MonCAST

Monkayo College of Arts, Sciences and Technology

Academic Year 2023-2024 – Second Semester

COURSE CODE: SSE 112

COURSE TITLE: Asian Studies

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course examines the development perspectives in Asian countries, cultures, and values
as well as issues and challenges, historical roots, and Asian responses. Also, this is designed to
enable students to make comparative study of Asian societies.

COURSE UNITS: 3 Units

COURSE OUTCOMES:
1. Explain the concept of Asia from the point of view of Asians;
2. Discuss the significance of Asia’s environment and natural resources to Asian’s way of life;
3. Analyze how human resources contribute towards improving the economy and the present
society based on development indicators;
4. Analyze the role of language development in shaping Asian culture.
5. Describe the important events in the lives of ancient Asians during the cultural evolution;
6. Express admiration for the great personalities of the civilizations that developed in the
different regions of Asia;
7. Show respect for differences in religion and philosophy among Asians;
8. Give importance to the role played by women in promoting and preserving Asian values;
9. Relate the legacy of ancient Asians to the present time;
10. Examine the reasons behind and the methods of Western colonialism and imperialism in
Asia
11. Determine the implications of colonialism and imperialism on the way of life of Asians;
12. Explain the events that paved the way for the emergence and development of nationalism
in Asia;
13. Discuss the relationship of the different political ideologies of Asian countries;
14. Determine what customs and roles of Asian families have changed and what remained
the same; and
15. Value the Asian contributions in the fields of humanities and sports.
Introduction
Hi! Welcome to Module 4. In this module, you are going to explore
the different civilizations that flourished in the Ancient South Asian and
Southeast Asian regions. Also, you are going to meet the different leaders,
ways of living, and contributions that existed in this ancient time.

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Describe the political, social, and cultural aspects of the lives of

Ancient Asians in the South Asia and Southeast Asia;
2. Discuss the important events which shaped each empires and
civilizations in the Ancient South Asia and Southeast Asia; and
3. Appreciate the capability of Asians in the Ancient South Asia and
Southeast Asia to establish unique civilizations.

Try This!
Instructions: If you were given the opportunity to build an empire, what would its
characteristics be? From the item inside the box, choose five that will be the focus
of the empire that you will establish. Write them inside the circles in the palace.
 Analysis
Instructions: After establishing your empire from the activity, you are to ponder the
following questions.

1. Which item is your first choice? Why would you prioritize this?
2. What are the importance of the items you have chosen in building a strong
empire?

Abstraction

One of the cradles of

civilization can be found in South
Asia. This is the Indus valley
Civilization, which includes the twin
cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
The rich history of the region
continued when the Aryans rose to
power until the three great empires of
South Asia were founded- Maurya,
Gupta, and Mughal.

After the cities of Harappa

and Mohenjo-Daro gained
predominance in the Indus river
valley, a new group of people
came to South Asia. They were the
Aryans, and they established an
organized way of life and
provided a strong influence in the
region. The episodic organizer
shows the important events in
South Asia from the time the
Aryans arrived until the empires
were founded in India.
ARYAN SUPREMACY
The Arrival of the Aryans At around 2000 B.C.E., the Indo-European-
speaking Aryans left their homeland in Siberia and the steppe region north of
the Caucasus. The Caucasus are mountains between the Black Sea and the
Caspian Sea. Some Aryans travelled westward towards Europe. Others went to
the southern portion of Asia until they reached the plains of northern India. In
India, the Aryans instituted new political and social systems.

Their excellent fighting skills made them successful in their military

campaigns and conquests. Between 1500 and 1000 B.C.E., they occupied the
entire Indus Valley up to the plains of Ganges and the Deccan Plateau. They
were able to conquer the Dravidians, a group of people believed to be the
ancestors of ancient Harappan.

As time passed, the Aryans developed a system of writing called the

Sanskrit. This paved the way for the writing of one of the most important Aryan
books, the Vedas.

The Vedas
The Vedas contained ancient data and information on the lives of Aryans
in India. It described the lives of the people in South Asia during the time of the
warring kingdoms, and the alliances among the ethnolinguistic groups between
1500 and 400 B.C.E. The events and traditions that are described in the Vedas
are considered part of the Vedic Period in the history of India.

Hindu Society
One of the influences which shaped the lives of Aryans and the natives of
ancient India was Hinduism. In Hindu society, people are grouped by what is
known as a caste system.
 There is a group of people in Indian society who are not considered
members of any caste. They are called dalit or untouchables. It is believed that
they were once prisoners of war, criminals, or members of a small ethnolinguistic
groups. The untouchables were not allowed to interact with members of the
castes. Because of this, they were called outcaste. Usually, they performed dirty
jobs such as cleaning and embalming corpses.

Influence of Buddhism and Jainism

During the sixth century B.C.E., a new faith emerged in northern India. It
rivaled Hinduism in influence as a religion. It was called Buddhism, and it was
based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, also known as “Buddha.”
Many of Buddha's teachings appealed to the ancient people of India and
enticed them to become followers of Buddhism. Among these teachings are the
Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. Buddha's followers also believed that
a person can attain nirvana or eternal bliss within only one lifetime. This meant
that one need not go through reincarnation or the cycle of death and rebirth in
order to attain nirvana.

Mahavira and Jainism

While Buddhism has gained popularity, so did the teachings of Mahavira
(also known as Vardhamana), a contemporary of Buddha. It was not long
before a new religion based on the teachings of Mahavira was born - Jainism.
Some natives of India embraced Jainism because it promoted the respect for
all kinds of creatures.

Its followers also believed that all our actions have respective
consequences. After one millennium, Jainism became popular in central and
northern India, but did not become as widespread as Hinduism and Buddhism.

The mountain ranges on the northern and western side of South Asia, such
as the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush, did not deter foreigners from going to
India.

Around 600 B.C.E., India was divided into rival kingdoms. This made it easy
for Persia to conquer South Asia. At the time of Cyrus the Great and Darius I, the
natives of India, were required to pay taxes, but Indian leaders were allowed to
remain in their positions.
 After 200 years, the combined Greek and Macedonian forces, under the
leadership of Alexander the Great, occupied the Indus Valley. The Greeks did
not stay long in the region because Alexander's men refused to extend their
invasion to the plains of Ganges. During the whole period of foreign occupation
in India, none of the conquerors were able to unite the rival kingdoms of the
Indian peninsula.

Maurya Empire
After Alexander's reign, a kingdom led by Chandragupta Maurya rose to
power. He successfully founded the first empire in South Asia, the Maurya Empire.
Its capital was Pataliputra located in northern India.

The Maurya Empire had a strong, centralized government. Chandragupta

maintained control by strengthening his troops. He divided the empire into
provinces that were managed by governors. Most of the governors he
appointed were either his relatives or his military leaders.

In order to facilitate the implementation of the king's orders, the provinces

were further divided into smaller units or districts. Just like in the provinces, the
heads of the districts were people close to Chandragupta. During
Chandragupta's-time, the-empire's economy flourished. There was active trade,
reaching Persia and China. He also had roads constructed, and instituted a
postal service system which facilitated communication throughout the empire.
Chandragupta renounced his throne to his son, Bindusara. After Bindusara's
reign, Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka Maurya (or Ashoka the Great)
assumed leadership .During his time, Indian civilization gained prominence.

Like his father and grandfather, Ashoka was a cruel leader. He continued
the violent invasions, as well as the execution of conquered natives. This made
it easy for Ashoka to appropriate a large part of South Asia for his empire.
His violent ways changed when he successfully conquered the kingdom of
Kalinga. In 262 B.C.E., Ashoka's troops marched to Kalinga, on the south border
of the Maurya Empire. A bloody battle in Kalinga claimed the lives of many and
brought Ashoka intense grief. After this battle, Ashoka turned his back on
violence and sought to lead the empire with kindness and reason.

Ashoka became a good follower of Buddhism. He put Buddha's teachings

into action by shunning violence and leading a virtuous life. He sent Buddhist
missionaries to different communities to spread the teachings of Buddha.
He also ordered the construction of stone pillars which featured what proper
conducts are according to Buddha.
 After Ashoka's death in 232 B.C.E., the Maurya Empire weakened. The
empire completely collapsed when the last Mauryan leader was killed by one
of his military officials. Because of this,India was once again divided in 184 B.C.E.
and some leaders established small kingdoms in South Asia.
Gupta Empire
In 320 C.E., a new kingdom emerged in the middle valley of Ganges in
India. This was where Chandra Gupta I established the Gupta Empire. Its capital
was a former city of Maurya, Pataliputra. Chandra Gupta I, gained more
prominence in the Ganges region when he forged alliances with the ruling
families of the region.

Chandra Gupta I was succeeded by his son, Sumadra Gupta, as king of

the Gupta Empire. By occupying neighboring lands, he expanded the empire's
territory during his reign. Its strong political power made Gupta a great empire
like Maurya.

In 375 C.E., Chandra Gupta II became king. His reign became known in
history as the “Golden Age of India." Peace and prosperity reigned in the Gupta
Empire's territory for 200 years. These enabled the development of science and
literature in the empire. One prominent Sanskrit poet in this period was Kalidasa.
His works were an assortment of plays and poetry that were based on the Hindu
Puranas. He is hailed as the greatest Sanskrit poet and dramatist.

The peaceful and prosperous life of the Indians during the Gupta Empire
came to an end. In the last years of the fifth century C.E., the empire grew
weaker because of successive attacks of the nomadic Hun from northwestern
India. Upon the death of Harsa, a military official that ruled Gupta, the empire's
collapse could no longer be stopped.

Mughal Empire
By the end of 15th century C.E., South Asia was divided into small Hindu
and Muslim kingdoms. The Muslim influence reached the region via two ways:
conquest and trade.
Around 1200, the Turks came to India and established a sultanate that
lasted for almost 200 years. Since its capital was Delhi, this kingdom was known
as the Delhi Sultanate. At the start of the 16th century, a new group of Muslim
warriors crossed the Khyber Pass to go to northern India. These Muslims were
known as the Mughal (or Mogul). During this time, India was once again united
under a new empire, the Mughal Empire.

Apart from Shah Jahan's failures, drought and famine affected the lives of
Indians in the empire. In the middle of 1650, Shah Jahan became seriously ill. This
prompted a power struggle among his sons. One of them, Aurangzeb,
sentenced his brother to death and had their father imprisoned. In 1658, he
proclaimed himself as the new leader.
 The unfair treatment experienced by the
Hindus and other non-Muslims resulted in
rebellions against Aurangzeb. By the 18th
century, internal strife and foreign intervention
in the empire caused great apprehensions.
Aside from these, the centralized government
also grew weaker because of a power struggle
among Aurangzeb's relatives, which
eventually led to the eruption of civil wars in
India. In the middle of the 18th century, when
the Mughal Empire was divided between
warring Hindus and Muslims, political influence
from the West began to manifest in India.
 The progress of ancient communities in Southeast Asia paved way for the
establishment of civilizations and empires in the region.

The empires of Southeast Asia-from the Malay Peninsula to the archipelagos of

the region- have left a distinct Asian mark. This was due to the equally unique ways of
living of the natives who established the region's civilizations. This is evident in the
images shown below: Angkor Wat in Cambodia and the Borobudur in Indonesia.

The strategic geographical location of Southeast Asia was a key factor in the
establishment of progressive communities in different parts of the region. Over time,
the Asians who lived here successfully built unique empires that became well-known
in the history of the world.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA

Southeast Asia is located south of China and east of India. The region is made
up of 11 countries in two geographical regions: continental Southeast Asia and
archipelagic Southeast Asia. Continental Southeast Asia is connected to mainland
Asia. It includes Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and parts of Malaysia.
Archipelagic South-east Asia is composed of more than 20,000 islands lying between
the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. It includes the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore,
Brunei, East Timor, and part of Malaysia in the island of Borneo.

Southeast Asia has a tropical climate. Many of the countries here have fertile
lands that are suitable for farming, as well as vast tropical rainforests. The climate is
warm, and there is abundant rainfall. Because of the region's ideal climate and its
strategic location relative to other regions, many people migrate here. Trade also
flourished between the natives of the region and the people who lived in its peripheral
regions in Asia, such as the Chinese and Indians.

CIVILIZATION IN VIETNAM

Vietnam is located east of Cambodia and Laos, and south of China. Because
of Vietnam's proximity to, and political connections with China, Vietnamese were
greatly influenced by Chinese culture. At around 100 C.E., the Han Dynasty occupied
North Vietnam.

Because of the Chinese influence, the teachings of Confucianism, Taoism, and

Buddhism became part of the lives of the Vietnamese. They also adopted the Chinese
way of writing, as well as their government system. Just like in China, those who wished
to work for the Vietnamese government were required to take a civil service
examination. However, despite these Chinese influences, the Vietnamese were able
to preserve certain aspects of their native culture. One of these is animism, or the belief
that spirits reside in living and non-living things. They built spirit houses called dinh. Each
community had a dinh for the tbanb boang or the spirit that took care of them.

Vietnam was directly ruled by China for almost 1,000 years. When the Tang
Dynasty of China weakened, the Vietnamese sought independence. Under the
leadership of Ngo Quyen, they fought the Chinese. The Vietnamese triumphed in the
Battle of Bach Dang River. This enabled them to build their independent kingdom in
939 under the Ly Dynasty. Its capital was Hanoi, located in the Red River Delta. When
the Mongols came to power, they attempted to conquer Vietnam three times.
However, the Mongols failed.
CIVILIZATION IN CAMBODIA

Cambodia is surrounded by Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. To its south is the Gulf
of Thailand. Cambodia was the center for the Khmer civilization, one of the most
powerful civilizations in Southeast Asia.

Khmer Empire
In 802 C.E., the Khmer Empire was
established in Cambodia. Its capital was Angkor.
By the 12th century, the Khmer reached the
height of its power. The empire's territory was
composed of present-day Laos, Thailand, and
Vietnam. Farming was the primary means of
livelihood in the empire. The leaders built an
efficient irrigation system for agricultural
purposes, and they were able to harvest three
kinds of rice.

The Hindus of India had a great influence on Khmer. The Hindu system of writing,
religion, traditions, and rituals became part of the way of living in the Khmer Empire.
Khmer leaders believed that they were the Hindu gods in human form. Hindu influence
was also evident in the architectural designs of structure and buildings in the empire.
The magnificent Hindu temple of Angkor Wat is located in Cambodia. Suryavarman II
had this temple built in the 12th century as an offering to the Hindu god, Vishnu. The
name “Angkor Wat” means “temple of the capital.”

Because of the vast land area covered by Angkor Wat, it is considered as the
biggest religious structure in the world. Its walls are carved with images of Hindu gods.
In the middle of the temple is a sanctuary with a height of 130 feet. This temple still
stands in present-day Cambodia.

The construction of grand edifices and financing on big projects used up the
Khmer Empire's funds. Aside from this, battles between Khmer leaders and nearby
kingdoms became frequent. The invasion by Thai warriors on the city of Angkor in the
middle of the 15th century led to the downfall of the empire.

CIVILIZATION IN MYANMAR

Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, is located in the western part of Southeast

Asia. Since the country is nearest to India, the natives of Myanmar were exposed to
Indian culture.
 Two groups of people were the first to migrate and settle in Myanmar: the Mon
and the Tibeto-Burman people. Between 200 B.C.E. and 100 C.E., these two groups
had a large part of Myanmar nearly occupied. The Mon settled in the southern part of
the country, while the Tibeto-Burmans stayed in the river valley of Irrawady.

At the start of the 6th century, the Tibeto-Burmans grew stronger and built a
kingdom. Its capital was called Pagan. Because of the various Buddhist temples and
monasteries built in different parts of the capital, Pagan became a center for
Buddhism.

In the 13th century, Kublai Khan led the Mongols in their campaign to occupy
Pagan. The Burmans were forced to move to the southern part of Myanmar. They were
not able to build another strong kingdom until the 16th century.

CIVILIZATION IN THAILAND

Thailand was a cradle of kingdoms and empires in Southeast Asia. A large part
of the country lies in the Malay Peninsula. It is surrounded by Laos, Cambodia,
Malaysia, and Myanmar.

The country is made up of the Thai race, which originated from South China and
migrated to the Malay Peninsula in eighth century C.E. Two kingdoms were founded
in Thailand: Sukhothai and Ayutthaya.

Kingdom of Sukhothai
Established in 1238, the Sukhothai
Kingdom was the first kingdom in Thailand. It
lasted for almost 140 years. The word
sukbotai means “dawn of happiness.”

One of the prominent leaders of Sukhothai was Ramkhamhaeng,

who ruled the kingdom from 1275 to 1317. During his reign, Sukhothai
became the center for knowledge and the arts. He developed a system
of writing based on the Khmer script. Ramkhamhaeng embraced
Buddhism and had many Buddhist temples built. Thus, Ramkhamhaeng's
reign was considered Thai's golden age.

After Ramkhamhaeng's death, Sukhothai weakened. In 1350, a

prince named Ramathibodi overthrew the last leader of Sukhothai and
established a new kingdom, Ayutthaya.
Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Ayudhaya)
Ramathibodi, also known as U-thong established the Ayutthaya Kingdom in
1350. It was named after the city of Ayodhya in India where Rama (of the epic poem
Ramayana) was born. Bangkok, Thailand's present-day capital and is located in the
southern part of Sukhothai (north of Chao Phraya River), became the kingdom's
capital.

Ayutthaya reigned for more than 400 years and was ruled by 33 kings. During this
time, it had a control over a vast portion of Southeast Asia, including parts of Myanmar
and the Malay Peninsula. Like Sukhothai, Ayutthaya became a center for Buddhist
culture. Trade in the kingdom flourished because of its efficient exchange of products
with China and other kingdoms in the region. In 1765, Ayutthaya was attacked by a
troop of 40,000 Burmese. Two years later, the kingdom completely collapsed.

CIVILIZATION IN THAILAND
Strong empires and kingdoms were also founded in Indonesia. Because of the
country’s strategic location, Indonesia served as a bridge for trade between East Asia
and South Asia. Trade ships carrying products from India, Persia, and West Asia passed
through the Strait of Malacca on their way to China.

Srivijaya Empire
The Srivijaya Empire was established in Indonesia, specifcally on the island of
Sumatra. Its center was Palembang. The empire lasted from the sixth to the 13th
century. In the book Zhufan Zhi by Chinese author Zhao Rugua, Srivijaya was identified
as one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in South-east Asia. The book
further states that the empire had 15 colonies.

The empire also became a religious center. It embraced Buddhism, and

Palembang attracted Chinese Buddhists who were making their pilgrimages to India.
From Sumatra, Srivijaya's territory expanded to Java and the region near the Strait of
Malacca. Gaining control over the Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait was significant,
because this entailed Srivijaya's control over sea trade. The empire was able to
establish trading relations not just with other parts of Indonesia, but with China and
India as well. Because of this, Srivijaya became a maritime, and commercial empire.

Attacks from foreign pirates and changes in trade routes caused Srivijaya's
power to wane. Instead of the old route through the Strait of Malacca, more ships took
the route passing through the Strait of Sunda, between the islands of Sumatra and
Java.
Sailendra Dynasty
During the peak of Srivijaya's power, the most
famous leaders of Central Java were the Sailendras, which
in Sanskrit means “Lord of the Mountains.” Like Srivijaya, the
Kingdom of Sailendra embraced Buddhism. One of the
legacies of this kingdom was the Buddhist monument
called Borobudur.

Borobudur, which can be found in central Java, is the biggest Buddhist temple
in the whole world. Borobudur is a Sanskrit word meaning “Buddhist monastery on top
ofa hill.”It is believed to have been constructed between the eighth and ninth century
C.E., and is 300 years older than Angkor Wat. UNESCO declared it a World Heritage
Site in 1991.

Majapahit Empire
Majapahit began as a kingdom of Indian influence. It emerged from the east of
Java and reigned between the 13th and 16th century. In 1293, the empire expanded
its territory by gaining power over territories that were once under the Srivijaya Empire
and other small kingdoms.

Through the Majapahit War, the Majapahit were able to seize power from
Srivijaya. Toward the end of the 14th century, Majapahit occupied western Borneo,
southern Celebes Island (now Sulawesi), and the Moluccas. The empire's power
expanded to the Malay Peninsula. Southeast Asian states paid tributes to the empire.
At this point, the Majapahit reached the peak of its power under the leadership of a
minister named Gajah Mada.

At the end of the 15th century, the Majapahit Empire was faced with several
challenges which can be attributed for its decline. For instance, the number of
commercial vessels that were being seized by pirates increased. Only Malacca, a port
separating Sumatra from the Malay Peninsula, was spared from these attacks. Aside
from this, the continuing expansion of the Chinese empire, led by Admiral Zheng He,
also interfered in the empire's political affairs.

Another contributing factor was the civil war of 1405 to 1406 between Prince
Wikramawardhana from the west, and his cousin Bhre Wirabhumi from the East. This
was followed by successions of ineffectual rulers, and a three-year kingless period.
Two final challenges led to the Majapahit Empire’s collapse-the rise of Malacca and
the spread of a new face in the region, Islam. Majapahit was not overthrown by foreign
invaders, but by the Javanese who embraced Islam. In 1528, the Muslim Javanese
seized control over the capital of Majapahit, forcing the king's family to retreat to Bali.
CIVILIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Even before the arrival of Westerners, development was evident in the way of living of
ancient Filipinos. Their lives revolved around what they called a barangay. The arrival of
Malays in boats known as balangay prompted the formation of these developed
communities.
The barangay was the political and social system of the ancient Filipinos. During this
time, each barangay was a free and independent state with its own head, known as the datu.
Different barangays had their own set of laws. However, their laws have similarities in some
aspects.

Ancient Philippine Society

According to the
account of Fr. Juan de
Plasencia, a Franciscan
friar, aside from the native
leader called the datu,
ancient Philippine society in
the Tagalog region was
divided into three groups:
the nobility, the
commoners, and the
slaves.
In the Visayas, the
ancient Filipinos were
divided into three groups:
the leaders, or datu; the
timawa or common
people; (the equivalent of
the Tagalog nobility); and
the alipin or oripuen
(oripun), meaning slaves.
The ancient Filipinos'
primary means of livelihood
was farming. Because of
good climate and
adequate rainfall, it was
productive to plant rice,
root crops, and other
agricultural products. Since
the country was
surrounded by different
bodies of water, fishing was
also a common means of
livelihood.
 After some time, trade flourished between ancient Filipinos
and foreign merchants from nearby places. These included the
Chinese, Arabs, Japanese, and Indians. This also resulted in foreign
influences on the culture of ancient Filipinos.
By the 12th century, Muslim communities started developing in the
southern part of the Philippines. Islam reached some parts of Luzon
and Visayas. Muslim leaders established a sultanate, and called its
leader, the sultan.

The development of sultanates in Mindanao paved the way

for Muslim influences to be accepted in the country. Some of these
influences were the arabesque architecture of mosques, the
calendar, the sarimanok of the Maranaos, guhit okir of the Tausugs,
and Muslim musical instruments. Most significantly, Islam spread
throughout the country as an instrument for the unity of all Muslim
communities.

The lives of ancient Filipinos were marked by development,

peace, and freedom, until the Spanish conquerors arrived in the
16th century.

Application: Google Quiz

Instructions: The quiz is compose of True or False type and Essay type of tests.
Carefully read and understand each of the questions and provide
the answers needed.
PART 1.
1. The Vedas contain the traditions and events in India during the Vedic Period.
2. The Aryans did not consider other groups of people in India as their equals.
3. Aurangzeb did not tolerate religions in India other than Islam.
4. Jahangir, Akbar, and Chandragupta Maurya were the leaders of Mughal Empire.
5. Untouchables belong to the lowest caste in Indian Society.
6. Jainism developed from the teachings of Mahavira Vardhamana.
7. Chandra Gupta I led India to its Golden Age.
8. The Golden Age of India ended when Asoka died in 232 BCE.
9. Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the Taj Mahal.
10. Southeast Asia is rich in natural resources such as tropical rainforest, forest resources, crops,
minerals and sea.
11. Southeast Asians were able establish progressive communities and empires even before the
arrival of the Europeans.
12. The word “barangay” came from the Malay balangay, which means “sailboat”.
13. Southeast Asia consists of two geographical parts: Continental Southeast Asia and
Archipelagic Southeast Asia.
14. The highest-ranking leader of the ancient barangay in the Philippines is called datu.
15. Borobudur is a Hindu temple considered to be the biggest religious structure in the world.
16. Capital of the Tibeto-Burma kingdom which became a center of Buddhism is Tibet.
17. In the Philippines, a sultanate was first founded in Mindanao.
18. Ly Dynasty reigned in Vietnam in 939 having Hanoi as its capital.
19. China is considered to be the biggest country in Southeast Asia.
20. In 802 BCE, the Khmer Empire was established in Cambodia having Angkor as its capital.

PART 2.
1. If given a chance to live in a certain Philippine society, would you live in the Ancient
Philippine Society or in the Present Philippine Society? Elaborate your choice.

Closure

Congratulations for completing Module 4!

“The key to success is to focus on goals, not on obstacles”