deivaive slong line ‘making an angle 30° withthe postvessina a 0, 2) 2 3 Poy ey ' ‘V¢ atthe point (0,2) \ Sip 1s 4-0 pO) _ c B (ora 7 (044) 4 Directional derivative at the point (0,2) inthe direction @ ie. ($: 5 i) CA =CB+BA=icos30°+jsin30° (F ii) pity Example-14: Find the directional derivative of 7? , where 7 = xy? + zy? +.x2%h, atthe point (2, 0,3) inthe detonate oud nomi he sper +y/+2" <4 atthe point (3,2, 1). apitajea'h), (otita*jrati)a xy ezty' oes!VECTOR ALGEBRA oy CaN zy a sta ate! w (21S 62 er eey' ere) = (2xy' + 2x2") (4x'y +4y'z?) j+(2y'ze dns! JE Gy? at (2,0, 3) = (0+2x2x81)i +(0+0)j+(044x4x27)k = 3241 +4324 =108(31+ 48) 2a aot 638 7d -4=V 12 69 Be Normalto x? +y?#2?-14=V¢ Sj 2aka|itaytes 14) = (2x8 +2yF+228) Normal vector at (3,2, 1) = 6 +4} +2h 61447 42k 2(3i+2)+8) 3t42} Unit normal veetor = T= ae WO Boe 4 NIA vid 2 gp) t27+k _108%x(9+4) 1404 normal =108(31 +48) “#744 _ MAM) _ ( via via Via Example-15: A uid motion i given by 3 =(ysin z~sin x)i +(xsinz+2yz) j+(2y008z+ y*)& is the motion irotational? Ifso, find the velocity potenti 2p ysne—sins (osine+232)+(ayomzey')h & ék a a lysinz—sinx xsinz+2yz xycosz+y’| glow =(xcosz +2y—x00sz~2y)i-[ycosz~ycosz]j +(sinz~sinz)k=0 Hence, the motionis irrotational. So, 5 =W¢ where g iscalled velocity potential. tan des hehe dF (+ iti) (i jay fe) =. = =[(ysinz—sin.x)i-+(xsinz+2y2) j+(sye0s2+y")é] [ide jay ke | = (ysinz—sin x)dx+(csin 2 +2yz)dy-+(xycosz + y*)dzg A OP OD o. € 4 VECTOR ALGEBRA 5 @ ~ (ysin 2de + xdysin 2 + xycos.zdz)~sin xdx+ (2yedy + y'de) =d(xysinz)+d(cosx)+d{y"2) = [a(aysinz)+ [a(cosx)+ fa(y*2) b=sysinz +eosx+ y'z4e Hence, Velocity potential = xysin z+ cosx+y*z +0 1.4 Line Integration of Vectors ‘The integration ofa vector a curve is known as line integral Let F(x, y,z) be a vector function and a curve AB. Line integral ofa vector function #* along the curve AB is defined as integral ofthe component of /* along the tangent to the curve AB. Component of F along atangent PT at P=Dot product of F and unit vector along PT = P&E ig asmit vector along tngetPT) ads adi Xie integral =D P-L from A to B along the curve, aa z ‘ere, tail ~[# 2 fw oO x ae 16 represents the variable force acting on a patie along asc AB, the tho total work done = ff Fd (ii) If F represents the velocity of @ liquid then Gia is called the circulation of 7 round closed curve c. (Gi) When the path of integration i a closed curve then notation of integrations in phe of [ Properties: (i) Work done by a conservative field A in moving a particle from point P to Q= i ? [d = $9 ~%p = independent of path. i) Work done by a conservative field A in moving a particle around a closed path C= GF-dr=0 Example-16: If F = (Sxy—6x")i +(2y—4x) j, then evaluate the tine integral Fd along the curve C in the x-y plane given by y =.° from the point (L,1) to (2,8)ia VECTOR ALGEBRA So, [Pat = f[(sx*-62°)F+(24° 4x) = [ (6 +52"-120° 62") adr =35 Example-17: Ifa force field A=(y+2x)i+(3x+2y) j is applied to a particle, then the work done by the force field in traversing the particle around a circle C in x-y plane, with center at the origin and radius 2 ‘units is equal to ( C is traversed in the counter-clockwise direction’) (@) 2" (b) 4x (©) 84 @) 16x Solu: AdF =[(y+2x)dr-+(3x+2y)dy] = Putting x= 2000 and y = 2sind we get, é é = {[(2sina +4cos0)(-2sind0} «(6008 0+ 4sind)(2c0s0d0)]=8x Example-18: Evaluate [ Fa, where F224 y'} and curve Cisthe arc of parabola y=" inthe xy plane from (0,0) to (, 1). Soln, Nowalong the curve C, y=" . Therefore, dy = 2xde [Pars [ [ace2!(2x)dr] r fl = [(e+2e)ace] 2422] 2 3.8 12 ‘Esample-19: If F =(2x+ y)i+(3y+x) j evaluate fra where Cis the curve in the xy-plane consisting, é ofthe straight lines from (0, 0) to (2, 0) and thento (3, 2), Soin. ‘The path of integration C has been shown in the figure. It consists of the straight lines OA and AB. y B 3.2) ao Keo Wehave, [ Far = [[l2<+»)i+Gy-2) (ei +a 7) = [[(2x+y)ae+Gy-2)] . ‘Now along the straight line OA, y=0, dy =0.and x varies from 0 to 2. The equation ofthe straight line AB is y-0=—(x-2) ie y=2x-4 & Therefore, along AB, y=2x-4, dy=2dx and x varies from 2 to3.VECTOR ALGEBRA GD os cL Rade = ([(2x+0)dc+0]+ [[(2e+2~4) d+ (6x-12-1) 2d] : o[x?[ + [(ae~28)de= 4404 [ (x-2)ae = ‘Example-20: Find the total work done in moving a partick ina force field givenby F = 3xyf ~ 52) +10xk alongthe curve x= +1,y=2",2=1 from ¢=1 to t= Let C denote the ar ofthe given curve from t= 1 to t= 2. Then the total work doen = [ Pati = | (3xyi-5e)+10xt),{ dei ++ deh) = {(@vee— Sed + 10nd) = f[(E+1)(27)(20)-(s5P)(an)+0(0? +1) (3?Y Jae = ( (120 +127 2004+ 30r* +300") a= 303 Example-21:1fF = yi-3j,evahuate (#4 from (0,0) 0 (1, 1) along the folowing path C, (@) the parabola y= 7 Soln. (b) the straight lines from (0, 0) to (1, 0) and thento (1, L) € (c) the straight line joining (0,0) and (1, 1) Sotn, The three paths of integration have been shown in the figure Wehave (Fa y! AGL = [vit (dei dy) = [ rde-xey) (a) Cis thearc of parabola y= x* from (0, 0) to (1, 1) Here dy =2adx andx varies from 0to 1. = 1 Fdf = 2de—x(2x)dx |= [-x?dr =-— (Fars [[rde-x(2x)ar] = fox ; £ (©) Cis the curve consisting of straight lines OB and BA. : ‘AlongOB, y=0, y= 0and x varies from 0 to | iG Along BA, x= 1, dx=0and y varies from0 to 1 [Bar= (odes (-1dy=-1 ~ (©) Cis the straight linés OA. The equaiton of OA is (9), B ey cH ote S(e-Oie.y=x Therefore, dy ~ dx and vases from Oto 1. & [Bars f(xde—x)=0 t _ Sxsinple Evaluate [ {(2xy’ ~y*cos.x)de+(I-2ysin.x+3x'y")ay} = l Where Cis the are ofthe parabola 2x = ry* from (0, 0) to ($s 1) oM Sola. We know that Madx+ Ndy isanexact differential if@) VECTOR ALGEBRA OM gs Here, M =2xy'—y? cos 2 Gy ta? -Bycons Also, N=1-2ysinx+3x7y? : Fy Test 6a? om _ om . Thus, "Gy ~ Meteor, Mae + Ndy isan exact ferential Let f(x,y) besuch that dg =(2ay' ~y* cosx) de +(1-2ysinx+3x"y?)dy Thea, 2 aceSb ay =(257 -y'coss)de+(I-2ysins+33°y?) dy 28 bay . 2 ytsi & ‘ay’ —y? cos.x which gives @= xy’ -y’sinx+ f(y) (I) oe a2 23 Ako, By in Psing 327") which gives P= y—y sina ty +h(2) ®. ‘The values of ¢ givenby(}and(2) agree ifwe take /;(y)= y and f,(x)=0.Then §= y— y* sinx—x" Therefore, the given integral, 2s pe = [ae= [alo-ysinxex?y)=[y=y' sine 7 Ton 2] fi-rxsinZ +2 t}o f= en 4 AG Surface Integration of Vectors Surface integrations integration of vector on an open orclosed surface. Asurface r= f{u,v) iscalled smooth if f (u,v) posses continuous first order derivative . Let Z bea vector fisnction and S be the given surface. Surface integral ofa vector function 4 over the surface Sis defined as the integral of the components of 7 along the normalto the surface. Components of 4 alongthe normal = Aji, where nis the unit normal vector to an element ds and Surface integral of A over S =a = ff (di) as Note: (Flux = [f,(4A)4s, where 4 represents the velocity ofa liquid on fi fi)ds=0, thén A is said to be a solenoidal vector point function.VECTOR ALGEBRA Surface integral ofa vector field A over a surfice‘S' canbe writenas, [(A-ds or [[A-ds $ 3 ‘Where ft is unit vector normal to the surface ‘S’ to indicate the postive direction of the surface and the elementary surafve element of 'S”. Physical interpetation: ({A.-ds~ Flow of fix of the vector function A through surface S. s ‘Ete surface of integration ‘S” isnot parallel to any one of the co-ordinate planes x-y plane, y-z plane of x2 ‘lane, then we have to draw projection of the surface element cf in any one of the co-ordinate planes and ‘the above surface integral will be replaced as follows: Projection inxyplne: [fas = ff aa a yo Pal Example-23: Evahuate |] Pid, where B= ye zx j +xy i and Sis that pan of the surfer of the sphere x? + y? +2? =] while lies in the first octant, dal 2k iad Sol, _A vector normalto the surface Sis given by Since, x + y*+ 2? =1 onthe surfaces, . where R isthe projection ofS on the xy-plane. The region R is bounded Hence, f Psids = {jaw =3ffevdedy 23? {(e0)(rsina odo ae 3 ats] cos sind daSoln. Soln. VECTOR ALGEBRA Bxample-24: Evaluate ff Pids, where f=2/+3}—ay%eb and § is the surface of the eylinder 2° +? =16 inchuded in the first octant betweenz=0 and 2=5 Qit2y _xityf y(4x' +49") 4 c A.unit vector normal to the surfice S (x? + y? =16)is i= Wehave fl Faas = {lé ii ii , Where R is the projection of S of the x-z plane. It should be noted that k ial inthis case we cannot take the projection of S on the x-y plane asthe surface S is perpendicular to the x-y plane. Now, Fa=(z+xj-3y'2k ‘Therefore, the required surface integrals, MLL GES Example-25: Evaluate [[ F.ids, where # 2x+ y+22=6 inthe first octant. Vise” 2 j+2k Acunit vector normal to the surface § js = —— (4+1+4) dk de fa byx-axis, y-axis and the straight line 2x+y=6,2=0 Wehare, aic[(r+y")i-ageayl][ 244638) Wehave [[ Fads = (Fn ~ whereR isthe projection ofS on te xy-plane. The region R isbounded k= (3 pea leee Abo, ns 1 shed 3 Hence, Jo" #232) cab = ff (9? +292) de dy = ff +2) (= are 2 ae = 0" +6y-209~y?)ae ay =2[],9(3-x)aed=2f), (r8-eew {Note that Ris bounded by x-axis, y-axis and the straight line 2+ y= 6, -0.. To evaluate the double 6-y 7 integral over R, keep y fixed and integrate with respect to x from x = 0 tox=——=, then integrate with respect to y from y= Oto y=6,]VECTOR ALGEBRA - =2f [=z] “ dy -hof3 eI f[»-2]a =8l Example-26: Evaluate [[ Fd, where = yi+2xj~ ok and isthe surface ofthe surface ofthe plane 2x+y =6 inthe first octanteut offby the phinez=4 Soln, Aunit vectornormalto the surice Sis f=—2tL. «12+ j) Van 5 Wehave ff Fonds = ff # jhe J fad] this case we cannot take the projection on the xy-plane because the surface S is perpendicular toxy-plane. . Whére R is the projection of S oin the xz-plane. It should be foted that in Now, Fhe (piers Fie \ ‘Therefore, the required surface integrals areas ml aja pire alles Fi) dca = [2+ Jae de = 2(Lo- 2x +x) duds =2f, (6-x)[-far= a[ox-2 18 é ‘Example-27; Caloulate the surface integral of = 2x2 4+(x+2) + y(z? ~3)2 over five sides (excluding the bottom) of the cubical box shown in figure. Soln. Taking the sides one at’ time: € (i) x=2,d5=dydzk, 0.d5 =2xedy de = 42 dy de, So, fas 0 re (i) x=0,d8 =-dhy def, “Leads de=0,90 [Pd5=0 14% € fe ~/ € Oo yo Ges fo € Gi) Bde de j, Hedi =(x42)dede,so [iads = ((x+2)de [de 12 € (i) y=0,di =-de de §, Ede = (x42) eked, so foots =—[ (x42)de [d= € (9) 222, di =dudy 2, 5b = ydsdy 90 [dt = (def ydy=4 eS Evidently the toa axis f ¥d5=1640+12-44=20 jstSoln, VECTOR ALGEBRA 1.6 Volume Integration of Vectors ‘Volume integral of a vector field A over volume “V’ can be written as, Ul [AdV, where, dV = dedyde = v infinitesimal elementary volume Example-28: Calcuiate the volume integral of 7 = xyz’ over the prism in figure. ‘You can do the three integrals in any order. Let's do» first: truns from Oto (1-y), then goes fromdto f, and finally 2(0t03): frev= felblt "xd |ayh det fea [1-9 vay= 403) : Example-28: The volume ofthe portion ofthe cylinder x" + y* =4 in the frst octant between the planes 2= and 3x- @2 (4 8 (16 Volume ofthe portion ofthe oyinder inthe fstoctant= = | | dedyde =8 aa 1.7 Vector Related Theorems 1.7.1 Divergence Theorem : ‘This theorem is applicable only for closed surfuces and this theorem converts surface integra into volume integra and vice versa, If‘V’ is the volume bounded by a closed surface ‘S’ and. isa veetor function of position with continuous derivatives, then, [lode _ fa fA-ids Y 5 5 where fi is the outward normal to ‘S*. 1.7.2 Stoke’s Theorem: ‘This theorem is applicable only for open surfaces and this theorem converts surface integral into line integral and vice versa. If‘S" is an open, two-sided surface bounded by a closed, non-inter secting curve ‘C’, and A is a vector fanction of postion with continuous derivatives; thet faa If x Avaas = [f(x A) ds é 5 5 is traversed in the positive (counterclockwise) direction.VECTOR ALGEBRA € e Sotn: € e Soln: Soln: a 4.7.3 Green’s Theorem : IfR’ isa closed region of the x plane, bounded by a simple closes curve °C’ and ‘ functions of x and y having continuous derivatives in ‘R’, then. uacsndye Hee mw. 0) cy ‘here ‘C’ is traversed in the postive (counter clock wise) direction Example-30: Calculate the fx of the vector field centered atthe origin. ‘NW’ are continuous 7F through the surface $ ofa sphere of radius ‘a’, Flux of the vector field ~ fier d= Ie P)dv (Using divergence theorem) 7 = [[f5rav sil (P sin Bard0ag)=5 fr'r fain eae fag a4na ¥ 7 aoe j Example-31+ Calculate gf 4.d forthe vector field A=(2x~y)?-y2?j—y"2k along the boundary of é uppet half ofthe sphere x? + y? +2" =I: ‘The boundary is the circle of unit radius in the x-y plane ie. x+y? =1. Thetefore, substituting x=c0s4, y=sind and 2=0 we get, Gd? =f (2x-y}es—yz'dy—y'ade]=4(2e~ y)de = [(2e0s0-sind)(-sin Odd) = x é é é 3 Example-32: Check the divergence theorem using the finetion As y's (2ay +2") 9+ (2yz)2 over the unit cube sitiated at the origin shown in figure. [lee eter iee2f florian =a ff fracay aes f ( y dey de |= afbaraed x] 2VECTOR ALGEBRA To evaluate the surface integral we must consider separately the six sides of the cube: @ faas= {Pyrat i) faae=-f [yr det i) Jaar=-[ f(ar+s*)dcae=4 (wy) adi =-[ [2 dede= 3 w fads =-[ fovardy=1 (w [4d=-[ fodcay=0 So the total fxs: Ghai =2-44 5-1 1402. Henos divergence theorems ved Example-33: Suppose 4 = (2x2+3y")j+(4yz*) . Check Stokes’ theorem forthe square surface shown, infigure. Soln, Here, Vx A =(4z’—2x)i +22 k and d3 = dy dz 7 4 Since x0 forthissuriace, (Vd) d= ff 4z%dy de = [Now for line integral, We must brea this up into four segments: @ ¥=0,2=0, ddi=3y'dy => fad = [3y'dy=1 @x-0y=Lddi=4z'e = fadi= [ata-4 (i) x=0,2=1, Adi=3y'dy => faai= [3y'h=-1 (iv) x=0,y=0,4di=0 = fadi= foe=0 iG 4 So, Gaai=1+4-1+0-4 Example-34: Evaluate ¢(xy+y")de-+x"dy where C is the closed curve of the region bounded by yexandy=x? Soln: Using green's theorem, f(t y?) der tdy= £0 5° + y) ¥ = [lear ey= [fale av)ebe =f[Le-2)4]ar- flo-y'J, a = [leekFA a fom AO oO. VECTOR ALGEBRA Soln: Soin: Soln, Example-35: Calculate the flux of the vector field F = 4x7 ~2y?}+2%é through the surface bounded by the region 2 + y?=4,2=0,2=3. Flux of the vector field= ffra = {ihe Fav (according to divergence theorem) = [ff¢-4y-22) aye = FF Storing 2ipdndyea se Example 36: Evaluate flee ~ 9? )as+(2+y*) dy), where Cis heboundary ofthe surface enclosed by x-axis andthe semicircle y =(1-x*). gia ~y*)dr+ (x? +y?)ay] = Gf2x+ 29} advae (according to gree's theorem) c wy a L& ' em = [Peer2itsier flor ae op airra fa 7 els ‘Example-37: Evalauteby Green's theorem (2? cosh y) de (y-+sinx)dy where Cis the rectangle with vertices (0,0), (77,0), (7,1), (0,1) Using Green's Theorem, the given line integral is equal to Jf (cosx-sinh y) addy = Ff (cosx-sinh y) day = [. [reosx+cosh yf), d= [ [00sx+ cosh~ I] de =[sin.x+xcoshl~ x], = x (cosh -1) Example-38; By ransfomning 0 a triple integral evaluate fs Sf(vrerae +2 yedede + Pa de dy) where S isthe closed surface bounded by the planes z = 0, 2 = andthe cylinder x? + ce integral is equal to the volume integral. m2 (2) +5 2) ye2teg ar i =f eat Bx ex? +2") ddd sf [Peane . ’ x ae . ( “EL G] ae FLL PeeVECTOR ALGEBRA Of fe" = f ole Put y=asin¢ so that dy = acostdt 1B" cos acost) dt Rael" cost tdt = Paty 3. areas Example 39: Evaht, ff (y'z"?+24s?j+24y'é) Aids =] above the xy-plane are bounded by this plane. Where Sis the past ofthe sphere x? +)? + Soin, By divergence theorem, we have [[[rets2e jel) ads = fff do[yeierejectyiar = fps? a=2ff ar ‘We shall use spherical polar coordinates (1,0, ¢) to evaluate this : triple integral. Inpolars dV =(dr)(rd0)(r sin 8d) =r? sin@ dr dO dp.Abo 2 =rcos0, y=rsinOsing. “The triple intepalis = 2f, ft [i (re0s6) (x sin? @sin? §) sind dr dO do =2f, g [frisin’@cosésin® bdr do dg= : Example-40: By conveeting the surface integral into a volume integral evaluate Ste ay dey? dedle+ 2) de dy) Where S isthe surfice ofthe sphere x? + y? +2" =1 Soln. Using divergence theorem, f[(x* dy de+ y° de d-+2) de dy) = f[[3(xt+y* +2" )drdhae -af [fore sinade do ap =Ia2ex dnd s Example-41: Evaluate {[ F.idS over the entire surface of the region above the xy-plane bounded by the cone z* =x" +y? andthe plane z=4, given F = 4xei +227} +32 Soln, By divergence theorem, we have [Pas = fff aio av = fff (42 +228 43) dy ae =L5. & seed +3)de dy de = Lite (a+ 3) dy de ties, M7) xd 0} =2f, FL (4243) (2 —y" aie| VECTOR ALGEBRA | =2{,f (443) (E-F)ae af (area) EJP) Sn 2 ~fteceal int irae flee area 2 Ales 42°] = (256464) = 3200 Example-d2: It F = (x + y—4)i 43x) +(212+2*)k, evaluate [[ (VF) sd where Sis the surface ofthe sphete x’ + y? +2? =16 above the xv-plane. Sola. The surface x +y? +z* =16 meets the plane z=0 in a circle C given by x* + y? =16,z=0. Let S, be the plane region bounded by the circle C. If" isthe surface consisting ofthe surfice $ and S,,then S" isa closed surface. Let V be the region bourided by”. If fi denotes the outwared drawn (drawn outside the region V) unit normal vector to $’, then on the plane surface, wehave &=~£. Note that é isa unit vector normal to S, drawn into the region V. ‘Noww, by an application of Gauss divergence theorem, we have Jew! Faas =0 co, Sow? Fads + Jf curt Fads =0 [-5" consists of S and S,] or, Sfjeul igs - Ih curl Fkds =0 [yon S,a= é| £ oo Sew Fads Jew Faas i j Now curFe} 2. 2 a “ a -¥+(3y-1) Jt(y-Ie Jou Rags = Jf (3y-1)as = [. L.Grsine-1yrao dr G (Note that S, isa cecle in xy plane with centre origin and radius 4} € = Ei L@rsing-1yrdo ar=— 0 ft rdodr q =0- cfs] d9=-8[0} =-161 ~ [- FEsinoae = o|VECTOR ALGEBRA Example-43: Evafuate {hv A} aS, where A=(4—z)i+(x +y2)j~3ay? K and Sisthe surface of thecone = 2-7 +9? above the xy-plane, Sota. The surfave 2=2~df{x" + y*) meets the xy-plane ina circle C given by x7 + y?=4,2=0 Let S, be the plane region bounded by the circle C. IS" is the surface consisting of the surface S and, then isthe closed surface. By application of divergence theorem, we have Jou! AtasS2n) POs 3:2) € +r = radial distance ofthe point ‘P” from the origin =angle which OP makes with z-axis .=angle which 09 (projection of OP in x-y plane) makes with positive x-axis Elementary volume : dv=7? sind dr d0 do Elementary line element: di, ri+rd0d+rsing dog eo orp mmesen,) Gradients ¥ = 37739" "sind Op Divergence: Va 13 1a, * ene Fa rane g6 oO * 76 rsindp eo 28 a va, rsin6q,| jan: 72 = 2( 2\,—1 2 (sno 2s ee Laplacian: 9 Tra" ae) 75nd BO 38)” rind OF Unit vectors: nO cos i+sin @sing j +cosOk 6 =cosdcospi +cosdsing j-sinok & g=-singi+cos¢ j FT] [sin@cosp sindsing cosO 6|=|cosOcos cos@sing sind || 7 g|-| sing —cosp 0 SE Suppose the vector is given in cartesian coordinates ie. 7 id4-a,j+a,b and we have to convert it in sphereical polar coordinates ie 7 =a, + ay0+ay9 , the components are related by the following equation.VECTOR ALGEBRA a,| [sindcoss sindsing cosé a, ay|=| cosOcos¢ cos@sin sind || a, aj| | -sind —cos6 0 lg, ! i x , y . y Fig. @) Fig. (6) Lower hemisphere First Gctant of sphere Case. ‘ull sphere: x? + y? +21 Limit of voume integration: OSS; 0S 05x; 0<$S2n Limit ofsurfice integration: r= const= a; 0S Limitofsuriveintegntion; r=const=a; 0505; os$<5 1.9.2 Cylindrical co-ordinates (p , 6,2): x= p cos, y= p sing, /P = perpendicular distance point ‘P* from the z axis, 6 =angle which OQ (projection of OF in x-y plane) makes with positive x-axis 7 height ofthe point ‘P” above the x-y plane- (e VECTOR ALGEBRA @ Pt, %.2) : Elementary line element: di =dp A+ pdp b+ de 2; Elementary volume: dv= pd p dp dz Unit Vectors: j= cos9i+sing } sing i +cos$j € Suppose the vector is given in cartesian coordinates ie, 7=a,i-+a,j-+a;h and we have to convert iin € p snp ccunth 7 sphereical polar coordinates ie # =a, +ayh-+a,2 , the components are related by the following equation, a,| [oosd sing Ola, ing cos Ola, 0 0 ta,Soln. Soln: Soln. VECTOR ALGEBRA Let & and 6 be two distinct three-dimensional vectors. Then the component of 6 that is perpendicular to ais given by {CSIR June - 2011] ‘Assume that @ and 6 lie in the xy plane. Component of 5 La =(bsin8) 7 x isin (7x j} = absind & ax| xb) =(absind)ofi xk a bsiNB] = ax(Bx > a Eee, Correct answeris (a) ‘The equation of the planc that is tangent to the surface xyz =8 at the point (1, 2,4) is, {CSIR Dec - 2011] fa)x + 2y4 42 =12 (b)axt2y+2 (Oe tayt 2 =12 @xtytz= ‘Suppose 7 (x, y2) be any point on the tangent plane of te given surface. Since Vy is norma} to the surfice $: xyz = 8 at the point P(I, 2, 4) ‘Therefore, ¥¢ is perpendicular to the vector 7, lying inthe tangent plane ofthe given surface. Therefore, V4, TP =0 = 4x+2y¢2=12 2 Correct answers (6) A vector perpendicular to any vector that les on the pline defined by ty +z =, is [CSIR June - 2012) (a) 747 (b) j+é Oisjre (@) 27 437+ 5k A vector perpendicular to any vector that lies on the plane defined by g:x-+y+z =5,is ©, Correct answeris(c} sjeé (4-8) Bee +OE2 Ax HE EY HY Z-MyZ 4 HY 2-AAN HE TK —-YKY FO So?{ on e pen r i 5. VECTOR ALGEBRA @ Dy 2p 4 Testor tra hpi ca onthe surface ofthe elipsoid = peach is {CSIR Dec 20124 bei +eqj +abk alt bitck bitg+ak iejek OG Gad Gnd OF | __ bel tea tabh Option (a) is correct but it is wrongly printed in the question, A.unit vector fi on the 1y~plane is at an angle of 120° with respect to 7. The angle between the vectors +b and i= aa+b7 will be 60° if : {CSIR June - 2013] @ b=V3a/2 © b=2a/8 ©b=a2 @ ba fa a Soln. Since; the unit vector makes an angle 120° with x-axis, then it makes an angle 30? with y-axis. ‘Therefore, fi = 008120" +00830" j= bi 8j So, dand i cxntewitenas (oP }i8y 32a? -Sab+28°=0 > (2a-b)(25-a)=0 = a=* or b= 2 Correct answers (c)VECTOR ALGEBRA bounded by x = 0, x= a and y= 0, y=) is {CSIR Dec ~ 2023} +h) @0 6. WA=yzi+xzj+ayh, then the integral JA dl (where C is along the perimeter of rectangular area | g re i @ 3? +b) (b) #(ab* +a*b) © I } ! Sole, 4 =y2i +aj+aph = Vx, ice field is conservative. Since, line integral of a conservative field along a closed path is zeto, then dé =0 } é j Correct answer is (d) } 7. If A=yzi +2x)+xyk and’Cis the circle of unit radiius in the plane defined by z = 1, with the centre on the z-axis, then the value of the integral 4, Ad? is JCSIR June - 2014) z z ‘ @y Or OF @o Soin. A=yzi+xjtryk = VxA=0 ic. ficldis conservative. Since, line integral of a conservative field along a closed path is zero, then Adi =0 ¢ Correct answer is (@) IT-JAM PREVIOUS YEAR SOLUTIONS ¢ ‘The work done by a force in moving particle of mass ‘m’ from any point (x, ¥) to a neighbouring point (+ de, + dy) isgivenby aw = 2pdy +x°dy. The work done fora complete cycle around a unit circle is: @o (b) 1 ()3 @ 20 Soln, Work doné fora complete cycle around aunit circle is ; we Slaw = [20a +e4]= dfzni +) la ; . [[P+Q0i+))]ar-0 Correct answer is (a) x 4 _y? ‘The unit normal to the surface at the point 2. The equation ofa surface ofrevolutionis z= 4/5 @ a B ‘ 25 2 2: @ 5a" of Tat o fk te!VECTOR ALGEBRA, Soln. Soln, Equation ofsurfice: +, Bitedy => 3x743y?-27 =0 Unit normalto the surface at point AR. 0, ' 4) Oxi + 6yF dak : i R HF [36x? +36)? +162" (Go A) -f} 2 _§ Correct answer is (b) x The line imegrt fi whe Fa ph rE, along the semi-cireular path as shown in the ACI.) RE wo ()2 @4 (a)-2 » \Fat ade + yy 2 tay ix+y? Putting x= cos => de =—sinad@ =sin8 = dy =cos0d0 1 ae ACh Oy BELO) _ yj I Correét answers (b) IEE isa constant vector and ¢ isthe position vector then (a) (Va)F F is constant vector i.e. V(Fi)=0( Gxt yt Bz)= it i+ hha F Correct answer is (b) -3, Soin, VECTOR ALGEBRA (a) Consider a constant vector field = ypk . Find any one ofthe many possibe veetors jj, for which Vxii=i (b) Using Stoke's theorem, evaluate the flux associated with the field through the curved hemispherical surface defined by x2 +y*+2*=7?,2>0- (a) Suppose i =u? +u)j+usk Fatay xo HB (OH cnr oner (BB}( e (% lay : So ‘There are many possible solutions: : @ u,=0,v, =vru, =0 Sil=vyap G Gi) uy =—%y,9, =0, = (b) Fhux associated with the field (Using Stokes theorem) = iia (taking @ =v) =v frdya(orx? +y? =?) (Using x=rcos6 and y=rsin@, dy = rcos@d0) 1 = fds =v Jr? 00s" 640 =a7°vq 3 a0 {@) Determine whether the oe represented by F(x, y)=R (x? +y*)i-+2xy 7] is conservative ono Here k =] Nar?, (b) Calculate the work done by this force in moving a particle from the origin 0(0, 0, 0) to the point D(1, 1, 0) on the=0 plane along the paths OABD and OD as shown in figure, where the coordinates are measiired inmetres, Soin. (© F(xy)=#[(x*+y*)iv20]eZ VECTOR ALGEBRA = i je opel 2 2 al_, VxF=| = 5 \=K(2y-2y)=0 zk 5 ® (27-29) k+y? Qry 0 (0) Since, Vx F =0 ie. force # is conservative ‘Therefore, work done by a conservative fcld in moving a particle fam to D, is independent of path ie. Woaco =Won = $(D)-4(D} -whese ¢ is scalar potential corresponding to force field Calculation of g Bs Beer) s0en | (ear Leafs ysconstant #05) =g-k | Andy=by+A(y) ‘Therefore, (25942) =4| Work done in moving the particle fom 0to D > H9) aa Wop “| = Wop otk unis 000) 7. -Foeteveoorted Varal-yhjsa(x?—y"}é (@) Calculate the whime integral ofthe divergence of 7 over he region definéd by ~aSxSa, -bsy P+ Q-> R-0 isequal to Far = [0x jas és C:pathO>P+Q>R30 S: rectangular sheet OPQR in x-y plane. GPar= [Fars [Pars [Pars f Far é oko () For OP : x0, ax=0, dy=Oandx=Oat b: f Fa? = [2c.=0 or op (i) For PQ: y=b, dy=Oandx=0t0 a: [ Pdr 70 ° (i) For QR :x=a, dx=Oand y=bto 0: [Far = | 2xydy=0=2a [ydy =—ab? oR oR * 6 ° (iv) For RO: y=0,dy=Oandx=ato 0: | Pdr = f(e-y")ae= free xo 80 a . 2 2 Work done = até =0+5-—ab? —ab? — = —2ab? é Ila fe) fa =~, di = dsay | 5 due to clockwise orientation of. Ta, 0 "Fa fa dedy = hol sdk = ~2ab? °AO al a el el Meme y \, VECTOR ALGEBRA 9. Avectorfieldis given by, for (x*+y*) (region -11) Here a. ands, aretwo constants. (2) Find the curl of this field both the regions. (©) Find the line integral fd? along the closed semicncl path of radius 2r, as shown in ts figure below. NL ‘Seln. A vector field is defined as FG) =a(s-yi) for 2aye eg (v=) woe +) jee sy2r ijk (Regional: HxF =| 2 5 ama Lay ax. 0, i jk Region: FxF=) 2 2 Ig - & y & Lwty od ray vay | wr fhar= [[exF)aar= ff She F Saas + [fexP ia ~ [patie [for region bi=E] 2 [a= =20t ar}VECTOR ALGEBRA 10. Consider a vector A =—4yx?% -3y'f y mf—— a.) } 0 Ra (@) Calculate the line integral [A.dé from point P+ 0 afong the path P+ Q-» R +0 as shown inthe figure, (&) Using Stoke's theorem appropriately. Calculate [AE for the same path P+ Q—>R +0 J Adt= J ddé+ f Adi+ | dat = =) (For P+ Q:y=1idy=0;x=0t01 Soln. J Aat P00, a Pao L_,, RUD) Adi= | Adis [ Adi oP P30 = | Adi=[f(xA)ias- J dae ros oor bay = [era = 00 3 (Here, fi =—K dueto clockwise orientation of Cand dS dxdy) For OP: & 1pe lM TIE VECTOR ALGEBRA No PRACTICE SET Ifthe projection of the vector 4=74+.nj+& on vector B = 47 ‘my is equal to (a1 ()-1 (o)2 2 For any vector A, which of the following statements is true? (0) Ae(Axi)i+(Hej)74(dxd)— (oy Ae (Axi) +(e) J +(4x (©) Ax(Ai\i+[Aj)+(40)E ( Ae di) (jpei+ (4a) xk Given: @= 37 -2}+6, 47 +7k isequatto 19%, thenthe valueof =1-3}+Skand@=2'+ }—4K arethe sides of (@) anisosceles triangle (b) aright-angled triangle (C)anequilateral triangle (A nove of these ‘The value of theconstant ‘m' for which 4 = mi + j+J5é subtends an angle 60°with B =: equalto @ 4673 () 2974 a3 @ i713 Ifa+6+é=6 and |aj=3, 7, then the angle between g and j is (a) cos (15/22) (b) cos*(225/2) (©) n/2 (a) n/3 If @ and & areunit vectors, which ofthe following statements is true? , the vecior ¥, which is orthogonalto Pand © and having unit scalar product with R , can be estimated to be (a) (31+ 2j45€)/4 Qo (BF +27-Sk)/4 (@ (37-2)+56)/4 @ (37-2j-Sk)/4 The equation of the plane that contains the points P (2,-1, 1), Q(3, 2.1), R(-1,3,2) is equalto (a) LIx+5y413z=30 (b) Lx +7y+92=30 (©) 4x+7y-9z=30 (0) 4x4ilp-32=30 The unit vector which is perpendicular to vector 27 + 7-34 and lie inthe plane of vectors 7/ — j—-& and 7457-38 isequalto (@ (37-37-89 (si-3)+4)/vi9 (6) (31-3744) @ (37-37-@) ‘Which ofthe following relations is true? (a) (Ax B).(BxC)x(Cx 4)=0IL 12. 13. 14. 15, 16. 11. 18. 19. 20. VECTOR ALGEBRA A particle moves along thecurve x=2/, y=1 —4r, z=3¢ 5. The componens ofits acceleration at =| inthe direction 737+ 2, isequal to (@) 2/14 (b)-2/ Vid (©) 16/14 (@-16/Vi4 The unit tangent vector on thecurve x= 0 +1, y= 41-3, z= 2° ~6t at the point where /=2 is equal to 2,22 1p 2 @aysis® 05 2 3: ‘The unit vector perpendicular to the surface x? + y? -2" = 11 at the point (4, 2, 3) is equal to (a) 4942} +3k/ 029 () 42 427-34/V29 (6) 4i4.2}-3k @ 4i42]+3k ‘The angle between the two surfaces x+y? 42? =9 and x? +y*-. of 8 ~(S =f 8 (a) sin (a (b) cos (4) ) @ cos (sa) ‘The directional derivative of 1/ inthe direction of 7 is equalto oh w-Ys oY o-% The directions along which there sno change in the value of the function f(x, y) = are equal to =3 at the point 2,-1,2)is (+>) at the point (3,-2) (2) 067-08 j,-0.67+08 j (&) -0.67-0.8 7,0.67+0.87 (c) -0.67-08 j,0.6-0.8 7 (@) 0.67 +038 j;-0.67 +087 The directional derivative of Q(x, y)=—* > along aline making an angle 30° with the positive x-axis at (0,2) xy @ a © s © ol @ oF Fora constant vector @ and 7 = xi + yj+zk, consider the following statements: Leurl(ax?)=2[grad(aF)], H.div[(aF)F]=2(47), then (a) both statements are true (b) Only statement lis true (©) Only statement Il is true (d) Both statements are false The vahue ofthe line integral {grad(x+ y +2) dF from (01,1) t0(1,2,0) is (a)-I (b)3 (c)0- (d) None of these ‘The work done by a force in moving a particle of mss ‘mn’ form any point (x,y) to aneighbouring point (x+dx, ytdy) is given by dW’ = 2xy de-+ x dy. The work done for a complete cycle around a unit circle is (@o I ©3 @ 22 a 28e ETO VECTOR ALGEBRA 21 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 21. 28. 29, fF (52y-6x*)?-+(2y—4x) 7, then the value of the line integral JF along the curve Cin thex-y é plane givenby y = x , fromthe point (1,1) ta (2,8) isequal to (35 © 35 (47 (47 Whena force F* ety )i+(3y~4x)j is applied ona particle, then it starts to move along aright angled. triangle PQR having vertices P(0,0), Q(2,0), R(2,1) respectively. The amount of work done by the force is equalto @14s 1483 (9228 (228 Ifd= ii —y°j-+ yzk, thenthe value ofthe integral J iS (where isthe sursoe ofa nit eubewith two i opposite comers at (0,0,0) and (1, 1,1) respectively) is equal to (a) 3/2 (52 (6 (92 (uy, The value ofthe integral. f [(3x* + 4xy+ y*) ee (0) ? +219))dy) along the path x° + y* =2y is @o o fo2 @4 Let ‘$’ be the Boundary ofthe region consiting ofthe parabolic cylinder z = | ~x? and the planes y = = 2,20. The ux ofthe vector field F = ayi+(y*-4e™)j+-sin(ay) i through the surface ‘Sis (a2 4 (8 @16 Let @ and 5, be two distinct three-dimensional vectors. Then the component of 8 that is perpendicular to @ isgivenby ax(5xa) bx(axb) ab\b a e oe ‘The equation ofthe plane that is tangerit to the surface xyz ~8 atthe point (1,2, 4) is @ (a)x +2y+ 42 =12 (b) 4x +242 x +4+2=12 @xty+z=7 2 A.vector perpenticularto any vector that lies on the plane defined byx +y-+z = 5, is @ i+j () j+k Oi+j+k (d) 27 +437 45% If A= yeltaz j+xyh , then the integral J 4:al (where C is along the perimeter of a rectangular area bounded by x= 0,.x= a and y= 0, y= b) is @ 3(e +0) ©) (08? +2°b) © =(e+8) @o3L 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38, 39. 40. VECTOR ALGEBRA [ANSWER KEY L@ 2 © 3. @) 4. (@) 5. (a) 6.(a0) 7. (a) 8. (@) 9, (b) 10. (6) 11. (6) 1. — 13.(6) 14.) 15.00) 16.@) ID ey 18.) 9.6) 20.0) 21. (@) 22. (b) 2a) 24. (@) 25. (c) 26.(a) ——-27.(b) 28. (0) 29.4) ~ jek and 3f+4j-&; and sin of the angle Find the unit vector normal to the plane of two yectors 27 between the vectors. [Ans. (-si+5j +11) V155:Vi557156 Ifthe points P, Q, R are not lying on the same straight line having position vectors &, 7,2 relative toa given origin, show that 2x j-+jx2+2x7 isperpendicular to the plane containing P,Q, R. Aparticle moves so that its position vector is given by, 7 = cosa i +sinat 7 Where 'o' is constant. Show tat, () The velocity ¢ of the particle is perpendicular to 7. (i) The acceleration is directed towards the origin and has magatidue proportionat to the dis tance from the origin (ii) 7 x7 = constant vector, fi de if Ba axm and Baxi, then show tat an fare yszgax tyt4z he ayt yet an the show that [V/VgVh] =0. Find the cretion derivative ofthe scalar function 6 4" atthé point (L,+1,~1) ina direction t0- wards the point (-3, 5,6. What will be its maximum value? Ans. -20/9 , 46] ‘Show that "7 is rotational vector for any value of, but itis solenoidal for n =-3 only. Find an equation for the tangent plane to the surface 2x2? —3xy—4x=7 atthe point (1,1, 2) {Ans. 7x-3y+8z = 26} none nat p. dF Given: F (0) = 2 —j4+28 when ¢=2 and F (¢ 23+3 whent=3. Show that, [rGa-0 Evalute [EF where F = C[-Sasin 8 cos 6 + a(2sin@~3sin® 4) j+bsin 206] andthe curves given § 5) tans. 5e(2" #8") 4 ye R by, 7 = acos6i + asindj+b0k (Gis varying from 7 to ‘The acceleration of. particle at any time ¢ > 0 is given by, @=12cos2t7-8sin 2¢ j +161 k Ifvelocity 7 and displacement 7 are zero, at =O; find ¥ and atany time . 4 a > 5 8a [Ans.() 6sin2r7 + (4c0s2¢-4) j +81, (i) (3-305 24)i + (2sin 2-41) 45h ky ”. 4g 495VECTOR ALGEBRA ws. 42. & 43. 4. 2 as %. 47. £ 48. C | 7 Ks 49. 3 ng =(3° +6y)i Adyz +20 x2? & evaluate [AF Som (0,0,0)t0 (1, U1) along the following paths: @x=4y=82 (i The straight lines from (0,0,0) + (1,0,0) —> (1,1,0) (1,111) (Gi) The straight ine joining (0,0, 0) and(4, 1, 1) Ams. (3 5, Gi) 23/8, i) 3] Show that, f|-—2 74% jay = 20, where ‘C’ isthecircle x? 4 y?=1 inthexyplane, de- heb Pay |™ ” : scribed in counter clockwise direction. Find [F.aF along the curve defined by x? = 4y and 3x? =82 ftom x=0 to.x=2, where Fa3xi+(2x2-y)j+ 2b [Ans. 441/40] (Show that, #* (29+2') 3x2’ isa conservative force fields. (ii) Find the scalar potential: (Gil) Find the work done in moving an object in this field from (1,2, 1)t0(3, 1, 4) Ans. (i) x3y +22! + C, (ii) 202 units} “Evaluate [faaidswhere A= 182i ~12}+3yi and S is the surface ofthe plane 2x+3y-+6z=12 inthe first octant. Find the circulation ofthe field = yi ray? +(9° —x" }h, around he curve the curve C , where C is, the intersection ofthe sphere x? + y? +2? = 25 andthe planez=3, (Ans. 1287] Using Gauss divergence theorem, evaluate [[[ "dhe + ydedx + z*dxdy), where ‘Sis the surface ofthe 3 DR, sphere x? +.y? 42? =a? [Ans 74°] Consider the following vector field: F = x2"?—yo?j+2(x?-y")é (2) Calculate the volume integral ofthe divergence of {7 over theregion defined by —a 2y'}+2°k through the surface bounded by the region Pty a4 2-023. [Ans. 84x]50. Sl. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 37. 58. 59. VECTOR ALGEBRA Verify divergence theorem for F = (x? — yz)i +(y?—2x)j+(z?—xy)k, taken over the rectangular parallelepiped 0 SxS, 02bde+24dede + y*z*dudy} where Sis the part ofthe spare 22+)? + 22=1 above thex—y plane. a 2p vanishes where denotes the suc of the elipsoid 5 +55 +5 a Fe Ly? zk , where is upper halfsurface of thes ph ere ) ‘Verify the Stokes’ theorem for F = (2x y) i ~ yz’ prove that [f'T+y F428 Ptytes?=1 and ‘C’is its boundary. Evaluate (VF) ds , where F = (3x-2y)i-+x%3j+y? (2+1)k fora plane rectangular area with vert : cesat (0, 0), (1,0), (1, 2), (0, 2) inthe xy plane. [Ans. 4] (a) Consider a constant vector field Jk. Find any one of the many possible vectors jj for which ox (b) Calculate the flux associated with the fied % through the hemispherical surface defined by pay trerz>0 Ans. (2) vx, (0) ry] Bvahte {(x7yde+x"dy) , where ‘Cis boundary desribed counter-clockwise direction ofthe triangle with serves (0,0), (1,0) (1 1). [Ans. 5/12) Bvahate (Cdr 2yd)—de) along c+ 2 +y2=4,2=2. Bualuate [[y2de+ (x2 + 1dy+ xydz], where cis any path rom (1, 0, 0)-> (2, 1,4). Find the mass ofa metallic body of varying density (x, y.7)= py + xyz, bounded by the planes x =0, y= oo as! 1 0,2=0 and the sphere x? + y? +2? =a? lying in the the first octant, [Ans. gran” +© G MATRICES 2.1 Basic Review of Matrices 2.1.4 Definition : A square of rectangular array of numbers or finctions, Individual murmbers or functions are known aselements of the matrix. B ah a 442i xtiy|,)p gor 4 i l-i 24i|fa be 244i 3-21] |x y 2 2.1.2 Order of a matrix: A matrix of order m * 1 has ‘m’ number of rows and ‘n’ number of columns. aes cotati, Every clement of matrix is characterised by a row indeX and a column index a‘ > row index , ‘j’ > column index, so, a, element of? row and j* column Ifa matric A contains mrows and ncolurms,thenitisweittenas 4=(a, | 2.1.3 Basic Review of matrix operation: @ Two matrices A and B are said to be equal ifthey are of the same order and each element of one is equal 10 corresponding element ofthe other matrix ie. a =b forall values of and (@ Two matrices A and B are said to be conformable for addition/substraction ifthey have same order. = ab da db Iea= then AA os [ x is ( i (iv) Two matrices A and B are said to be comformable for multiplication if no of columns in A is equal to no, of rows in B. Say, A matrix is of order ‘mn’ and B matrix is of order “pxq’, AB is possible only ifn = p. 2.1.4 Various Type of Matrices: (1) Square matrix: b umber of rows = Number of columns. Ex: E ‘| haa a 0 (@) Diagonal matrix : Elements other than the diagonal are zero. Ex: [; A€ MATRICES [-¢ @) Scalar matrix : A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are same, Ex: iF ‘| a 10 (4) Identity/unit matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are unity. Ex: (i | (5) Row Matrix: Matrix having only one row. Ex:(a 6 c},,; a (© Column matrix: Matric having only one column, Ex: |° Isa 00 (1) Null matrix: Matric having ll elements equal to zero. Ex: [i al ®) Upper triangular matrix: Matec having elements below the principal diagonal equal to zero. Example een 1 0 a (©) Lower triangular matrix : Matrix having elements above the principal diagonal qual to ze0. 1g 100 { 420 5.63 (10) Periodic matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ for which AK“! = A, where *k’ is known as the period of the matrix, Example : (11) Idempotent matrix: A square matrix for which “A°=A. It is a periodic matrix of period 1. Any ‘idempotent matrix will be ether singular matric or non-singular unit matrix. 1 (12) Nilpotent matrix: A square matrix for which AP ~ 0, where ‘p's known as the index ofthe matrix. { 00 Example : A= (' al isa nilpotent matrix of index ‘2°, | (13) Involutory Matrix: A square matrix for which A*=1. It is a self-inverse matrix. 2.1.5 Teanspose of a matrix: It s obtained by interchanging the rows and columns. a | 123 ae Example: A=|4 5 ¢| then AT=| Ins 3 6 I3x2 Properties: ()(A"=A, (i) (AB)'=BTAT 21.6 Conjugate of a matrix: Itis obtained by taking complex conjugate of each element of'a matrix. | |ie MATRICES i 142 3i 1-21 -3i =| te 7 Bxample: A=) 3_g/fotten AX=] yay gi Properties: (@(A")¥=A, (il) (AB)*=B* A* 2.4.7 Conjugate Transpose of a Matrix: soapy 144i 65 3478 I-4i 345) 6 Example; A=|3~Si -2° Ti |, then, at=} 66 20-7 6 7 1-1 3h Properties: ()(A')'=A, (i (AB)'=B'A (21.8 Symmetvie mats: abe Matrix for which A™Aiie. ama, Ex[b ed cde Properties: 1 The number of independent components ofa sn, symmetric matrix is, pnt). 023 , 24.8 Skew-symmettic matrix: Matrix for which AT=—A i.e, a; =~a,, Bx 3 2 A Properties: 1 @ The number of independent components ofa n*N antisymmetric matrix is zany). (i) All diagonal elements of skew-symmetric matric are 20. “Every square matrix can be wriden as the sum of symmeteic aod antisymmetric matrix. has ayedaet Aa gt ats) + IFA and B are syrametsic matrices, AB is symmetric if and only ifA and B commute. F110 Hermitan mates: Mateix for which AT=abe. a=)", 7 Rae Bane: 4[) opome=lay=(’ H| ot al? asdMATRICES Properties: () Alldiagonal cements of Hermitian matrix are real i Minimum number ofreal elements forthe most general nn hermitian metrix =n 2.1.11 Skew-hermitian matrix: Matix for which A'=-A ie.a,=~ 0% Example: a; often" Properties: () Every diagonal clement of a skew-hermitian matric is either 2ero or purely imaginary (i) Minimum numberof rea elementsin a most general en skew hermitian matrix is zero TeAis hermitian mati, 4 is ant- hermitian 2.1412 Singular matrix : Matrix having zero determinant. 215 Bampk:|3 5 7 215 2.1.13 Non-singular matrix: Matrix having non-zero determinant. pou Exanple:|© ~2 4 03 -7 2.1.14 Adjoint of a Matrix : Adjoint of a matrix = Transpose of co-factor matrix. yn Hs ar on on TPA=|a a ay |,then Adj A=|c) cp Cp % ay Ay is es Ss Propertic (@ @djA) A= Afadj. A) =|Al T, (i) IfAisa square matrix of order ‘n’ having determinant ‘m’, then | AdjA|= m** ab a -b (Gi) Fora matrix of order 2": A=|_,. g| =>adjA=|_. 2.1.15 Inverse of a Matrix: Let, A be a square matrix of order ‘n’, and B be a square matrix of order ‘n° such that AB= BAI, adjA 7 then B= A~! = inverse of matrix A= ra Therefore, A is called irtvertible matrix. Properties: (i Any invertible matrix possesses an unique inverse. (i) The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to posses an inverse is that it isnon-singuar,| MATRICES i (iii) IfA, B are two non-singular invertible matrix, then AB, AT, Aare all invertible. &3 (iv) (ABC...) =... OBA | 2.1.16 Orthogonal Matrices: | ‘A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be orthogonal ifAA"= ATA=T Properties: } (@ Determinant of an orthogonal matrix will be either +1 or -1. Gata (i) Every row and columm of an orthogonal matrix is @ normalized unit veer. (js) Any two row aid any two'cohunn of én orthogonal inatrx are orthogonal to each other. (¥) IFA, B are orthogonal matrices, AB and BA are orthogonal matrix. 7 lj °) 01) cos sind + oA crample: A=( °° =) atl \-sin8 cos +sin@ cos 24.17 Unitary matrix: A:square matrix “A’ is said to be unitary, if AA'=A", Properties: (@ Determinant of an unitary matrix will be of unit modulus. i Or (ii) Every row and colamn of an unitary matrix is a normalized unit vector. | (Gt) Any two row and any two cohunn of an unitary matsix are orthogonal ta each other. | (9) IfA, B are unitary matrices, AB and BA are unitary matrices. 2.1.18 Trace of a matrix : ‘Sum of the diagonal elements of the matrix = Tr {A} | Properties: (j) ‘T(AB)=THBA); (ii) Tr(ABC) = T(BCA) = T(CAB) 4 Example-1: If each clement of‘ k xk * square matrix A-can be chosen as a Boolean Variable, then one can construct “M’ number of different combinations of matrix ‘A’. Therefore, “M’ is equal to. @) 2k wy" or @2 Solu. ‘Total number ofelements= 2 Each of the elements can be chosen to be 0 or 1 Le. in? ways 2 ‘Thetefore,entite 4? number of elements can be chosertin 2x2...” times = 2 Example: Giventwo (nan) matrices P and Q suchthat P ishermitianand Q isskew hermitian, Which ‘one of the following combiantions of P and Q is necéssarily a hermitian matrix? (@) PG () BO © P+id @ P16 Soin, (8+i9)' = Pt 4i8Ot =8+(-i)(-6)=P +10 ic. itishermiio,Soln. Soln. MATRICES 12 3 Example-3: Find the adjointof A=|2. -3. 1 3.1 2, fu eae a Adj A=\¢ nq |3 Now,¢,=(-1) mcf ‘ fs es & Similarly €,,=7, €,3=11, €4)°7, C211, €3)°5, €,=11, ¢5,= 5, 6)=-7 S.o7 Adj A=|7 -lL 5 NoS 7 Example-4: [fT is an identity matrix of order ‘n * n’ and adj (21) = 21, then ‘’ isequal to @l (b)2 @rt @n A((adj A) =|AI => (21) (adj 21) =|21| 1 = 2(adj 21)=2"1 = (adj 21) = 2" > k=n-1 Example-5: [f‘A'isa 3x3 matrix with determinant 2, then the determinant of adj.[adj.[adj.(4"')]} is equal 1 ©) 356 ‘£2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: Consider the linear transformation, AX =2X => (A-2DX=0 (i) The values of 4, for which (i) has non zero solution of X (X # 0) is called eigen value/characteristic root! latent root of matrix A and corresponding non-zero solution X is called eigenvector/characteristic vector! [tent vector of matrix A corresponding to that value of Therefore, (A—Al) is called Characteristic matrix of matrix A, |A~ ll is called Characteristic polynomial of matrix A, and |A —Al|=0 is called Characteristic/eigen equation of matrix A. Properties: Sum of the eigenvalues of a matrix = Trace of the Matrix @ Product ofthe eigenvalues ofa matrix = Determinant ofthe matrix Gi Any square matrix A and its transpose have same eigen values (i) If, Ay, ae the eigenvalues of A, then eigenvalues of : |MATRICES (A) KA: Kay, ky (A: AR AP RE... (©) Eigenvalues ofa symmetric matrix and a hermitian matrix are real (04) Eigen values of a skew-symmetric matrix and a skew-hermitian matrix are either zero or purely imaginary (Ga) Eigen values ofan orthogonal matrix and unitary matrix are of unit modus (viEigen values of a diagonal matrix, a upper triangular matrix and a lower triangular matrix are precisely the diagonal elements. (@) Any two eigen vectors comesponding to two distinct eigen values of hermitian matrix and a unitary atx are orthogonal to each other. (8) Bigenvalues of a matric is invariant under sir transformation. (4) Eigenvalues of nilpotent matrix are allo, (i) Bigenvatues of idempotent matrix ae ether ero of unity, (ii) Bigenvalues of a n x n matrix having all elements equal to one, are 1,0,0,0, (xiv) Bigenvalues ofa n x n matrix having rows and columns asa scalar multiple of a particular row and ‘column respectively, are trace,0,0, 2.3. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation. 12 iA 2 Example: [i *J2 It's characteristic equation is JA ~ mneo=[/ ae 0 2Y-6-2)-B=0 2? +5) - 6-80 7 45h 140 ‘Therefore, Matric A satisfies the above equation ie. A? +5A~141=0 Caloulation of the inverse ofthe given matrix Since, A2?+5A=14] 3 ATP 454 4144 => At = H(4+5!) Example-6: Find the characteristic roots ot eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrix. 123 A=|0°2 3 lo 0 2 -2 2 3 Since, |A-aaj=0 5) 2-2 3 [=0 =(1-a)[(2-a)'-0 0 0 2-4 Calculation of eigenvectors: @ heals AX, = AX, fxt2y ody) (x) 9 x 425, 43q=%, > | %+35 fe[n] > 2m 43s By Ms ayeh Solving these equations, we getSoln, MATRICES. x4=0, 420 & let x=k. Therefore, x, =], }=|0 Ba ‘this eigen vector is normalized to unity then, k 1 X{X,=1=> [k' 0 0][0]=1 > |f=lsk=1> % =|0 0 0 (i) A7Ag=2: %,) Let the eigen vector is X, 3] . AX, =AX; y 12 3Yfx, % x,+2x, +35) (2x) > (02 3ial-tel 2x, +3, |=| 2x, (0 0 aly) by 2x) (2x) Sy 42x, 43x, = 2x, itgives,=2x,,- & x%=0 2x, +3x, =2x, 2x, =2x, x) (2k Let =k =x, 22k. X,=|% [=| & x) (0 aps Ifthe eigen vector normalized to unity then, XX, = Istherefore, X,=| /V5 0 \A-al|=0 = 2 =1,3,-2 Eigen values of A= 1, Eigen values of f= 1, 1, 1 Eigenvalue of given expression: 3(1) + 5(1) ~6(1) +201) =4 3(27) + 5(9) - 6(3) + 2(1) = 110 3-8) + 5(4) -6(-2) + 2(1) = 10 SoMATRICES 2 @1.3 O44 Ol (@)-2,-5 Soln. We know that the sum of eigenvalues is the trace of tmatrix. The trace is ~7. Ay tq in (@)=4, (b)=-7, (0) =-5, (@) =-7 ‘Therefore, option (b} and (@) should be considered. And we also know that Product ofthe eigenvalues will be the determinant of matrix. a yh, should be=6 daha in option b)56, @)= 10 Therefore, right answer is (b). Therefore, eigenvalues are=—1,-6 5 2 ErangleThecanontot{ h are Example-9: Iftrace of matrix M of order3 ic 11 andits determinant is 36, then the largest eigenvalue of Ms equal to é @4 6 9 (a2 Soln: Sum ofthe eigenvalues= trace ofthe matrix ie. 2, + A, +43 =11 Product of the eigenvalues determinant ofthe matrix i.e, Aydpds =36 Only the combiantion A, = 6,2, =3,Ay = 2 satisfies the both conditions simultaneously. Example-10: A is 22 matrix having eigenvalues giv’S and gi6 and A" = I. What isthe smallest positive ‘integer value of 0"? Soln. ‘A’ matrix has eigenvalues 5 and gi ‘Therefore, ‘A®” matrix has eigenvalues eiat/S and gin/6 Product of the eigenvalues of A" matrix = gial's+%) ink 60 7 Fe => URE ann 72 TT); therefore the smallest postive integer vale of nis 60 © ‘Example-11: IfM is a nn square matrix satisfying M? M, then det(M)=?? €> ‘Soln. Using Cayley-hamilton theorem, M’-M=0 =32?-A=0 =A(a~-1)=0 SA=01 ¢ det (M) =A dgsrnnnnidhy=0 (Since, one ofthe eigenvalue is zero) & oo 0% & 4 P 00-50 é Example-12: The trace ofa real 4x4 matrix U=exp(A), where A=], is -~ 00 € ° 4 x —— 9 0 e 4 YGy Gi MATRICES @ wi oF @o @2 2 { exo (4) = 144+ Tr[exp(4)] -n{oeinay-of t | Example-13: The eigen values of he matrix M “ali ) are VU i (@) realand positive (b) realand negative nits (©) purely imaginary with modulus | (@) complex number withsnoleeties 1 i 1 i arial Soln, Eigenvalue equation 0 = A?-V2ai-1=0 = a-(itl) Correct optionis (d) | a aa, 44, Examtple-14; What are the number af zero eigenvalues of matrix | aja, a} aya |? aa; aya, ah Soln. For the given matrix, Second row = 2. first row & third row =“ first row a a Therefore, the eigenvalues ofthe matrix ~ trace ofthe matrix, 0,0=(a +a} +a3), 0,0 2.4 Rank of a matrix ‘A natural number ‘is said tobe the rank of the matrix A it has the following properties: (i) There exists atleast one squre sub-matrx of the matrix A of order ‘’ having non-zero determirant. (i) Every square sub-matrix of matrix A of order ‘r + 1’ have zero determinant. i.e, Rank of matrix = order of the largest square sub-matrix of the given matrix having non-vanishing determinant