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Extreme Math 1
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Extreme mee) - MATHEMATICS Smit GRAD Se itTable of Contents Unit One: Further on Relation and Function - Revision on relation - Inverse of relation - Function ... ~ Modulus function. - Signum function .. - Greatest Integer function , - Classification of function... - Review exercise for Unit one... Unit Two: Rational function - Simplification of rational function... - Decomposition of rational function . ~ Graph of rational function, ~ Solved problem.......... Unit Three: Coordinate Geometry - Equation of straight line. ~ Parabola ..... - Solved problem Unit Four: Mathematical Reasoning ~ Logi ee ____- Arguments and Validit Unit Five: Statistics and Probability - Frequency distribution . ~ Measure of Location. ~ Quartile, Decile and Percentile ~ Permutation and combination - Probability... _ - Solved problem Unit Six: Matrices and Determinants ~ Matrices .. a ~ Inverse of a square matrix ~ Systems of equations - Solved problem... - Vectors and ~ Transformation of th Solved problem.. © planeeUnit Eight: The set of complex nampor - ~ Operation on complex number... - Complex conjugate and modulus - Principal argument of z i - Solved problem... : Further on trigonome! Xt yi, function - Graph of y= csex, y= secx and y= care - Inverse of trigonometric function : - Solving trigonometric equation - Application, solving triangle, - Solved problem... Unit Ten: Sequence and Series ~ Sequence - Arithmetic sequence . : - Sigma notation and partial sum of A.P - Geometric sequence - Infinite series .. - Solved problem Unit Eleven: Introduction to limit and continuity - Limits of sequence of number .. - Limits of function ... - One side limit .. 7 7 - Limit of piece wise defined function ~ Limit involving greatest integer function - Limit involving radical - Limit involving absolute value - Limit of exponential function Non-existence of limits Infinite limit and vertical asymptote. ... - Limit at infinity and horizontal asymptote, - Continuity of function ... 5 - One side continuity... - Solved problem. - Review exercise . Unit Twelve Introduction to Differential calculus "Introduction to derivative - Derivative of a function - Differentiability at point .. - Differentiability over interval .. - Fundamental techniques of differentiation. ~ The chain rule seeeeesessnsnes AGL 489yr - The nth derivative _- Supplementa Exercise ‘Unit Thirteen Application of derivative ~ Extreme values of function - Minimization and maximization problem ~ Solved problem - Review exercis Unit Fourteen introduction to integral calculus -Integration as reverse process. Techniques of integration .... -Definite integral (area, and fundamental theorem of calculuy -Application of integral calculus . -lilustrative. Unit Fifteen three dimensional Geometry ~ Coordinate axes and coordinate plane in three dimen - Coordinate of a point - Distance between two points in space - Equation of sphere . ~ Answer Keys .......... EVYouTube ruiealo,1) vet i H1 Unit One: Revivien on Relations UNIT ONE evision on Relations Definition: A relation is a set whose elements are ordered pairs. * _ Relation the way things are related, Usually we use relating phrase like: “is smaller than” “is greater than” “is multiple of* “is factor of” “is father of”... etc Definition: If A and B are sets then a relation R from A to B is any subset of A x Bifand only ifR CAxB Definition: If R is relation from A to A, then R is relation on A. Le.RCAKA Let R be relation from A to B. Then * Domain of R = {x ER: (x, y) € R, for some y < B} * Range of R = fye B: (x, y) e R, forsome x € A} Inverse of a relation Let R be a relation from A to B. The inverse of R, denoted by R” is relation from B to A, given by: R' = {(y, x(x, y) € R}. s__ Note: (x,y) €R=>(y,x) eR! Tiustrative Example 1. LetA= {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7, 8} B= {2, 4, 6, 8} If R is relation from A to B such that: R = {x y): y= 2x —4} Then: i)a) List all elements of relation R b) Find the domain and range of relation R. c) List all elements of R™ i d) Domain and range of R” Sefution: We know that RC AxB => x € A andy € B satisfies the relation R= {(x, y):y = 2x -- 4} Letx=lLeA>y=2(1)-4=2¢B “(,2¢R Letx=2e¢A>y=2(2) 0¢B (1,2) ¢R Letx=3e€A>y=2(3)-4=2€B “ B,2ER2 Unit Cue: Rewivi ion 2 ~ Lex=4eA>y=24)-4=4eB “Ade Letx=5 €A>y=2(5)-4=6 EB Goer | Leax=6¢A=py=26)-4=8EB 68 eR | Letx=7TEASy=2A7)-4=10EB (7,1 eR | Letx=8eA=>y=2(8)-4=122B 8,12) eR | a) Thus, all elements of R from A to B ts R= {(3, 2). 4, 4) (5, 6), (6, 8)} b) Domain of R = (3,4, 5, 6} Range of R= {2,4,6,8} c) All element of R from B to A Le. R'= (2,3), 4, 6), (6, 5), 8, 0)} ¥ > x then solve for y 4) Domain of R” = 2, 4, 6, 8} = RES txpy Range of R= {2, 4, 6. 8} = Guy): Range of R" = {3, 4, 5, 6} = Domain of R= {3, 4, 5, 6} Solve for y 2. Let A = the set of natural number. IfR is relation from A to A such that R = {(x, y): 2x + y= 10} then a) find all elements of R b) find the domain and range of R ©) find R" d) find the domain and range of R" Solution: We know Rc AxA => x © Aandy « A, satisfies the relation R= {(x,y): 2x + y = 10} a)Letx=leA=> eA>(1,8)eER Letx=2e€A>y=6c6€A5(2,6)ER Let eA> eA>G,4eER Letx=4eASy=26A3(42eR Letx=SeA>y=0¢A Because 0 is not natural number “G,OeR Hence R = {(1, 8), (2, 6), (3, 4), (4, 2)} b) domain = {1, 2, 3.4} range of R= (2.4.6. 8! call elements of R* = {(2, 4),(4,3),(6,2),(8,1)} d) domain of R" = (2, 4, 6, 8} = Range of R IN Domain of R. _ | Note: R= {(y, x): 2x + y= 10} = f(x,y): x +23 Explanation To find the inverse of p Interchange x and y xy . Iving for y = {(xy): y= 5 - i. ; 23 Unit One: Revision on Rekations 3. IEA = 10,1.2.3,4, 5} = {0, 1, 2,3, 4} and R is a relation from A to B such that R= {(%,y):y = Vx—1 then what is the range of R$ A. {12,5} C. {0,1,V2,V3,2} B. — {0, 1, 2} D. 0,1, 2,3} Solution: RC AXB =>x © A and y & B satisfies the relation R= {(,y): pevx-1 eat Letx=0¢AS>y= JO-1=J-ieBR © Letx=lLeA=>ys= V¥1—-]=0cB (0,0 R>(0, eR! e Letx=2eA>y=VJ2-]=1eB “Q2,)eER =(1,2)eR" ¢ Letx=3 cA>y=\3-]=/2¢8 + BV2)¢R=> (2,3) eR" e Letx=4eA>y=V4-l=\3 eR (4.V3)¢R>W3,4) eR" ° Letx=5eA>y=V5-1=268 +.(5,2) € R => (2,5)e Rt ©. Element of R= {(1, 0),(2, 1).(5, 2)} +. Element of R™ = {(0, 1), (1, 2), 2, 5)} * Domain of R" = {0, 1, 2} = Range of R © Range of R' = {1, 2, 5} = Domain of R — Answer: A Vr-V} =f yx= yt} {Oy} y Let A= {1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7} 1} solving for y. IfR is relation from A to A such that R= {(x,y):y = 2x +1} Then a) List element of R b) List domain and range of R c) List clement of R* d) List domain and range of R' Solution: R< Ax B => x € Aandy © A satisfies y= 2x + | Letx=leA>y=3eA Note: R' = f(y, x): yUnit Cue: Revision on 5 1,3)eER>(3,l)eR" Letx=2e€A>y=5eA “ (2,5)€R>(6,2)eR! Letx=3E€A>y=7EA - 3,7) €R>(7,3) eR" Letx=4eEAS>y=9GA 4 )¢R>O,4 eR bIEA a) R= {(1,3), (2,5), b) domain = {1, 2,3} | Explanation Range = (3,5,7} | RU= (x)= 2+} a er © &G. 0.009 = {Qy):x= 2y+]} jomain of R™ = {3, = ry= Lye Range of R= {1,2 {ouyyy= 3472 j Let R = {(x, y): 2x — 3y > 3 then whi ine peice satisfied ic am Re do 3x cag the following Ponts A. (-2,3) B.(1,3) €.(2,-1) Sufution: A) (-2, 3) € R= B,2)eR => 2(3) -3¢-2)>3 = 12>3=Tre 2. (2,3) eR" B) (,3)€R'S@B,DeER => 2(3)-3(1)>3 > 3>3 = False (1,3) ¢R" © G@-D)eRTS61,2eER => (2)(-1) — 3(2) > 3 => -8 > 3, False 2» Q,-l) eR" D) (-3,-2)e R'=>(-2,-3) eR => -2(-1) — 3(-3) > 3 => 5 > 3, True (3,2) eR" w. (2, 3) and (-3, -2) satisfies the relation R” and (3, -2) and (-2, -3) satisfies the relation R. Let R= {(x, y): y2Xu-4 and y <5} a) Sketch the graph of R b) Find the domain and range of R D. Explanation If (a, b) & R then (ba) eR" c) Find RI d) Find the domain and range of R" Solution: a) To sketch the graph, first we find the x-intercept set y = 0 = x?-4=0>x=2,andx=-2ig Unit One: Revision on Relations b) Domain of R= fx: x24 <5} = {x7 59} = fe jx] <3} = {x:-3
x7} Find a) Domain of R ¢) Domain of R™ b) Range of R d) Range of R* Solution: The boundary of x? + y? <2 and -3 ( y2xarex?+y" 7 42m se iets a 42-3 => xt+x?_2=9 ur . m =? — DO? +2)=0 34 S>3 x => -1=0orx’+2=0 — =EX= “3. ayt}-“a) Domain of R -1
x—-3andy>-x—3} o R={OGy): y= ¥I-|x] qd) R={@ y): y= 1-39 Sabution: a) R' = {(x, y): x < 0} = Ky, x): y<0} Domain of RT = {x: x <0} the followingUnit Cue: Revision ‘a Range of R' = fy:y = R} b) To find the intersection point solving together & a Ye => when y= 2,x=Sandx-=-5 -. Domain of R?= {x: 05 xs }} => when x = 0, y=-3 .. Domain of R S
B) given by: a) = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 4)}5 where | A={I,2,3}, B= {1, 2, 3,4} ing sets are functionR Unit Cue: Revision on Relations S={@, 0), 0), (ed), Cd, a} Where, A = {a, b, c,d}, B= fa, b, c, d} c) f= (a,b), (6, 0), (c, dy; Where, A = {a, b,c, 4d}; B= {a,b, ¢, d} a) fri EDX Zy=x+4} a Bog ©) f={% yYYER™ Bi y= Je} A=B=R Solution: a) Here fis not function because f(1)=2 and f(1) = 3 thus f(1) is not unique (not single valued). , b) fis function from A to B, because each element of A has exactly one image. ce) In this case, J is not a function from A to B, because, the domain of this relation fis {a, b,c} C A. But A= {a, b, c, d} d) fis function from A to B. e) fis not function, since it is not defined for negative real number. What the domain and range of £(x) = J/x-|x]? Sofution: Domain = {x: x ~ |x| = 0} = {x: |x] Sx} = Ox = 0} Range = {y: y= 0} b) Even and odd function Definition: consider a function f: A —— B. Then/is called i, Even, if and only if, for any x € A; f(-x) =/(x). ii, Odd, if and only if for all x € A, f(—x) = —Ax). _ Iustrative Example _ whether the following functions are even or odd or Determ neither. a a) f:R ——> Redefined by fQ)=xe-x —-D YR 2) b) f: R —+[-3, ~) defined by f(x) = x?—3 abe He °c) f: R—> [-3, «) defined by f(x) =x? + 2x—2 "IR —— R defined by f(x) = [xix R—> R defined by f(x) = |x| +x ? +x) = f(x), therefore fis odd. ~3 = f(x), therefore fis even.Unit Cne: Revision on etatin, o) fx) =x) + 26K) -2 ~ 2x — 2, which j “to f (x) nor equal to f(x). Hence f is neither see odd function. en nop. ad) f= x10 = of (x), therefore fis odd ce) f= |-x| + (-x) x, neither. Which of the following function is an odd function? A. fO)=lx/ C. f(x)= [x] -x a. f=). Fes) =¢a{ 2) Solution. We need to show f (-x) = f(x) A. f(x) =[-x| = |x] =/09, therefore fis even -x —2|= |x + 2] neither fx) = [-x] +x, neither r 9 OR . re-xy=to{ 2%) eal) ~en =x) = [tn (1 —x)- fn(1 +x)] =-fn (=) =—/ (x) therefore, fis odd. Answer: +X Some Types of Function These are ¢ Power function © Absolute value (modulus) function Signum function © Greatest integer function Power function A function of the form f(x) = ax" where n is constant and a € R. i) f(x) = ax" nis odd and n> 0 Ifa>0 Ifa<0 ¢ Domain = R ; domain R % «Range = R se Range R e odd f © odd function « ¢ decreasing Increasin; Ex.f(x) = x5... 7 - Example, f(x) = 20°, 0°, anl Unit One: Revisian an Rebations —_ * Domain = R. Range = [0, °°) e Even function nis an even and n>0 | lifa
0 5 8 os Example: f(x)=x", x", x ¢ Domain = R\{0} « Range = R\{0} * odd function « decreasing function Ifa<0 Example: f(x)=-x", -x°, * Domain = R\{0} Range = R\{0} © odd function ¢ Increasing function iv) f(x) = ax” nisevenandn<0 mis odd | | ifa>o [ifa<0 \ Example: f(x)= x? | Example: (x)= -1" a —_ rs ts, Domain = R\{0} « Range = {y:y>0} ¢ Even function x ¢ Domain = R\{0} > { “ © Range = {y: y < 0} e even functionUnit Cne: Revision an Relation, | ) If x) = x", for m is odd, n is even the graph of f v not “eyminettic e neither even nor odd has range [0, 00) has domain [0, oo) @ increasing f ml Example: 7” 2° eles 3", form
n #m odd *neven m vi) f(x) =x" for m is even, n is odd then the graph of f * symmetric w.r.t y axis even function has domain real number « has range: 0 < y
0° Yo KO ex— > 0 y—> > ex— 0 | y—0 ox—> 0 yo 0 “1 viii) f(x) =x" , nis even, then the graph of f © not symmetric * neither even nor odd * has domain {x: x > 0} e Range = {y: y > 0} = Example, f(x) =x? —_— xExplanation x— 07, y— © X— >», y— 0" EVYouTube visicato,1) eenioviaUnit Cne: Revision on Rebction 12 - Mlustrative Example oS Tx Which of the following are power functions and which are . ay y Gustify) 1 3 4 =4[- d =2 9» £9 fi ) flay=2x3 1 « =i yf (xy=2* » fO=Vay e x, k 3 9 fe=* ) fl=3eK4 Solution: Power function is written in the form f(x) = ax’ 1 5 a Thus, a) f(x) = i -(4} =x? «power function Vx lx 1 1 + SG)= i -(2} (5) < power function 1 . f@~= o- 38 < power function with a= 3 d) f(x)=2"& Not power function, it is exponent function os f) f(x) =3x? +4 < Not power function Note: All power function of the form f(x) = ax’ with a= I satisfies multiplicative property of f(xy) = f(x). f(y) _. Mlustrative Example 14. Which of the following power function condition f(xy) = f(x) f(y)? does not satisfies - 1 a) roo= |! . f=a by SO) =x 4) io ax? : z ots a =f) b) f(xy) = Gyy =x =7 (x) f(y) 3) fGy)=09) =x) -y =7(x2)- 70) ad f(y) =2y)* = 2x4. 4 but f(x)- f(y) = 2x? -2y4 = 4x4y4 hence fixy) # f(x)-f(y) Answer: 1D Absolute value (Modulus) Function . 3 Definition: The absolute value (Modulus) of x is defined by /~ nl xif x20 sy x) = [x] = J@ —xif x<0 «Domain of f= R Range of f= [0, ©) iy Illustrative Example 15. Evaluate each of the following i a Bl 3 2-2) ©) b) |x-4 d) ix-yl f) Sabution: a) |-3] = -(-3) = 3, since -3 < 0, thus 2 b) fn-4j=-(n- 4) =4- msince n-4<0 2) \v2-2)=2- v2 Explanation —_ ok 0 foe 3 yoxifx
0 d) 4x +3) =0e9 4x +30 > 4x=-3 ss- {3} 4 e) 4x + 3)= Seo 4x+3=Sord4x+3=-5 => 4x=2ordx=-8 1 or x=-2 2 f) 3 — 5x} = 6 <> 3- 5x =6 or 3—Sx=-6 => -5x =3 or -5x=-9 > X= gs- 3 5°75 8) ss eauetefcmdt eet bed =x =30rx=-142=1 3 or x=41 ~ss= \/3-v3t-1} bh) = 2]=6 9x82 =6 orn’ 2=-6 =>x°=8orx=-4 => x=2 or x=V-4 8s= 2, Va} 17, For what real number x true and solve each of the following a) Px +3/=4x +8b) Bx-4]=4-%? Sabution: Universe |2x + 3|>0=> 4x +8>0 => 4x>-8>x2-2 2. Universe, {x: x 2 -2} <— domain And |2x + 3|=4x + 8 <> 2x+3=4x +8 or2x+3=-dx_8 => -2x = 5 or 6x =-11 18 Slt Cres Revision oct Rebatlans =a = = orx= he (2,2) t Reject f 7 . li —5 The only solution set is 9.x: x = e because = ¢[-2,00) b) Bx—4|=4—x° > 3x-4=4— x or 3x — 4=x°-4 = x" + 3x—8=Oorx’-3x=0 => x(x-3)=0 0,x=3 Since the universe 4x? >0<942x° eoxrs4 2Sx<2 .. The only S.S is {0}, but -4 and 3 are not Sefution because 4 —x’ is negative at x = 3. Graph of Absolute value Definition: The graph of absolute value is the pictorial representation of set of points (x, f(x)) in a plane of absolute value function. Hlustrative Example 18. Sketch the graph find the domain and range of each of the following. a) f(x) = |x! e) b) f(x) = |x] +2 D co) fxy=|x+ fi 8) ado f= 1 hy) f= lk-3/+1 x+2)xif x20 Sulation: a) We have |x| = “xif x<0 and we bo ifx<0 ¢ Domain =R » @ Range = [0, 00) = y=xif x>Oandy fx) =x] b) Adding 2 from each value of f(x) = |x| domain =R * range = [2, 00) x) = Jxl#2 | 2 x+2 if x+220 =K+2= c) We have (x) = |x + 2} if ie * ¢Domain=R « Range = [0, 00) Fo=ft2] Symmetry line x = -2 1 wif x22 " or a y yao P i © Domain = R\{-2} | © Range = {y: y> 0} xa | © Symmetry, the line x = -2 I x) =| a JO) x+2 x 2 Pod —420 te m4 xS-2orx>2 oes 4-0 if -2
Oand f(x) =-K-xX+1=-2x+ lifx<0 © Domain = R Range = [1, 0) fx) = K]- +1 x-3 if x23 —3|= a feits I pee © Domain =R 3 « Range = [0, 00) Saka f(x) = x - 3] axis of symmetry line x=3 h) we shift 1 unit up the graph of |x ~ 3[ ” ¢ Domain = R ‘i ¢ Range = [1, 00) 7 = © symmetry, x = 3 f(x) = fx —3]-+1 Signum function The signum function, read as signum (x) is written as sign x and is 1 for x>0 defined by f(x) = sgnx = 40 for x=0 ~1 for x<0 Or4) Unit Cue: Rewisien on « y ES lay | x" if x>0 f(x) = x°sgnx = 40 if x=0 y x" if x<0 x f(s) =x"sgnx, ifn is odd « Domain =R * Range = [0, 00) even function J (x) = x"sgnx ifn is even % x-lifx>0 dfx) =x—sgnx = )0if x=0 Y xtlifx<0 ¢ Domain = R ‘» Range = R\{1,-1} fin neither even nor odd _£() = x= sgnx. Note: i) sgnx is an odd function ii) xsgnx, x Psgnx, x°sgnx .... are evert function of graph of the form iii) x’sgnx, x“sgnx, .....are odd function of graph of the form 22. If f(x) = 3(sgnx + 1) then find f(-x) + Solution: Here mana 7) =f (4) = 3(sgn(-x) + 1) = 3[-sgnx + 1] = -3sgnx +3 Thus +0) = -3sgnx + 3 + 3sgnx + Explanation Sgn(-x) = -Sgax of (-X) + f(x) = 6 Explanation f(-2) + 12) = f(-1) + (1) = § efx) + fe=62b Z: Unit One: Revision on Rekations ne eoion on Relations I If h(x) = yen +2) » then Find a) h(x) + hC-x) by h (2) + hC-2) (3 Explanation Solution: Mere sen(-x) = -sgnx == = because a) hx) = 5 (sgn(—x) + 2) signum function is 410 4 odd function = —>sgnx+} — (2) = —. yen (5) ) 7 senx+l And h(x) = > (sgnx +2) 1 1 1 == +(2)—J= = 3 Senx ef) 7 Senx+l 1 h(x) + h(-x) = gsenxtl —Ssenx+1=2 a) way~n2y= (sana) +0)]+(—Leancy + Explanation 1 1 sgn(2) = | sgtligtl=2 sen(-2) = -1 1 7 1 ft A — +h} —— |= | —sen{ —}41) |+{ -Lsenf 1) 41 -° (3) ( 3] [zer(3) r}+{ m(3)+1) ate tijee : - 2.2 Greatest integer function The greatest integer function is denoted by [x] and is defined by “ £00) = [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Note Ix]
-3
3s x<5 Special properties of greatest integer function If f(x) = [x], then i) x] Sx ii) f(X +k) =f (x) + k, where k is integer and x is real num i) f®) + fly)
2+-4s5-1<.0.92 = -2<-1<-0.92 SO *SMSSAt y)Sx+y since f(x) = [x] «Od + sik t+ylsxty and f(y) = [y] iv) [2.54] £2.54 < [2.54] +1 = 2<254<241 fOEX
z given by f(x) = [x] . (-2if -2
2[x] +3 = 31x 2145 = 2[x] +3 = [x] -6+5 8 ix) 2s =3 + 4 2 = 4 if tse es Therefore, y = 2[x] + 3 = 2(4) + 3, since [x] = 4 ayell Ande = 4+ fractional part=4 +f Hence [x+y] =[4+ f+ 1ij=[15+ f= 15 Indicate whether the statement is true for all real number x,y... z. If false give a counter example veg x] fx] ay xt y= +04 2) H-|5| vb) lth) sty¥l h) (x) =-fx] ) &-b1=—-¥] ) bdes a) xiv) - fz) = by] + Bz] ) [xy] = [xis 2 ref bole bub) ) BP sh’) Sotution: Here a) False: counter example Let x =3.6, and y=2.4 = [x] + [yl 4 [x + y] = [3-6] + [2.4] # [3.6 + 2.4] =>3+246 3546 «[x]+[y]4#lx+yl] b) True, [x] + [y]
2? # [5.76] 445 oP 2[x7]hy “D k) And [x] < [x9] True False, counter example, Let x = 7.6 then 7.6] and [24] =[3.8]=3 pa [z| 2 2 False, counter example, Let x = 3.7 then [-3.7] = -4 and -B.=3 © f=x] + -[x] note [-x] sfx] False, counter example, Let x = 3.6 1 then (3.6]+5=345=3.5and [20+4]-Bo+osi-tanea a ta+je[ee4| False, counter example, Let x = 2.4, and y =3.4 then, ((2.4).(3.4)] = [8.16) =8 and [2.4][3.4] = (2)3) = 6 ~. [xy] * ExIly] [xy] 2 Ex] [y] is true Classification of Function Based on some relating situation between the domain and its value ‘range’ function can classify as: i One ~ to -- one (injective) On to (surjective) One — to ~ one correspondence (bijective) be i. iii,—————— 4 function ff A —— B is said to be one_ ~~ it and only if, each element of the range is ~ to ~ one element of the domain. That means: Pal if f (ar) =f(@2)> then a; = a iff (a1) # f(a), then ay # 2 for all a), ay ition! Ted yy Horizontal — Line Test nction f is knowa, there is a simple test, called y led y If the graph of a fu t, to determine whether, fis one ~ to ~ one, horizontal - line tes ‘A function ff A ——*B is one ~ to ~ one if ang) A function that is increasing over its domain is one ~ t0 to - one. | ) Theorem: ~| only if every horizontal line crosses the graph of if function fin at most oné paint. ay a! t Consider the following figure ay t a) A horizontal line crosses the graph of ftwice; fis not — one ~ to —one. af o b) Every hi horizontal line crosses the gr aph of g exactly once. | Therefore, g is one ~ to ~ one. Theorem: Bes) = a | one funetion { | I | ‘A function that is decreasing over its domain is one — Study the following Example is not ant, 4 v Quadratic function with domain on set of real number — to — one. fR > [0, &) given by f(x) = x is not one one Pur wo aeNS 28. a ‘Wait Cne: Revision on Rekations aE es Steuiotort or Rebaation ) ff [0, 00.) —> [0, co) given by (x) = x is one — to — one it) Ff (-09, 0] > 10, ©) given by f(x) = x? is one — to — one Absolute value function with domain set of real number is not one — to— one. é F(x) = |x| is not one — to — one when x € (—o0, 00), but . feo = Ix| is one — to ~ one when x € (~09, 0] or x € [0, <0) Linear function f(x) ~ mx + c, form # 0 are one — to — one. Logarithm function and exponential function are one — to ~ one. . J (x) = log* is one ~ to ~ one when x € (0, 00) is F(x) =a" is one ~ to—one x (—00, 00) — Illustrative Example Determine which of the following functions are one — to one A. f:IR——R defined by f(x) =2x—3 Bf: IR——>R defined by £@) = [xj +x c.f: R—+Z defined by f(x) = [x] D. f:(2,0)——>R defined by f(x) = log?? Ge we Ef :R——-+(0,00) defined by f(x) = 3° 2 Solution: A. Linear function are one — to — one function. B. —_Not—one to one function, because f (—2) = |—2} + (~2) = 2 + (-2) =0 and f(-3) = |-3| + (3) =3-—3=0 => f(—2) = -3) = 0, but —2 # 3 C. Not one ~ to—one, Jet a, = 2.1 and a) = 2.7 Sf. 2.1] = 2 and f(2.7) = [2.7] =2 => f (2.1) =/(2.7) =2, but 21 # 2.7 D. __Logarizm function of the form f(x) = log® are one —1o one function, because a horizontal line crosses its graph one time only. E. Exponential of the form f(x) = a” are one to one function, because a horizontal line crosses its graph at most once. Determine which of the following functions are one — to — one A. f :IR——>[3,0), defined by f(x) = (x + 27° +3 Bf [-2, 0] —[3, ©) defined by /(x) = (x + 2) + 3 - 4it 2 Revisi Rek, f: R—[0, 0) defined by f(x) = jr 4 : Dp. fi[4,0)—> 0. co) defined by f(x) =x —4 Sebution: 1 A. Let a; = 0 and a; = —4 : f(0)= (042) +3=7 and f(—4) = (—4~ ays i = f(0) = f(—4), but 0 # -4 | For different domain, with the same y— value. ; Therefore fis not — one — to one. , B. For alll, aj, a2 € [-2, ©), f (ar) # f (a2) and a = for all a;, a2. Therefore, fis one — to — one. ‘ c. Let a, = 5 and a; = 3, thus f(5) = 5 - 4 = £8) =-4l= =f (5) = (3) = 1, but 5 #3 => Different domain with the same y — value. { «fis not— one — to one. D. fis one — to—one for all x € [4, 0) | 30. Find the set A, for which fis one — to — one function. | a) f:A—>R, given by f(x) = log?” b) f:A——> 6, ©) given by f(x) =x? + 8x + 10 c) fA ——>[2, ©) given by f(x) = [4x + 3] +2 | Solution: a) fis one — to — one on the domain: : 3 = {x1 2x-3>0}= 9x: = {x: } {xs #25] b) fis one — to — one on the interval. Aa {ria2 2 orxrs3 2a 2a Tra, A={ xix orxs 8 i 2 } “A= (—c0, -4] or [—4, 0) c) fis one -- to — one on the interval i A= {xi4v+3 > 0o0rdx+3 <0} | calege)_ Unit One: Revision on Relations lite: Revision ost Relation: on to (Surjective function) Function is mapping say A to B denoted by fA» B for each x € A paired with exactly one element y € B, such that f(x) y. ¢ The clement » is called the image of x under f. . The set A is called the domain of the function f, : + The set B is called the eodomain of f r i. All the image of the elemer | the nt in A under fis a subset of B, which is called the range of the function j: In some cases, range of a function may be equal to the whole codomain, in which case such function is called on to function. je Range if f=B, ie. f(A)=B + For every b € B, the exist a € A such that /(a)=b Every element of B has ' Pre-image in A. Je Illustrative Example. ———— ts 31. Which of the following Venn diagram are onto f a oo™, b 1 24 ce h © xo o™S al al 4 1 if 2 a. f: A Bis not onto, because c € B has no pre- image in A, i. e., image of f# B, and image of f= {a, b} but B= {a,b,c} b. g: A -> Bis onto, because image of g {- 2, 3, 2} c. h:A- Bis onto, since image of h = 14} Determine which of the following sets are onto function from A to B, 32.Unit Cue: Revision o Relati, — Lato, 2), 0,1) (1,2), 2, 0}, 1,0, 1, 2} and B= {0. 1,2. 5; 4) (1,1) (1, 3), (2, 4)} x A= {-2,-I, 1, 2}and B= {1, 3,4} Salutian: fis onto, if im (f) = B. a. fis not onto, because f(A) # B, => image of f= {0, 1, 2}, but B= {0, 1, 2. 5} ie 5 € B, has no pre- image in A. b. gis onto, because g (A) = B= {1, 3, 4} [ Note: If fA >B is onto iff the range of f= B Illustrative Example. 33. Determine which of the following functions are onto: Sf: R— {-1, 0, 1}, given by (2) = (-1)" ts y | | ! a. b. f: Rt > (0, 09), given by f(x) = x’, for allx ER c.f: RQ, given by f(x) = 2x, for allx ER | df: ROR, given by f(x) = [x] +x, forally eR i ef: R= [3, ©] given by f(x) =x°- 4447 ff: [1, 00) R, given by f(x) =4—Vx—] gf: R[1, ©), given by f(x) = [x — 3) + 1 Solution: Let f: A > B, then a. B= {-1,0,1} and range of f= (1, 1} => 0€B, has no pre — image in A, such that /(x) = 0 => Range of f+ B <=> {-1, 1} ¥ 1,0, 1} «. fis not onto, b. B= (0, 0) and range of f= (0, «) => Range of f= B, > (0,%)=(0,%) —-. fis onto c. B= Q and range of f= (0, «) since — 1 €Q, but there does not exist any x € R such that f(x) = 2° =-1 ~. fis not onto Method II, Range of f# B => Q # (0, ») | «. fis not onto. d. B= R, and range of f= (0, ) since ~2ER, but there dees not exist any x € R, such that f(x) = [xj +.“ = -2 ~. fis not onto 8 Method IJ, Range of f4 B «. fis not on to B = [3, ©) and range of f(x) = (v— 2)" +3 is [3. ¢) | °47 de 34. => Range of f= B = [3, 00) = [3, ») +. fis onto ct B = Rand range of f(x) =4~Je-Tis (-», 4] since SER, but there does not exist any x€ [1,:0). Such that I (x)=4-Vx-1=55 e-1= -. fis not onto. Method Il. Range of f# B => R¥ (0, 4] “. fis not onto B= [1, 0) and range of f(x) = x — 3) + 1 is [1, 90). => Range of f= B = [1, 0) «. fis onto, For each of the following function, find the set B for which f:R > Bis onto oe a fax t4 do f(X)=2-Skl op -— 250 b f(x) =s gnv ef (x)=b]+3 get ce f@)=[x] fof =x + 6x4 10 Solution: Remember, f R > B is ‘onto if range of f= B. a. Range of f(x) =x° + 4 is [4, 0] for all xER “B= [4,0) b. Range of f(x) = sgnx is {~1, 0, 1} for all xER “B= {-1,0, 1} c. Range of f(x) = [x] is z for all xER ..B=z= the set of integer d. Range of f(x) = 2 — 5 |x| is (—, 2) for all xER “B= (0, 2] e. Range of f(x) = |x| + 3 is [3, <0), for all YER 1 B=[B,20) | , f. Range of f(x) =x + 6 +5 =(x + 3) —4 is (4,0) * B=[-4,0) One — to — one Correspondence "correspondence (bijective) between them. _ Definition: A function, . Two sets are said to be equivalent set if there exists one- to- one — B is a one — to — one correspondenc (bijective) if and only if_f'is both onto and one — to one —_____IIustrative Example36. Unit One: Revision on a Relating, Determine and justify which of the following sets are one, onto or onc ~ to — one correspondence from A to 7 ~e a fo AG, Ds 1) 2), 3D} 3 A= fx y,z, w} and B= (1.23 b. g={@ D, ( 2). @ 3}, A= bs ys 2} and B= (1,23 co. b= f(x, 1), (y. 2) (2, 3)}, A= ty, 2} and B= {1,2 a d. k= {@, 1), 2) @ 3, 3) ~ A= ty. z} and B= (1, 2,3,4}, Salution: a. _fis onto function but not one- to ~ one b. gis one- to- one, but not onto, because range of g4 8 his one — to ~ one correspondence, because h is both ont and one — to -one d. k is neither onto nor one — to — one Determine which of the following functions are onto, one — to — one or one ~ to ~ one correspondence . a ff R-> Redefined by (x) = [x1 x for all xER b, fR > Raefined by f(2)= A" torallxer c. F:[2,20) > [0, 6) defined by (x) = Vx~2 , forall x32 c. dG. fF R—> Q, defined by f(x) = 3°, for all x> RK efi (1,20)-> (0, 29) defined by £(®)=1085" for all x> 1 ff. B,) > [1 &) defined by f(x) = (3) + 1 forall x2 3 4 B fIR—> -1, 0, 1} defined by f(x) = sen. Sabution: Let ff A ——>B a) i) Let ay, a €(-%, 0) =>flay) # flaz) then a) # a& « fis one — to — one ii) B = IR and range of f= R =>Range of f= B= R, then fis on to iii) Since fis both one — to ~ one and on to, then fis one to one correspondence b) Linear functions are one ~ to ~ one and on to. =>fis one to one correspondence c) i) Forall aj, a € [2, ©), then f'(a;) # f(a2) => a, -2# fay —2 then ay #a=>/is one to one B= 10, i; and range of f= [0, co) for all x = 2 Range of f= B = [0, 00) = fi ice fis both one to one tr on Fisonto = fis one to one correspondence d) i) Forall a, a: € Q => flay) # f(a:) > 3% #3" then a) # a2, => fis one to one ii) B= Qand range of f= (0, 00) for allx ER =>Range of f+ B, therefore J is not on to i) Forallx> 1, f(x) = log?" is one to one ii) B=(0, 0) and range of f= (0, 00) >Range of f= B = (0, 00) thus fis on to iii) Since fis both one — to — one and on to Therefore fis one ~ to — one correspondence. f) i) Forall a;, a2 € [3, co) =f (a,) + f (a2) =>(a — 3) +1 # (@ 3)’ >a, ta Therefore fis one — to — one correspondence © ii) B=[1, 00) and range of f= [1, 00), for all x >3 =>Range of f= B =[1, o0) thus fis on to iii) Since f is both one to one and on to therefore fis one to one correspondence g) i) Leta;=3 anda,=4 => /(3)=1 and /(4)=1, so that {(3) = f(4) but 3 # 4, therefore fis no one to one ii) B= {-1, 0, 1} and range of f= {-1, 0, 1} fis on 0 Which one of the following is a one — to — one correspondence function from A = [0, I] to B = [2, 3]? A. f@=x+1 Cf) =2x4+3 B. f()=x° +1 D. f= +2 Solution: f: A ——>B A. B=(2, 3] and range of f= [1, 2] for all x € [0, 1] => Range of f# B, thus fnot on to B. B = [2, 3] and range of f= [1, 2] for all x € [0, 1] =>Range of f# B Therefore, is not on to. C. B= 2, 3] and range of f= [3, 5] for all x € [0, 1] =>Range of f # B Therefore, fis not on to. D. i} B= [2, 3] and range of = [2, 3] for all x € [0, 1] =>Range of f= B = (2, 3] Therefore, fis on to e)Revirion eu sng if) For all aj, a2 € [0, 1] f(ai) # flay) . =ap+24a}4+2>a, x +. fis one — to — one iii) since fis both one ~ to ~ one and on i =2f is one — to ~ one correspondence Combination function (Sum, difference, and quotient) of function Term Functional value Domain /Dfte (f+ gx) =f) + a(x) J~s (F— 2)(8) =f) - 8) fe | FIO-S)8~ Domain of 11 2) wt | Ley-LM exo g g gx) ee Illustrative Example ___ - 32. Let f(x)=v9-x? and g (x) =4x +5 Find a) (+ )(8) b) f-9e) 6) RY d) (£}o oD (#0 oe Sotutian: i) The domain of f= {x: 9—x°} ii) The domain of g = {x: x € R} The domain of f+ g, f- g and f. g are {the domain of f} M {the domain of g} = {x:-3 =*S Therefore, Value Domain a) (fF +g)Q)=V9-x? 44x45 bv) (f-@0=V9=K ~ (4x45) fc 3S NSD c) (FBX) = VOX? )(4 x45) pines. age ane£ 7 Unit One: iston on ie 2 Unit One: Revision on Retations f 9= x? _ a (4) lees frsasxe3 and x25} g 4x+5 ° [Fores bi 3
Vx? 43x = h(x) b) Let g(x) =2x°—1 end) =of (g(X) =fOx 1=3 = h(x) IF f(x) = 3x" : the graph of (fo2\(x) cross s the axis at 8? A. k=0 B. Cc. k=+\5 Dk: Solution: (fog)(x) crosse: 15 Let f(x) =3x-1. Then find g(x): a) if (g(x). +s +12x+8 b) ifg ¢()=* a1 Solution: f (x) = 3x - 1 a) Fe) = 3g(x) ~ 1 = 9x? + 12x + 8 => 3g(x) g(x) = 3x’ zaxtl b) Let (x) = ax? +bx+c, then g(e(x)) = g(3x =g(3x - 1) = a(3x — 1y + b3x- Itoax I =9ax? — 6ax + a+ 3bx —b +0 =x 2 Ox-1 9x Comparing like coefficient 42. => 9ax* =x? a= Zand —6ax +36x =0 wl == 60=6(2)>b= Also,a—b+e=—1 wt 2p eeisse 99 1,.,2 8 “BO)=9 +2=x-— B= Ox + Ox 9 The function f() is defined in [0, 1]. What are the domains of the factor (2x 2): 1 1 AR Bo -~Sx<— C--—= 3855 C ers Explanation: Let u = 2x =>f (u) is defined for0
0 for alll x Unit Che: Revirion or egy 7 and g (x) = 4x +k, for what value of k, axis when x = 0=> f(2(0)) = /(k) =3)¢ - 5 i woes k= 25 Answerse | ~ so | |Unit Cue: Revision on Rekations— OHO Ott SER
0 = {x:-2
0} = fx» 3 ->f (g(x) is defined for -3 < g(x) < w -. Domain of (fog)(x) = {x: g (x) > -3} omain of (fog)(x) = INVERSE FUNCTIONS The inverse of a one to one function f. denoted fix a fines} ordered pairs are obtained from f by interchanging Answer, y~ coordinates. ar That means: ; If (a, b) Ef then (ba) Ef! or if(a, by Ef", Note: 1. A function is invertible if and only if one — to — one. 2. If fis strictly monotonic on its entire domain, then it is in Illustrative Example 46, Determine whether each function is invertible. If it then find the inverse function. a) f={(-2,1), C1,0), (1,2),8, 2)} b) g ={G, 1.(0, 2).2 Solution: a) Since (1, 2) and (3, 2) have the same y coordinate, ti | function is not one — to — one, and fis not invertible. b) This function is one — to ~ one, and so it is inve s'= ((1,3), 2,0), G,2)}. To find the inverse of y = f(x) (when it exists): 1. Replace f(x) by y 2, Interchange x and y 3._ Solve for y then replace y by f-'(x Note: Domain of /-' = Range of 6 Range of f-' = Domain of f HORIZONTAL ~ LINE TEST FOR INVERS FUNCTION A function f has an inverse if and only if no horizontal linc crosses its graph more than once, _... Mustrative ExampleDetermine whether each function is invertib Tf it ts then find Wi Inverse function. inverithlc. a) Py=3x- 2) Q) g= tax yy ren : ec) h= &%, yy = los! da) k= ka yiye Solution: a) £= 1% y) y= 3x — 2} is linear function and linear fur are one-to-one and so fis invertible. To find the inver Let y 3y~ 2, interchange x and y Sx=3y-2eo3pay+? x42 — ——. therefore, f'(x) = 3 b) = 10% yh y 2 3x — 2). This function is (OE invertible because a horizontal line crosses the graph ‘at two point (2, 2, Iand ©, 1). ~ c) {@, y): y= log’’ }. This function is invertible because every horizontal line that crosses the graph only once. To find the inverse: h', let y = h(x) = log’ interchanyc >y and y. Sxslogy? od4y=3' yp 7 3 whe (x) 4 d) K= {(x, y): y =e°*}. This function is one-to-one and so tht k has an inverse. To find k", let y = k(x) =e", xe—> » axe otyetnx sy =e iy) __ Inx coe Note: If the point (a, b) lies on ithe graph of f, then the point (b must lie on the graph off, and vice versa. This means that the graph off! is a reflection of the graph of fin the line x.40 Unit Cue: Rewision on sp, ati ‘ fons 48. If the point (4, a) is on the graph of y = /'(x), hich —~ the graph of y=f '(x). Point jg m fl } -,-5 B. —4,5) C. 65 f A. a ¢ ) (-5. 4) ».f4aj \ 5} Answer, ¢ Identify Inverse Functions Functions fand g are inverses of each other if and only if i) (fog)(x) = x for every value of x in the domain of g. ii) (gof)(x) = x for every value of x in the domain of f ____ Illustrative Example ____ Determine e whether each pair of functions f and g are inverses of each other. a) fe) =3x+7and g(x) “2 b) f@)=x? and g(x) = Vx ) f(x) =V2x4 and ge) ==> d) f(=Vx42and g(x) =x -2 ec) f(x)=Vx+2 and g(x) = x? — 2, where x 20 Sofution: We must verify that f (g(x) = x and g(f (x) =x. a) f(g) = 3g6)+7= (22 Dst=2 gf) - L221 oh 7 ent TAT _y, forallx. « fand g are inverses ee each other. b) If x € (—09, 0), we can write: Slee) = (260) = (vi) =v? 1 The domain of fis (09, 00), and |x| # x if'x is negative + fand g are not inverse of each other. ELYouTube wvisieato.1 i
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