1.1 What Is Intelligence ? "Itis not my aim to surprise or shock you - but the simplest way I can summarize Is to say that there are now in the world machines that can think, that learn, and that create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until - in a visible future - the range of problems they cay, handle will be coextensive with the range to which human mind has been applied.” - by Herbert A Simon (1957) The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations. [Bier is trtetigence conpored of ? As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the Intelligence is intangible. It is composed of - 1. Reasoning 2. Learning 3. Problem Solving 4, Perception 5. Linguistic Intelligence 7 EUSA AL Toy Reasoning Learning Perception Problem Solving 1. Reasoning - It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement, making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types ~ inductive Reasonin, It conducts specific observations to makes broad general statements. v Deductive Reasoning It starts with a general statement and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. Even ifall of the premises are true ina statement, inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false. If something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all members of that class. Example - “All women of age above 60 years are grandmothers, Shalini is 65 years, Therefore, Shalini isa grandmother. 2. Learning : It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising, being taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of the study. Example - “Nita is a teacher. Nita is studious. Therefore, All teachers are studious.”Ee Introduction to Al «| ne ability of learning is possessed by humans Learning is categorized as - , some animals, and Al-enabled systems. a. Auditory Learning: It is learning by listenin i . and , listening to recorded audio lectures. iB hearing. For example, students b. Episodic Learning: To learn by remembering sequences of events that one has witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly. . Motor Learning: It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example, picking objects, Writing, etc. d. Observational Learning: To learn by watching and imitating others. For example, child tries to learn by mimicking her parent. e Perceptual Learning: It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen before. For example, identifying and classifying objects and situations. £. Relational Learning: It involves learning to differentiate among various stimuli on the basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties. For Example, Adding ‘little Jess’ salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came up salty last time, adding say a tablespoon of salt. g through visual stimuli such as images, colors, maps, etc. te roadmap in mind before actually following the road. rticular behavior when a when cooked with 2 Spatial Learning: It is learnin; For Example, A person can crea! h. Stimulus-Response Learning: It is learning to perform a pa) certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing doorbell. 3, Problem Solving - It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by known or unknown hurdles. udes decision making, which is the process of selecting the best le alternatives to reach the desired goal are available. ting, selecting, and organizing sensory Problem solving also incl suitable alternative out of multip 4. Perception - It is the process of acquiring, interpre information. Perception presumes sensing. In hu of Al, perception mechanism puts t manner. 5. Linguistic Intelligence — It is one’s abi d written language. I s important in interpersonal co! tion is aided by sensory organs. In the domain mans, percep" s together ina meaningful he data acquired by the sensor: lity to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal mmunication. 1.2 What is Artificial Intelligence ? 1. Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called | mi demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural other animals, such as “earning” and “problem solving. 2. The term artificial intelligence was first coined by John McCarthy in 1956 when he held the first academic conference on the subject. But the journey to understand if machines can truly think achine intelligence, is intelligence | intelligence displayed by humans andGa Artificial Intelligence began much before that. In Vannevar Bush’s seminal work As We May Think, he proposeq ledge and understanding. Five years later Alan being able to simulate human beings and the a system which amplifies people’s own know! Turing wrote a paper on the notion of machines ability to do intelligent things, such as playing a Chess. ned as the study of “intelligent agents”: any device that tions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving be viewed as : 3. In computer science Al system is defi perceives its environment and takes ac its goals. Thus Artificial Intelligence system can Artificial | intelligence Solves Understands Creates. complex language _ perspectives problems and its nuances Uses the Recognises learning images to reason 4. Al is about teaching the machines to learn, to act, and think as humans would do. We can organize AI definition into 4 catégories:""' « The definitions on top are concerned with thought processes and reasoning, whereas the ones on the bottom address behaviour. The definitions on the left measure success in terms of conformity to human performance whereas the ones on the right measure against an ideal performance measure called rationality. A system is rational if it does the “right thing,” given what it knows. Historically, all four approaches to AI have been followed, each by different people with different methods. A human-centered approach must be in part an empirical science, involving observations and hypotheses about human behaviour. A rationalist’s approach involves a combination of mathematics and engineering. The various groups have both disparaged and helped each other. Let us look at the four approaches in more detail ___ Thinking Humanly i Thinking Rationally_ “The exciting new effort to make computers|“The study of mental faculties through the think machines with minds, in the full and literal] use of computational models.”(Charniak and sense.” (Haugeland, 1985) McDermott, 1985) [The automation of] activities that we associate | “The study of the computations that make it ton, with human thinking, activities such as decision- possible to perceive, reason, and act.||(Wins maki rt ” ae problem solving, learning.” (Bellman, | 1992)”: Introduction to Al © > Acting Humanly Acting Rationally eal «The art of creating machines that perform | “Computational Intelligence is the study of the functions that require intelligence when | design of intelligent agents.|| (Pooleet al., 1998) performed by people.”(Kurzweil,1990) —AI is concerned with intelligent behaviour in artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998) “The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and Knight, 1991) ae are going to say thata given program thinks like a human, we must have some way of determining how humans think, We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds. There are three ways to do this: 4, through introspection-trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by 2. through psychological experiments-observing a person in action; and 3, through brain imaging-observing the brain in action. ‘humanly: The Turing Test approach | 1, The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed, to provide a satisfactoryoperational definition of intelligence. 2. A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from.a computer 3. This test is used to evaluate a computer acting like humanly. UUme Machine Human Interrogator 4. For current scenarios the computer would need to possess the following capabilities: * natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in English * knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears; 1 * automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions * machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and the patterns.& , Artificial Intel 5. Total Turing Test includes a video signal so that the interrogator can test the Subject, perceptual abilities, as well as the opportunity for the interrogator to pass physical Objects -through the hatch. 6. To pass the total Turing Test, the computer will need * computer vision to perceive objects, and * robotics to manipulate objects and move about. These six disciplines compose most of AI Thinking rationally: The “laws of thought” approach Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to codify - right thinking,|| that is, irrefutable Teas processes. His syllogisms provided patterns for argument structures that always yielded c conclusions when given correct premises. ‘Oning ‘Orrect Eg. Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal.|| - logic There are two main obstacles to this approach. 1. it is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in the formal terms required by logical notation, particularly when the knowledge is less than 100% certain. 2. Second, there is a big difference between solvinga problem —in principle|| and solving it in practice. Acting rationally: The rai ial_agent approach © * Anagent is just something that acts. ¢ All computer programs do something, but computer agents are expected to do more: operate autonomously, perceive their environment, persist over a prolonged time period, and adapt to change, and create and pursue goals. . Arational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome. In the - laws of thought|| approach to Al, the emphasis was on correct inferences. On the other hand, correct inference is not all of rationality; in some situations, there is no provably correct thing to do, but something must still be done. For example, recoiling from a hot stove is a reflex action that is usually more successful than a slower action taken after careful deliberation. ———— | Other approaches are : —<—<—< i, Machine Learning approach: This approach involves training machines to learn from a and improve performance on specific tasks over time. It is widely used in areas such as imag! and speech recognition, natural language processing, and recommender systems. i ii. Evolutionary approach; This approach is inspired by the process of natural selection 7 biology. It involves generating and testing a large number of variations of a solution toInf duction to Al Ea roblem, and then selecti; ini P ting and combining the most successful variations to create a new generation of solutions, iii, Neural Networks : Thi . oo are modelled eae This approach involves building artificial neural networks that pean e si ucture and function of the human brain. Neural networks can be used for tasks Such as pattern recognition, prediction, and decision-making. = aan ae This SPBraach involves reasoning with uncertain and imprecise info , ch is common in real-world situations, Fuzzy logic can be used to model and control complex systems in areas such as robotics, automotive control, and industrial automation. y. Hybrid approach: This approach combines multiple AI techniques to solve complex problems. For example, a hybrid approach might use machine learning to analyze data and identify patterns, and then use logical reasoning to make decisions based on those patterns. = SSS i ennmmemammnennel 1.3 History of AI Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. Following are some milestones in the history of Al which defines the journey from the Al generation to till date development. Alan Turing published “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” introducing the Turing test and opening the doors to what would be known as Al. Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds developed the first artificial neural network (ANN) called SNARC using 3,000 vacuum tubes to simulate a network of 40 neurons. Arthur Samuel developed Samuel Checkers-Playing Program, the world’s first program to play games that was self-learning John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon coined the 1956 term artificial intelligence in a proposal for a workshop widely recognized as a founding event in the Al field. Frank Rosenblatt developed the perceptron, an early ANN that could learn from data and became the foundation for modern neural networks. John McCarthy developed the programming language Lisp, which was quickly adopted by the Al industry and gained enormous popularity among developers. Arthur Samuel coined the term machine learning in a seminal paper explaining that the computer could be programmed to outplay its programmer. Oliver Selfridge published “Pandemonium: A Paradigm for Learning,” a landmark contribution to machine learning that described a model that could adaptively improve 1950 . 1951 1952 1958 1959 L itself to find patterns in events. Daniel Bobrow developed STUDENT, an early natural language processing (NLP) program 1964 designed to solve algebra word problems, while he was a doctoral candidate at MIT. Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce G. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg and Carl Djerassi developed the first expert system, Dendral, which assisted organic chemists in identifying unknown 1965 organic molecules.* Joseph Weizenbaum created Eliza, one of the more celebrated computer programs ofal time, capable of engaging in conversations with humans and making them believe the software had humanlike emotions. 1966 + Stanford Research Institute developed Shakey, the world’s first mobile intelligent robot that combined Al, computer vision, navigation and NLP. It’s the grandfather of Self-driving cars and drones. 1968 * Terry Winograd created SHRDLU, the first multimodal Al that could manipulate and reason out a world of blocks according to instructions from a user. 1969 1973 1980 . ‘Arthur Bryson and Yu-Chi Ho described a backpropagation learning algorithm to enable multilayer ANNs, an advancement over the perceptron and a foundation for deep learning Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert published the book Perceptrons, which described the limitations of simple neural networks and caused neural network research to decline ang symbolic Al research to thrive. James Lighthill released the report “Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey,’ which caused the British government to significantly reduce support for Al research. Symbolics Lisp machines were commercialized, signaling an Al renaissance. Years later the Lisp machine market collapsed. 1981 1984 Danny Hillis designed parallel computers for Al and other computational tasks, an| architecture similar to modern GPUs. Marvin Minsky and Roger Schank coined the term Al winter ata meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, warning the business community that Al) hype would lead to disappointment and the collapse of the industry, which happened three years later. . . 1985 Judea Pearl introduced Bayesian networks causal analysis, which provides statistical techniques for representing uncertainty in computers. 1988 1989 1997 2000 Peter Brown et al. published “A Statistical Approach to Language Translation,” paving the, way for one of the more widely studied machine translation methods. * Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio and Patrick Haffner demonstrated how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can be used to recognize handwritten characters, showing that neural) networks could be applied to real-world problems. __ Sepp HochreiterandJiirgen Schmidhuber proposed the Long Short-Term Memory recurrent r video. neural network, which could process entire sequences of data such as speech o1 IBM's Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov in a historic chess rematch, the first defeat ofa reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions. University of Montreal researchers published ‘A Neural Probabilistic Language Mo which suggested a method to model language using feedforward neural networks. del" J 2006 ch for imal Fei-Fei Li started working on the ImageNet visual database, introduced in 2009, whi became a catalyst for the Al boom and the basis of an annual competition recognition algorithms. onic quit) IBM Watson originated with the initial goal of beating a human on the icon show" show Jeopardy! In 2011, the question-answering computer system defeated the all-time (human) champion, Ken Jennings.Introduction to Al i> 2009 2011 at Raina, Anand Madhavan and Andrew Ng published “Large-Scale Deep Unsupervised earning Using Graphics Processors” presenting the idea of using GPUs to train large neural networks. par Schmidhuber, Dan Claudiu Ciresan, Ueli Meier and Jonathan Masci developed the st CNN to achieve “superhuman” performance by winning the German Traffic Sign Recognition competition, Apple released Siri, a voice-powered personal assistant that can generate responses and take actions in response to voice requests. 2012 Geoffrey Hinton, Ilya Sutskever and Alex Krizhevsky introduced a deep CNN architecture that won the ImageNet challenge and triggered the explosion of deep learning research and implementation. 2013 China's Tianhe-2 doubled the world’s top supercomputing speed at 33.86 petaflops, retaining the title of the world’s fastest system for the third consecutive time. DeepMind introduced deep reinforcement learning, a CNN that learned based on rewards and learned to play games through repetition, surpassing human expert levels. Google researcher Tomas Mikolov and colleagues introduced Word2vec to automatically identify semantic relationships between words. 2014 Ian Goodfellow and colleagues invented generative adversarial networks, a class of machine learning frameworks used to generate photos, transform images and create deepfakes. Diederik Kingma and Max Welling introduced variational autoencoders to generate images, videos and text. Facebook developed the deep learning facial recognition system DeepFace, which identifies human faces in digital images with near-human accuracy. 2016 DeepMind’s AlphaGo defeated top Go player Lee Sedol in Seoul, South Korea, drawing comparisons to the Kasparov chess match with Deep Blue nearly 20 years earlier. Uber started a self-driving car pilot program in Pittsburgh for a select group of users. 2017 Stanford researchers published work on diffusion models in the paper “Deep Unsupervised Learning Using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics.” The technique provides a way to reverse-engineer the process of adding noise to a final image. Google researchers developed the concept of transformers in the seminal paper «Attention Is All You Need,» inspiring subsequent research into tools that could automatically parse unlabeled text into large language models (LLMs). British physicist Stephen Hawking warned, “Unless we learn how to prepare for, and avoid, the potential risks, Al could be the worst event in the history of our civilization.” 2018 Developed by IBM, Airbus and the German Aerospace Center DLR, Cimon was the first robot sent into space to assist astronauts. OpenAl released GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), paving the way for subsequent LLMs. Groove X unveiled a home mini-robot called Lovot that could sense and affect mood changes in humans.2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Beyond. 2023 > Microsoft launched the Turing Natural Language Generation generative language modg]| with 17 billion parameters. * Google AI and Langone Medical Center’s deep learning algorithm outperformeg radiologists in detecting potential lung cancers. «The University of Oxford developed an Al test called Curial to rapidly identify COVID-19 —" emergency room patients. | Open Al released the GPT-3 LLM consisting of 175 billion parameters to generate| humanlike text models. Nvidia announced the beta version of its Omniverse platform to create 3D models in the physical world. DeepMind’s AlphaFold system won the Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction protein-folding contest. Open AI introduced the Dall-E multimodal Al system that can generate images from tax prompts. The University of California, San Diego, created a four-legged soft robot that functioned on pressurized air instead of electronics. Google software engineer Blake Lemoine was fired for revealing secrets of Lamda and claiming it was sentient. DeepMind unveiled AlphaTensor “for discovering novel, efficient and provably correc algorithms.” Intel claimed its FakeCatcher real-time deepfake detector was 96% accurate. OpenAl released ChatGPT in November to provide a chat-based interface to its GPT-35 LLM. * OpenAl announced the GPT-4 multimodal LLM that receives both text and image prompis + Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak and thousands more signatories urged a six-month pause on training «Al systems more powerful than GPT-4.» + In business, 55% of organizations that have deployed Al always consider Al for every new use case they’re evaluating, according to a 2023 Gartner survey. By 2026, Garter reported, organizations that “operationalize Al transparency, trust and security will sez their AI models achieve a 50% improvement in terms of adoption, business goals and user . _| acceptance.” i= 1.4 Artificial Intelligence Disciplines The aim of AI is to develop program for simulating learning of human being and its a comple process which requires knowledge of various disciplines like Computer Science, Biology, Psycholeet Linguistics etc... Learning all these things are really complex task and that’s why in project team have to hire resources from many fields. Following are major disciplines used with Artificial Intelligence: 1. Philosophy 2, Mathematics 3. Economics 4, Neuroscience 5. Psychology 6. Computer engineering2 Control theory and cybernetics , Linguistics 9. Big Data _ Philosophy: Philosophy is very papottant as it attempts to answer important questions like “Can a machine act intelligently?”, “Can it solve like human being?", “Are computer intelligence is like Human one?” etc... Mathematics: Mathematics is used a write the logic and algorithm for machine learning, Philosophy thinks and defines particular intelligence and way it should work. But here comes the intelligence of Mathematicians to come out with calculations and algorithms for learning. Good knowledge of mathematics is a must skills to be able to develop model of Al. . Economics: « How should we make decisions so as to maximize payoff? « How should we do this when others may not go along? « How should we do this when the payoff may be far in the future? Lots of Economics reasoning is used in developing programs for Artificial Intelligence. . Neuroscience: Study of Neuroscience providing information about how human brain works and how neurons responds to a particular event. This enables Al scientists to develop programming model to work like human brain. . Psychology: The Psychology is used to study and find the process of thinking of humans and animals. This discipline enables data science to understand the Brain, Behaviour and Person which is essential to make things like human brain. . Computer engineering: Computer engineer write the codes for making the neural network for artificial intelligence. It then updates the values/properties of the neural network based on the data provided to the system. This way Artificial Intelligence is achieved. Computer programmer should have very high programming skills along with the knowledge of Mathematics and other disciplines used with AL . Control theory and cybernetics: under their own control. It is scientific study This theory describes how things operate es control and communicate with each other. of working of humans, animals and machin Knowledge of this technology is also very important. . Linguistics: The modern Linguistics is called computational linguistics or natural language processing. The natural language processing allows the intelligent system to communicate through language such as English. To natural language processing experience is also a must for developing Artificial Intelligence system for machines. | |& Artificial Intelligence 9. Big Data: Big Data is fueling the growth of Artificial Intelligence as it provides a platform for Saving » querying huge data sets. Al requires to process a lot of data and Its not possible to save one computer and Big Data plays big role here. Big Data also provides distributed co, mputi environment which can be used for training the model on distributed system, ™ 1.5 Types of Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main categorizatic, which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of Al. Following is flow diagram whlen explain the types of Al. " Artificial Intelligence Narrow General Strong Reactive Al Al Al Machines Self | Awareness: Limited Theory Memory of mind ——— _Al TYPE -1 Based on functionality SS 1. Weak AI or Narrow AI: + Narrow Al is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The most common and currently available Al is Narrow Al in the world of Artificial Intelligence. ¢ Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak Al. Narrow Al can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits. + Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow Al, but it operates with a limited pre-defined range of functions. « IBM’s Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow Al, as it uses an Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing. « Some Examples of Narrow Al are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition. 2. General AI: | « General Al is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.Introduction to Al The idea behind the general Al to mak e such te i ' like a human by its own. a system which could be smarter and think Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general Al and can perform any task as perfect as a human. The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General Al. As systems with general Al are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and time to develop such systems. 3. Super Al / Strong Al: . Super Al is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general Al. * Some key characteristics of strong Al include capability include the ability to think, to reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own. + Super Al is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such systems in real is still world changing task Dedicated for one task AI TYPE -2 Based on functionality ) 1. Reactive Machines: + Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence. * Such Al systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions. + These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action. + IBM’s Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines. * Google’s AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines. 2, Limited Memory: « Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time. * These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.G > Artificial inteligence * Selfdriving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cy, can store recent speed af nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and oth," information to navigate the road, 3. Theory of Mind: * Theory of Mind Al should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able t, interact socially like humans. * This type of Al machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of effor, and improvement for developing such Al machines. 4, Self-Awareness: + Self-awareness Al is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness, * These machines will be smarter than human mind. + Self-Awareness Al does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept. 1.6 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence Advantages of Artificial Intelligence 1. Reduction in Human Error: One of the biggest benefits of Artificial Intelligence is that it can significantly reduce errors and increase accuracy and precision. The decisions taken by Al in every ‘step is decided by information previously gathered and a certain set of algorithms, When programmed properly, these errors can be reduced to null. ‘An example of the reduction in human error through AI is the use of robotic surgery systems, which can perform | complex procedures with precision and accuracy, reducing the risk of human error and improving patient safety in healthcare. 2, Zero Risks: Another big benefit of Al is that humans can overcome many risks by letting Al robots do them for us, Whether it be defusing a bomb, going to space, exploring the deepest parts of oceans, machines with metal bodies are resistant in nature and can survive unfriendly atmospheres, Moreover, they can provide accurate work with greater responsibility and not wear out easily. ‘One example of zero risks is a fully automated production line in a manufacturing facility. Robots perform all tasks, | eliminating the risk of human error and injury in hazardous environments. 3. 24% 7 Availability: There are many studies that show humans are productive only about 3 to 4 hours in a day. Humans also need breaks and time offs to balance their work life and personal life, But Al can work endlessly without breaks, They think much faster than humans and perform multiple tasks ata time with accurate results. They can even handle tedious repetitive jobs easily with the help of Al algorithms,Introduction to Al i> ‘An example of this is online customer support chatb anytime, anywhere, Using Al and natural language pro issues, and escalate complex problems to human agen ots, which can provide instant assistance to customers cessing, chatbots can answer common questions, resolve ts, ensuring seamless customer service around the clock. _| 4, Digital Assistance: Some of the most technolo, : gically advanced sers usin digital assistants, which eliminates the need i Reese eee ‘stants to deliver for human personnel. Many websites utilize digital sores ‘howe ae Content. We can discuss our search with them in conversation. Some chatbots are built in a way that makes it difficult to tell whether we are conversing with a human orachatbot. patrons. Businesses can create a chathot or voice bot that can answer all of their clients’ questions using Al. 5, New Inventions: In practically every field, Al is the driving force behind numerous innovations that will aid humans in resolving the majority of challenging issues. For instance, recent advances in Al-based technologies have allowed doctors to detect breast cancer in Another example of new inventions is self-driving cars, which use a combination of cameras, sensors, and Al algorithms to navigate roads and traffic without human intervention, Self-driving cars have the potential to improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and increase accessibility for people with disabilities or limited mobility. They are being developed by various companies, including Tesla, Google, and Uber, and are expected to revolutionize transportation. 6. Unbiased Decisions: Human beings are driven by emotions, whether we like it or not. Al on the other hand, is devoid of emotions and highly practical and rational in its approach. A huge advantage of Artificial Intelligence is that it doesn’t have any biased views, which ensures more accurate decision- making. An example of this is Al-powered recruitment systems that screen job applicants based on skills and qualifications rather than demographics. This helps eliminate bias in the hiring process, leading to an inclusive and more diverse workforce, 7. Perform Repetitive Jobs: We will be doing a lot of repetitive tasks as part of our daily work, such as checking documents for flaws and mailing thank-you notes, among other things. We may use artificial intelligence to efficiently automate these menial chores and even eliminate “boring” tasks for people, allowing them to focus on being more creative. ‘An example of this is using robots in manufacturing assembly lines, which can handle repetitive tasks such as welding, painting, and packaging with high accuracy and speed, reducing costs and improving efficiency.Be > Artificial Intelligence : 8. Daily Applications: Today, our everyday lives are entirely dependenton mobile devices and the interna, We utilize a variety of apps, including Google Maps, Alexa, Siri, Cortana on Windows, OK Google, takin selfies, making calls, responding to emails, etc. With the use of various Al-based techniques, we can alg, anticipate today’s weather and the days ahead. About 20 years ago, you must have asked someone who had already been there for instructions when you were planning a trip. All you need to do now is ask Google where Bangalore is. The best route between you and Bangalore will be displayed, along with Bangalore's location, on a Google map, —| 9, Alin Risky Situations: One of the main benefits of artificial intelligence is this. By creating an AI robot that can perform perilous tasks on our behalf, we can get beyond many of the dangerous restrictions that humans face. It can be utilized effectively in any type of natural or man-made calamity, whether it be going to Mars, defusing a bomb, exploring the deepest regions of the oceans, or mining for coal and oil. For instance, the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power facility in Ukraine. As any person who came close to the core would have perished in a matter of minutes, at the time, there were no Al- powered robots that could assist us in reducing the effects of radiation by controlling the fire in its early phases. 10. Faster Decision-making: Faster decision-making is another benefit of Al. By automating certain tasks and providing real-time insights, Al can help organizations make faster and more informed decisions. This can be particularly valuable in high-stakes environments, where decisions must be made quickly and accurately to prevent costly errors or save lives. An example of faster decision-making is using Al-powered predictive analytics in financial trading, where algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data in real time and make informed investment decisions faster than human traders, resulting in improved returns and reduced risks. 11. Pattern Identification: Pattern identification is another area where Al excels. With its ability to analyze vast amounts of data and identify patterns and trends, Al can help businesses and organizations better understand customer behavior, market trends, and other important factors. This information can be used to make better decisions and improve business outcomes. An example of pattern identification is the use of Al in fraud detection, where machine learning algorithms can identify patterns and anomalies in transaction data to detect and prevent fraudulent activity, improving security and reducing financial losses for individuals and organizations. 2. Medical Applications: AI has also made significant contributions to the field of medicine, ae applications ranging from diagnosis and treatment to drug discovery and clinical trials. aoe tools can help doctors and researchers analyze patient data, identify potential health risks, and see personalized treatment plans. This can lead to better health outcomes for patients and help accele! the development of new medical treatments and technologies.: 4 Introduction to Al <1 1.7 Disadvantages o fesse of Artificial Intelligence - . bow = . High Costs: The ability to create a machine that can simulate human intelligence is no small feat. It requires plenty of time and resources and can cost a huge deal of money. Al also needs to operate on the atest hardware and software to stay updated and meet the latest requirements, thus making it quite ificial Intelligence costly. 2, No Creativity: A big disadvantage of Al is that it cannot learn to think outside the box. Al is capable of learning over time with pre-fed data and past experiences, but cannot be creative in its approach. A classic example is the bot Quill who can write Forbes earning reports. These reports only contain data and facts already provided to the bot. Although it is impressive that a bot can write an article on its own, it lacks the human touch present in other Forbes articles. 3, Unemployment: One application of artificial intelligence is a robot, which is displacing occupations and increasing unemployment (in a few cases). Therefore, some claim that there is always a chance of unemployment as a result of chatbots and robots replacing humans. For instance, robots are frequently utilized to replace human resources in manufacturing businesses in some more technologically advanced nations like Japan. This is not always the case, though, as it creates additional opportunities for humans to work while also replacing humans in order to increase efficiency. 4, Make Humans Lazy: Al applications automate the majority of tedi do not have to memorize things or solve puzzles to get the job done, less. This addiction to Al can cause problems to future generations. 5. No Ethics: Ethics and morality are important human features that can be difficult to incorporate into an Al. The rapid progress of AI has raised a number of concerns that one day, Al will grow uncontrollably, and eventually wipe out humanity. This moment is referred to as the Al singularity. we have been taught that neither computers nor other machines and team management is essential for achieving goals. superior to humans when functioning effectively, but it is cannot be replaced by computers. ous and repetitive tasks. Since we we tend to use our brains less and 6. Emotionless: Since early childhood, have feelings. Humans function as a team, However, there is no denying that robots are also true that human connections, which form the basis of teams, 7. No Improvement: Humans cannot develop artificial intelligence because it is a technology based on pre-loaded facts and experience. Al is proficient at repeatedly carrying out the same task, but if we want any adjustments or improvements, we must manually alter the codes. Al cannot be accessed and utilized akin to human intelligence, but it can store infinite data. Machines can only complete tasks they have been developed or programmed for; if they are asked to complete anything else, they frequently fail or provide useless results, which can have significant negative effects. Thus, we are unable to make anything conventional. 1.8 Top Technologies used in Artificial Intelligence Some of the few top technologies rocking the world are listed below: 1. Natural Language Generation: Al converts the data into a readable form allow the system to interact ideas with perfect accuracy. It is widely used in customer services to generate reports and pull market data.2. Speech Recognition: Siri is the best example of speech recognition which understands and interacts with the voice response of human language by mobile apps. 3. Virtual Agents: The Chatbot is a suitable example that is programmed to interact With a human. 4, Machine Learning Platform: The main aim is to develop techniques that enable the compute; to learn. They are currently developed for prediction and acts as an audience management tool. It is most profitable for digital marketing. Al Optimized Hardware: The new graphics and processing unit are designed and developeq to perform Artificial Intelligent oriented tasks. Decision Management: Intelligent machines are designed to frame new rules and logic to Al systems for setting up, prolonged maintenance and optimum tuning and make you run a 5 6. profitable organization. 7. Deep Learning Platform: It is mainly used for classification and pattern recognition for large scale data. . Biometrics: This technology is used to identify and analyze the human attributes and physical features of a body’s shape and form. . Robotic Process Automation: It uses scripts and mimics the human process and fed to a robot to complete it effectively. Digital Twin: A digital twin is software that joins the space between physical systems and the 8. a 10. digital world. Cyber Defense: It acts as a firewall that detects, prevent and provides timely support to fight against any threat which is yet to affect information and infrastructure. 12. Compliance: It is an agreement between the employee and organization to follow the standard policies and rules of the organization. 13. Knowledge Worker Aid: AI technology also can widely help employees at work, especially those in knowledge work. 14, Peer to Peer Networks: When multiple systems are connected and share resources without the data going through the server computer: It is also used in cryptocurrencies. 15. Content Writing: Artificial intelligence helps in content writing such as articles, blogs, reports by suggesting possible words that suit well for sentences and also provide spell correction and grammatical mistakes to their online world. 16. Emotion Recognition: The technology permits the software to “scan” the sentiments on a human face using high-level image processing or audio processing, now at the point where you can catch “micro-expressions,” or complex body language ideas, and vocal accent that reveals 11. a person’s feelings. 17. Image Recognition: Image recognition is the method of recognizing and distinguishing an object or trait in a digital image or video, and Al is frequently being piled on top of this technology to great effect. 18. Marketing Automation: Marketing automation enables companies to increase engagement and improve performance to grow income faster. It uses software to automate client segmentation, data integration, and campaign management, and streamlines repeated tasks, providing vital minds to get back to doing what they do best.Introduction to Al 19> + Intelligence is an ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, Jearn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations. . Intelligence composed of Reasoning, Learning. Problem Solving, Perception, Linguistic| Intelligence « Reasoning broadly divided into Inductive Reasoning & Deductive Reasoning » Learning is categorized into Auditory Learning, Episodic Learning, Motor Learning, Observational Learning, Perceptual Learning, Relational Learning, Spatial Learning, ‘Stimulus-Response Learning « Artificial intelligence (AD, sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals, such as “learning” and “problem solving + Al definition into 4 categories : Thinking Humanly(The cognitive modelling approach), Thinking Rationally(The “laws of thought” approach), Acting Humanly(The Turing Test approach), Acting Rationally(The rational agent approach). « Otherapproaches are : Machine Learning approach, Evolutionary approach, Neural Networks approach, Fuzzy logic approach, Hybrid approach + Major disciplines used with Artificial Intelligence are : Philosophy, Mathematics, Economics, Neuroscience, Psychology, Computer engineering, Control theory and cybernetics, Linguistics and Big Data « Artificial Intelligence broadly classified into two types: Type-1 (Based on Capabilities) - Weak Al or Narrow Al, General Al, Super Al or Strong Al Type-2 (Based on functionality) - Reactive Machines, Limited Memory, Theory of mind, Self-Awareness. « Advantages of Al: Reduction in Human error 247 Availability New Inventions Perform repetitive jobs Alin risk situations Pattern identification Medical applications * Disadvantages of Al: Zero Risks Digital Assistance Unbiased decisions Daily applications Faster decision making No Creativity High cost Unemployment Make humans lazy No ethics Emotionless No Improvement‘Top technologies used in Al: Natural Language Generation Speech Recognition Virtual Agents - Machine Learning platform Decision Management Al Optimized hardware Deep learning platform Biometrics Robotic Process Automation Digital twin Cyber Defence Compliance Knowledge worker aid Peer to peer network Content writing Image recognition s tion recognition What is intelligence composed of? What do you mean by Linguistic intelligence? 1. Define Intelligence. 2. 3. 4. Define Al. 5. List 4 categories of Al. 6. List any 4 major disciplines of AI. 7. Compare Weak AI with Strong AI 8. What are Reactive machines in Al. 9. List any 4 advantages of Al. 10. List any 4 disadvantages of Al. 11. List any 4 top technologies used in AI . Explain Intelligence System? Explain the four categories of AI Explain the Turning Test approach of Al with a neat diagram. . List any 8 mile stones of Al. . Explain the major disciplines of AI . Explain in detail the types of Al. . Explain any 4 advantages of Al in detail . Explain any 4 disadvantages of Al in detail. . List and explain any 4 technologies used in Al CPONAnewnye eee ede