MTE 3151

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

• Z transform
• Properties
Introduction to Z-Transform
▪ Converts a discrete time signal (sequence of real or complex numbers) into a complex frequency
domain.

▪ Most generalized transform (Fourier transform is a specific case of z-transform).

▪ Applications:
– 1. Used in system designing
– 2. Used to find out stability of a system
– 3. Used to Define Frequency Response of Discrete-Time System
– 4. Used to Solve Difference Equations

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Z-Transform
▪ The Z-transform of the Discrete-Time signal 𝑥[𝑛] is:

where 𝑧 is a complex variable. Writing 𝑧 in polar form we get 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 , where 𝑟 is magnitude and 𝜔 is
angle of 𝑧.

Convergence:
The ZT exists when the infinite sum converges. • Unidirectional Z transform
i.e 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛 is absolutely summable. • Bidirectional Z transform
𝑛=∞

෍ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑟 −𝑛 < ∞ , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑛 = 1

𝑛=−∞
• The range of r for which this condition is satisfied is termed as Region of Convergence(ROC) of ZT.

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▪ For a given signal 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛], calculate the X 𝑧 .

▪ That means z-transform does not converge for all sequences or for all values of z.
▪ The set of values of z for which the z-transform converges is called the region of convergence (ROC).

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A few Examples
▪ Example: Calculate the z-transform and its ROC for 𝑥 𝑛 = 2𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 .
▪ Example: Calculate the z-transform and its ROC for

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A few Examples
▪ Calculate the z-transform and its ROC for 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 + 𝑎−𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1

Here, the combination of ROC is from

The plot of ROC has two conditions as a > 1 and a < 1, as you do
not know a. In this case, there is no combination ROC

Hence for this problem, z-transform is possible when a < 1.

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Properties of ROC of Z-Transform

The region of convergence (ROC) of Z-transform has the following properties −

•The ROC of the Z-transform is a ring or disc in the z-plane centred at the origin.
•The ROC of the Z-transform cannot contain any poles.
•The ROC of Z-transform of an LTI stable system contains the unit circle.
•For x(n)=δ(n), i.e., impulse sequence is the only sequence whose ROC of Z-transform is the entire z-
plane.
•If x(n) is an infinite duration causal sequence, then its ROC is |z|>a, i.e., it is the exterior of a circle of the
radius equal to a.

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Properties of ROC of Z-Transform

•If x(n) is an infinite duration anti-causal sequence, then its ROC is |z|<b, i.e., it is the interior of a circle of
the radius equal to b.
•If x(n) is an infinite duration two-sided sequence, then its ROC is a<|z|<b, i.e., it consists of a ring in the z-
plane, which is bounded on the interior and exterior by a pole and does not contain any poles.
•If x(n) is a finite duration causal sequence (i.e., right-sided sequence), then its ROC is the entire z-plane
except at z = 0.
•If x(n) is a finite duration anti-causal sequence (i.e., left sided sequence), then its ROC is the entire z-plane
except at z=∞
•If x(n) is a finite duration two-sided sequence, then its ROC is the entire z-plane except at z = 0 and z=∞
•The ROC of the sum of two or more sequences is equal to the intersection of the ROCs of these sequences

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ROC Properties
➢If x[n] is a right-sided sequence, then the ROC extends outward from the
outermost pole in X(z).
Ex. 𝑥 𝑛 = 2𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 ,
ROC: |z|>|2|

➢If x[n] is a left-sided sequence, then the ROC extends inward from the innermost
pole in X(z).
Ex. −3𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1
ROC: |z|<|3|

➢If x[n] is a two-sided sequence, the ROC will be a ring in the z-plane that is
bounded on the interior and exterior by a pole.
Ex. 𝑥 𝑛 = 2𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 − 3𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1
ROC: |2| < |z|<|3|

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Calculate the Z transform of the finite duration signals given

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 X(z)

From the example for the right-handed exponential sequence, the first term in
this sum converges for |z| > 1/2, and the second for |z| > 1/3. The combined
transform X(z) therefore converges in the intersection of these region namely
when |z| > ½.

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Properties of Z transform

Time Scaling 𝑥[𝑛/𝑚] 𝑋[𝑧 𝑚 ] ROC = 𝑅1/𝑚

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Properties of Z-T:

▪ If the z-transform of 𝑥 𝑛 is 𝑋 𝑧 , and denoted by the following relation is given:

𝑥𝑛 ↔𝑋 𝑧 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥

1. Linearity: The z-transform of a linear combination of two sequence is given by:

𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑦 𝑛 ↔ 𝑎𝑋(𝑧) + 𝑏𝑌(𝑧), ROC contains (𝑅𝑥 ∩ 𝑅𝑦 )

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 1 𝑛 3 𝑛
Calculate the z-transform and ROC of the signal 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 − 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1
2 2
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
Calculate the z-transform and ROC of the signal y 𝑛 = 𝑢𝑛 − 𝑢𝑛
4 2

Then what will be the z-transform and ROC of the signal g 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + y 𝑛

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Properties of Z-T:
▪ If the z-transform of 𝑥 𝑛 is 𝑋 𝑧 , and denoted by the following relation is given:
𝑥𝑛 ↔𝑋 𝑧 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥

2. Time Shifting:

𝑥 𝑛 −𝑛0 ↔ 𝑧 −𝑛0 𝑋(𝑧), 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅 , except possibly at z=0 or |z|=∞

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Problem: 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑢[𝑛 − 2], calculate the X 𝑧 .

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3. Time Scaling

𝑛
𝑥𝑛 ↔𝑋 𝑧 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅 then 𝑥 ↔ 𝑋[ 𝑧 𝑚 ], 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅1/𝑚
𝑚
𝑛/𝑚 = 𝑘
𝑛 = 𝑘𝑚
𝑛
𝑥 ↔ 𝑋′ 𝑧
𝑚
∞
𝑛 −𝑛
෍ 𝑥 𝑧
𝑚
𝑛=−∞

𝑋 ′ 𝑧 = σ∞ −𝑚𝑘 = σ∞ 𝑚 −𝑘 = 𝑋[ 𝑧 𝑚 ] , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅1/𝑚

𝑘=−∞ 𝑥[𝑘] 𝑧 𝑘=−∞ 𝑥 𝑘 (𝑧 )

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4. Time reversal

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5. Scaling of Z:

6. Convolution

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6. Differentiation in z-domain

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8. Initial value Theorem
𝑥 𝑛 ↔𝑋 𝑧

𝑥 𝑛 |𝑛=0 = 𝑥 0 = lim 𝑋[𝑧]

𝑧→∞
Condition, 𝑥 𝑛 = 0; 𝑛 < 0
Ex.
𝑧 (1−3Τ2𝑧 −1 )
𝑥𝑛 = 7(1Τ3)𝑛 u[n] - 6(1Τ2)𝑛 u[n]↔ (1−1Τ3𝑧 −1 )(1−1Τ2𝑧 −1 )

Proof: 𝑋 𝑧 = σ∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑧
−𝑛

σ∞
𝑛=0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 −2 + . . .

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑋[𝑧]= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 −2 + . . . = 𝑥[0]

𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞

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Final Value theorem

𝑥 𝑛 |𝑛=∞ = 𝑥 ∞ = lim { 1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑋 𝑧 }
𝑧→1
Conditions, (i) 𝑥 𝑛 = 0; 𝑛 < 0
(ii) 1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑋 𝑧 should have poles inside unit circle of z-plane

Questions
𝑧 −1 (1−𝑧 −4 )
1. The Z transform of a signal is given by 𝐶 𝑧 = . Its final value is ………..
4(1−𝑧 −1 )2

(1+𝑧 −1 )
2. The Z transform of a signal is given by X 𝑧 = 1 . Its initial and final values
(1−2𝑧 −1 )(1+3𝑧 −1 )
are…………

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