The Respiratory System.1681642040103

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Anteriorly, the apex of each lung rises
approximately 2cm to 4cm above the

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF inner third of the clavicle
THORAX  Lower border of the lung crosses the
- we have 12 pairs of ribs 6th rib at the midclavicular line and the
- 1st to 7th ribs (true ribs) 8th rib at the midaxillary line.
- 8th to 10th ribs (false ribs)  Posteriorly, the lower border of the
- 11th and 12th ribs (floating ribs) lung lies about the level of the T10
- we have a total of 11 intercostal spaces spinous process, On inspiration, it
- abnormalities of the chest are described in descends farther.
two dimensions; along the vertical axis and  Each lung is divided roughly in half by
around the circumference of the chest. an oblique (major) fissure
- to make vertical locations, count the ribs  Right lung is further divided by the
and intercostal spaces horizontal (minor) fissure
- the spinous process of the vertebrae are  Anteriorly, the fissure runs close to the
also useful in anatomic landma rks 4th rib and meets the oblique fissure in
- when the neck is flexed forward, the most the midaxillary line near the 5th rib. The
protruding process is usually the vertebra of right lung is thus divided into upper,
C7, known as the vertebral prominens. middle, and lower lobes.
- if the two processes are equally  Left lung has only 2 lobes; upper and
prominent, they are C7 and T1. lower
C1 (Atlas) LOCATIONS ON THE CHEST

C2 (Axis)  SUPRACLAVICULAR - above the clavicle
7 CERVICAL - Aids in breathing  INFRACLAVICULAR - below the clavicle
12 THORACIC - when damaged , the  INTERSCAPULAR - between the
affected part is the abdomen region scapullae
5 LUMBAR - when damaged, bladder is  INFRASCAPULAR - below the scapullae
affected  BASES OF THE LUNGS - the lower most
1 SACRAL portions
1 COCCYX  UPPER, MIDDLE, AND LOWER LUNG
FIELDS.
- the midsternal and vertebral lines are
precise, the others are estimated THE TRACHEA AND THE MAJOR
- the midclavicular line drops vertically from BRONCHI
the midpoint of the clavicle. To find it, you  Breath sounds over the trachea and
must identify bothe ends of the clavicle bronchi have a different quality than
accurately. breath sounds over the lung
- the anterior and posterior axillary lines parenchyma.
drops vertically from the anterior and  The trachea bifurcates into its
posterior axillary folds, the muscle masses mainstem bronchi at the levels of the
that border the axilla. sternal angle anteriorly and the T4
- the midaxillary line drops from the apex of spinous process posteriorly.
the axilla
- posteriorly, the vertebral line overlies the THE PLEURA
spinous process of the vertebrae. - are the two serous membranes that covers
- the scapular line drops from the inferior The outer surface of each lung.
angle of the scapula.  VISCERAL PLEURA
- lies next to the lung
LUNGS, FISSURES, AND LOBES  PARIETAL PLEURA
- lies the inner ribcage and upper surface of
RIGHT LUNG: 3 LOBES, 2 FISSURES the diaphragm. It lacks sensory nerves.
LEFT LUNG: 2 LOBES, 1 FISSURE  PLEURAL SPACE
(A total of 5 Lobes and 3 Fissures) - is the potential space between visceral and
parietal pleurae. It is richly innervated by
the intercoastal and phrenic nerves.
PLEURISY - INFLAMMATION
 PLEURAL EFFUSION - accumulation CHEST PAIN
of fluid between the pleurae - may be caused by cardiac, respiratory,
gastrointestinal, or musculoskeletal
BREATHING etiologies.
- an automatic act, controlled in the - lung tissue itself has no pain fibers. Pain in
brainstem, and mediated by the muscles of lung conditions such as pneumonia and
respiration in response to cellular demands pulmonary infarction usually arises from
of oxygen. inflammation of the adjacent parietal pleura.
 DIAPHRAGM - primary muscle for
inspiration. SOURCES OF PAIN
- during inspiration, this muscle contract, - trachea and large bronchi
the thorax expands. Intrathoracic pressure - parietal pleura
decreases, drawing air through the - chest wall
tracheobronchial tree into the alveoli, or - myocardium
distal air sacs and expanding the lungs. - pericardium
- after the inspiratory effort stops, the - aorta
expiratory phase begins. The chest wall and - esophagus
the lungs recoil, the diaphragm relaxes and - anxiety
rises passively, air flows outward, and the
chest and abdomen return to their resting
positions.
COMMON OR CONCERNING
SYMPTOMS
- Dyspnea - shortness/difficulty in
breathing/ air hunger
- cough
- wheezing (manifestation of asthma)
(high pitched, musical sound upon
expiration)
- chest pain
- blood streaked sputum (hemoptysis)
COUGH
- is typically a reflex response to a stimuli
that irritate receptors in the larynx, trachea,
or large bronchi. These stimuli includes
mucus, pus, blood, dust, foreign bodies, and
even extremely hot or cold air.
- may also be caused by inflammation of the
respiratory mucosa or tension in the air
passages from a tumor or enlarged
peribronchial lymph nodes.
- Can also be a symptom of left sided heart
failure.
MUCOID SPUTUM
- is translucent, white or gray
PURULENT SPUTUM
- yellowish or greenish
ACUTE COUGH - lasts less than 3 weeks

SUBACUTE - lasts 3 to 8 weeks
CHRONIC - more than 8 weeks

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Anteriorly, the apex of each lung rises

approximately 2cm to 4cm above the

C1 (Atlas) LOCATIONS ON THE CHEST

ACUTE COUGH - lasts less than 3 weeks

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