Quarter 2 – Module 1: Gathers Manifestoes and Analyzes the

Arguments Used by the

Writer/s

Forming and communicating claims on a certain issue supported by reasonable

arguments and properly cited factual evidence is a fundamental aspect in an
argumentation. Gathering manifestoes and analyzing the arguments used by the
writers help you organize your stand on an issue and eventually will help you
convince the people to change their mind about things which many of them are
pretty firm about. For instance, you are going to convince the people on the healthy
recovery from COVID 19, you will gather manifestoes and analyze the arguments
used by the writers to convince the people on the issue.
In this lesson, you will be taught to master the competency on gathering
manifestoes and analyzing the arguments used by the writers.

What is a Manifesto?

Though the definition of “manifesto” as a word is somewhat malleable—

encompassing everything from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech
to the Declaration of Independence—the intent of one of these documents is always
to outline core beliefs and inspire sweeping change.

Manifesto. This refers to a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views

of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government.
A manifesto is a written statement outlining what a person or group stands for and
how they plan to effect change. These documents serve as long–form thesis
statements—they put forth personal beliefs in the attempt to persuade others. It’s for
this reason you might hear the words “creed” or “mission statement” as synonyms for
manifesto.
Manifestos come in a few different iterations. You can use a political manifesto as a
public declaration of intentions to change the world at large, whereas a personal
manifesto might boldly state who you are and who you hope to become. In any case,
these documents serve as valuable assessment tools—people can look back on
them to see how well their practical attempts to change things for the better align
with their initial goals.

What Is the Etymology of Manifesto?

The British and American English word “manifesto” derives from the Latin terms
“manifestus” and “manifestum,” both of which mean “obvious.” Over time, the Latin
morphed to “manifesto” (“to make public”) before changing again to a new word in
Italian with the same meaning: “manifestare.” Beginning in the seventeenth century,
English speakers borrowed the Italian word and returned it to the Latin “manifesto,”
using it to mean a written document that elucidates beliefs and calls for change. The
concept also translates into Spanish as “manifiesto.”

6 Steps to Writing a Manifesto

Writing a manifesto takes strong principles, a desire for change, and a little
skill with the written word. Follow these six steps to write your own manifesto:

1. Be concise. Your manifesto should be a brief, snappy set of principles and

calls to action rather than an unabridged and exhaustive report of every
reason you believe what you do. Choose a manifesto from a historical
personage you admire and use the first few paragraphs as a set of example
sentences to compare yours against. Consider election manifestos (or political
party platforms), for instance. These documents are often heavier
on slogans than they are on substance—they briefly state a party’s principles
in the interest of inspiring change (in this case, persuading leaders to vote for
the party).
2. Catch the reader’s interest. Throughout the writing process, do your best
to make your manifesto as engaging as possible. Use alliteration, figurative
language, and interesting analogies you’re able to derive from your own
experiences. If you need a stronger word for something you’re trying to say,
crack open a thesaurus and make an alternative word list. Contemplate and
then decide on the one you think drives home your point the best.
3. Choose your audience. Different manifestos suit different
audiences. For instance, Dogme 95 (an artists’ manifesto
among Danish film directors) and the Indonesian Cultural
Manifesto of 1963 are both succinct expressions of several
contributors’ beliefs and desires for change. These works
address separate intended audiences. When it comes to your
manifesto, ask yourself for whom you’re primarily writing it.
4. Decide on core values. Brainstorm some main points you hope to
get across in your manifesto. You can even write these as
simple bullet points at first before revising them into more
eloquent verbiage. Every manifesto should have a simple
principle—or set of principles—to espouse. As an example, the
purpose of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’ The Communist
Manifesto was to persuade the world communism would be a
more effective economic and social system than capitalism.
From this central premise, the authors derived all their other
arguments and points.

5. Map out a plan of action. Your manifesto needs to feature

a call to action rather than just a set of beliefs. As its issuer,
you must hope to persuade its audience to make changes
because of your arguments. Provide people with guidelines as
to how they can bring about the changes you seek.

6. Revise your work. Proofreading is as essential to writing a

manifesto as it is to any other form of essay. Odds are you
should rework your first rough draft at least a few times.
Consider the fact that the United States Continental Congress
 revised the Declaration of Independence (one of the most
consequential and effective manifestos in all of history) at
least eighty-six times following Thomas Jefferson’s initial
draft.

Argumentative writing. A kind of writing where the students establish a position in

a given topic and then use evidence to persuade the audience to see things from
their point of view. To write a great argumentatively, the students first have to
investigate several sides of the argument, which allows them to make an educated
stance. Then, they have to collect evidence, including facts, statistics, and claims
from experts in the topic’s field.

Argument. In academic writing, this is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or
“thesis statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea.

Analyzing an Issue and Developing an Argument

Once your topic is selected, you should do some research on the subject matter.
While you may already have an opinion on your topic and an idea about which side
of the argument you want to take, you need to ensure that your position is well
supported. Listing the pro and con sides of the topic will help you examine your
ability to support your counterclaims, along with a list of supporting evidence for both
sides.
To analyze an issue and develop an argument, you should follow these steps:
1. Choose a topic: Select a topic that interests you and that you can research
thoroughly.
2. Research the topic: Gather information from a variety of sources, including
books, articles, and websites.
3. Evaluate the information: Assess the credibility and reliability of the sources
you have gathered.
4. Develop a thesis: Formulate a clear and concise statement that summarizes
your argument.
5. Construct an outline: Organize your ideas and evidence into a logical
structure.
6. Write a draft: Use your outline to write a rough draft of your argument.
7. Revise and edit: Review your draft and make revisions to improve the clarity
and coherence of your argument.

Remember, the key to developing a strong argument is to use evidence and

reasoning to support your claims.
Supporting evidence includes the following:

The types of sources of supporting evidence for manifestoes can vary depending on
the topic. Some possible sources of supporting evidence include:
 Facts: These are statements that can be proven to be true or false. Facts can
be obtained from books, articles, and other reliable sources.
 Statistics: These are numerical data that can be used to support an
argument. Statistics can be obtained from government reports, academic
journals, and other reliable sources.
 Expert opinions: These are opinions given by experts in a particular field.
Expert opinions can be obtained from interviews, books, and other reliable
sources.
 Anecdotes: These are short stories or personal experiences that can be used
to illustrate a point. Anecdotes can be obtained from personal experience or
from interviews with others.
 An in-depth study is a detailed and thorough analysis of a specific subject. It
involves a comprehensive examination of the topic, often with the aim of
gaining a deeper understanding of it. Such studies are commonly used in
social, educational, clinical, and business research12. For instance, a case
study is a type of in-depth study that involves a detailed examination of a
specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or
phenomenon
 Scholarly articles are academic papers written by experts in a particular field
of study. They are usually published in peer-reviewed journals, which means
that they have been reviewed by other experts in the same field before being
accepted for publication. Scholarly articles are often used as sources of
information in research papers, essays, and other academic writing. They are
typically more reliable than other sources of information, such as blogs or
news articles, because they are based on rigorous research and analysis.
 Introductory information and overviews are brief summaries or
explanations of a topic that provide a general understanding of the subject
matter. They are often used to provide context and background information for
more detailed research or analysis.
 Current issues refer to the most pressing and important problems that are
affecting the world at present. These issues can be global or local, and they
can range from social, economic, environmental, political, and more. Some of
the current global issues that we must address include poverty, climate
change, food insecurity, and COVID-19 .
 Position paper is a written document that presents an argument or stance on
a particular issue or topic. It outlines the author’s position on the issue and
provides support for that position with evidence and reasoning.

It is important to note that the sources of supporting evidence should be

reliable and credible. It is also important to cite the sources of supporting
evidence to avoid plagiarism .
Activity 1 Analyzing Supporting Evidence

Direction: In analyzing an issue and developing an argument, supporting

evidence is a significant factor. Arrange the jumbled letters to form a word/s
that connects to supporting evidence.

1. TSASITCITS
2. NI-PDEHT UTSSIDE
3. RUCTERN SEUSSI
4. CSOARHLYL RTACISEL
5. LYAANESS

Activity 2 Gathering Manifestoes

Directions: Identify the possible types of sources of the supporting evidence

for the following topic for argumentation.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Activity 3 Complete Me
Now, let us sum up what you have learned from our lesson by completing the
given phrases below.
Activity 5. COMPLETE ME

1. An argument is…
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Manifesto refers to…
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. A good argument is…
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

ARMANDO M. NAGNAL