Calculus 1(Differential Calculus)

Functions, Limits, functional notation, Continuity

Learning Objectives
• Define Functions, Domain and Range and Function notation.
• Evaluate functional notations.
• Sketch graph of the curve of the given function
• Determine whether a function is an odd or even function.
• Define Limits.
• Identify the importance of limits in Calculus
• Compute the limit of a function by approximation
• Identify the limit theorems.
• Compute the limit of a function using limit theorems.
• Define Continuity
• Determine the continuity and discontinuity of a function
Functions, Limits and Continuity
• Functions → When two quantities x and y are related so that for some range of
values of x the value y is determined by that of x, we say that y is a function of x.
For a square with side of length c the area is given by

(1) A=c2 c>0

Other functions:
(2) y= 𝑥 x≥ 0 the square root
(3) y= mx + b the linear polynomial
(4) y= Ax2 + Bx + C the quadratic polynomial
Functions
→ A function is a relationship between two variables such that to each
value of the independent variable there corresponds exactly one value
of the dependent variable
→ Consider y=f(x), which is a relationship between two variables x and
y where f(x) is the independent variable and y is the dependent
variable.
→The of all values assumed by the independent variable is called the
“domain” of the function, and the collection of all values assumed by
the dependent variable is called the “range” of the function.
→ For every value of x corresponds to the value of y.
Example(a)
From the following equations, identify which define functional
relationships between the variable x and y.
a. x+𝑦 2 = 3 c. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 1
b. x+𝑦 = 2 d. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5
Example(a)
Solution: To determine if an equation defines a functional relationship
between its variables, isolate the dependent variable on the left side
and the independent variable on the right side.
Considering “y” as the dependent variable and “x” as the independent
variable, we have.
For a.,
x+𝑦 2 = 3
𝑦2 = 3 − x
y = ± 3 − 𝑥, this is not a function since there are two values of y for
some value of x
Example(a)
For b.,
x+𝑦 = 2
y = 2 - x , this is a function since there is only one value for y for every
values of x.
For c.,
𝑥2 + 𝑦 = 1
y = 1 - 𝑥 2 , this is a function since there is only one value for y for every
values of x.
Example(a)
For d.,
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 5
𝑦2 = 5 − 𝑥2
𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 2 , this is not a function
Example(a)
Considering “x” as the dependent variable and “y” as the independent
variable, we have
x = 3 - 𝑦 2 → this is a function
x = 2 – y → this is a function
x = ± 1 − 𝑦 → this is not a function
x = ± 5 − 𝑦 2 → this is not a function
Example(b)
1
Determine the domain and range for the function defined by y =
𝑥−3
Example(b)
1
Determine the domain and range for the function defined by y =
𝑥−3
Solution:
→The domain is all real numbers x ≠ 3
Example(b)
1
Determine the domain and range for the function defined by y =
𝑥−3
Solution:
→The domain is all real numbers x ≠ 3
→The function has zero denominator when x=3, thus the domain is
restricted to all real numbers except x=3. The range is all real numbers,
y≠0
 →The domain is all real numbers x ≠ 3
For.
1 →The function has zero denominator when x=3, thus the
y = 𝑥−3 domain is restricted to all real numbers except x=3. The range is
all real numbers, y ≠

Y(Range) X(Domain)
1 0
-3
1 1
-2
-1 2
Infinite number 3
Example(c)

Determine the domain and range of the equation y = 𝑥 − 1

 Example(c)

Determine the domain and range of the equation y = 𝑥 − 1

Solution:
→The domain is all real numbers x ≥ 1
→The equation y = 𝑥 − 1 defines y as a function of x. The function
has negative values inside the square root if x ≤ −1 , thus, the domain
of the function is all real numbers greater than or equal to 1. The range
of the function is never negative, therefore the range is all real
numbers y≥ 0

𝑦 = 𝑥−1 𝑥=1 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 𝑥=2 𝑦 = −1 − 1 𝑥 = −1

𝑦 = 1−1 𝑦 = 2−1 𝑦 = −2
𝑦= 0 𝑦= 1 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑦=𝑖 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑦=0 y = ±1
 Example(c)

For.

y= 𝑥−1
Y (Range) X(Domain)
Imaginary number -1
Imaginary number 0
0 1
1 2

𝑦 = 𝑥−1 𝑥=1 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 𝑥=2 𝑦 = −1 − 1 𝑥 = −1

𝑦 = 1−1 𝑦 = 2−1 𝑦 = −2
𝑦= 0 𝑦= 1 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑦=𝑖 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑦=0 y = ±1
Functional Notation
• The equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 is a function where y is the dependent
variable and x is the independent variable. In functional notation, this
equation has the form,
f(X) = 𝑥 2 − 1
Functional notation f(x), which is the dependent variable is read “f of x”
and denoted that f(x) is a function of x
Example

• The following example show how to evaluate functional

notations.
Example (a).
Let f(x) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7. Find f(-2), f(0), f(4), f(-3x) and f(2y).
Solution:
f(-2) = −22 + 3(−2) − 7 = -9
f(0) = 02 + 3 0 − 7 = −7
f(4) = 42 + 3 4 − 7 = 21
f(-3x) =(−3𝑥)2 + 3 −3𝑥 − 7 = 9𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 7
f(2y) =(2𝑦)2 + 3 2𝑦 − 7 = 4𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − 7
 Functional Notation

• The values, f(-2), f(0), f(4), f(-3x) and f(2y) are called functional values, and they lie in the range of f. This means
that the values f(-2), f(0), f(4), f(-3x) and f(2y) are y-values and thus the points (-2,f(-2)), (0,f(0)), (4,f(4)), (-3x,f(-3x)),
and (2y,f(2y)) lie on the graph of f.

Point P @ x and Y
P(x,y)
 Example

• Example (b)
𝜋
Let g(x)=sin 2x – cos x, find g(𝜋), g( ), g(𝜋+x), g(-x) and g(0)
2 From Identities in trigonometry:
Solution: sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛B
g(𝜋)=sin 2 𝜋 – cos 𝜋 = 0 − −1 = 1 cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
g( )=sin 2( ) – cos ( ) = 0 – 0 = 0
2 2 2 sin 2𝜋 = 0 cos 2𝜋 = 1
g(𝜋+x) = sin 2(𝜋+x ) – cos (𝜋+x) = sin (2𝜋+2x ) – cos (𝜋+x) sin 𝜋 = 0
= sin 2𝜋 cos 2x + cos 2𝜋 sin 2x – cos 𝜋 cos x + sin 𝜋 sin x
= 0 + sin 2x – cos x + 0
g(𝜋+x) = sin 2x – cos x
 Example
• Example (b)
𝜋
Let g(x)=sin 2x – cos x, find g(𝜋), g( ), g(𝜋+x), g(-x) and g(0)
2
Solution:
g(−𝑥)=sin 2 (−𝑥) – cos (–x)
g(−𝑥)= - sin 2𝑥 – cos x
g(0)=sin 2(0) – cos(0)
g(0)= -1
 Answer Key
𝑏−𝑏2
If F(b) = , Find F(tan x)
1+𝑏2
Solution:
tan 𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
F(tan x) = , from identities 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
tan 𝑥(1−tan 𝑥) sin 𝑥 1
F(tan x) = , from identities tan x= cos 𝑥, sec x= cos 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
(1− )
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
F(tan x) = 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝐹 tan 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (1 − )
cos 𝑥

F(tan x) = sin x ( cos x – sin x)

END OF PRESENTATION

Thank you….