GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 REVIEWER SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

1. DISTILLATION – process of separating components

CHEMISTRY – is the science that describes matter – its of a mixture based on different boiling points
properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy 2. FILTRATION or SIEVING – used to separate
changes that accompany those processes. insoluble solid from a liquid
3. EVAPORATION – involves heating the solution until
I. MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES the solvent evaporates leaving behind the solid residue
MATTER – is anything that has mass and occupies
space II. MEASUREMENTS
STATES OF MATTER ACCURACY – refers to how closely a measured value
1. Solid – rigid and have definite shape agrees with the correct value
2. Liquid – flows and assumes the shape of its container PRECISION – refers to how closely individual
to a given volume measurements agree with one another
3. Gas – is less dense than liquid and solid; occupy all
parts of any vessel RULES ON SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
4. Plasma – is charged particles in gaseous state which 1. Nonzero digits are always significant
temperature ranges from 6,093 C to 8083 C 2. Zeroes at the beginning of a number (used just to
5. Bose-Einstein Condensate – are condensed atoms position the decimal point) are never significant.
acting as one 3. Zeroes between nonzero digits are always significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number that contains a decimal
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER AND point are always significant.
ENERGY – there is no observable change in the 5. Zeroes at the end of a number that does not contain a
quantity of matter during a chemical reaction or during a decimal point may or may not be significant.
physical change *In addition and subtraction, the final answer should be
ex: burning of paper in an isolated system rounded to the same number of decimal places as the
measurement with the least number of decimal places.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES are exhibited by matter as *In multiplication and division, the final answer should
it undergoes changes in composition; related to the kinds be rounded to the same number of significant figures as
of chemical changes that substance undergo the measurement with the least number of significant
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES can be observed in the figures.
absence of any change in composition
ex: freezing, color, density, hardness III. ATOMS. MOLECULES AND IONS
1. DEMOCRITUS – a Greek philosopher who
CHEMICAL CHANGE suggested that all matter is composed of tiny, discrete,
1. Evolution of gas indivisible particles called atoms.
2. change of color 2. DALTON – formulated the first modern description
3. formation of precipitate of atom as the fundamental building block of chemical
PHYSICAL CHANGE structures.
1. no change in chemical composition Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2. may suggest that a chemical change has taken place 1. All matter is composed of atoms, indivisible and
indestructible building blocks. While all atoms of an
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES – are properties that are element were identical, different elements had atoms of
independent on the amount of the matter present differing size and mass.
ex: taste, density, boiling point ➢ Law of Conservation of Matter - atoms cannot
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES – are properties that be created, destroyed, or transformed into atoms
depend on the amount of the matter present of another element.
ex: mass, length, volume 2. All compounds are composed of combinations of
atoms in defined ratios.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER ➢ Law of Definite Proportion - states that a pure
1. Pure substance – have fixed composition compound is made up of elements in the same
a. Elements – cannot be decomposed into simpler proportion by mass.
substances by chemical changes ➢ Law of Multiple Proportion - states that two
b. Compounds – can be decomposed into simpler elements combine to form more than one
changes by chemical changes compound, the ratio of the mass of the other
2. Mixture – have variable composition element is a whole number or a simple fraction.
a. Homogeneous – (solutions) have uniform 3. Chemical reactions resulted in the rearrangement
composition throughout of the reacting atoms.
b. Heterogeneous – do not have same composition
throughout SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
a. Suspension – particles are suspended Proton – positively charged; found in the nucleus
throughout the bulk of the medium Electron – negatively charged; one of the leptons
b. Colloid – known to exhibit the Tyndall effect Neutron – neutral charged
 𝐀 1. Metal (fixed oxidation number) +
𝐙𝐗 X – element nonmetal
A – mass number = proton + neutron ➢ Name the metal first plus the
Z – atomic number = proton name of the nonmetal with the
➢ For neutral atom (no charge): suffix -ide.
Number of protons = Z ➢ Ex: MgO – magnesium oxide
Number of electrons = Z CaF2 – calcium fluoride
Number of neutrons = A – Z 2. Metal (variable oxidation number) +
➢ For cation (positively charged): nonmetal
Number of protons = Z + oxidation no. ➢ Name the metal (with roman
Number of electrons = Z numeral) plus the name of non-
Number of neutrons = A – Z metal with suffix –ide.
➢ For anion (negatively charged): ➢ Name the metal (Latin name)
Number of protons = Z plus the name of the nonmetal
Number of electrons = Z + oxidation no. with suffix -ide. Suffix -ous is
Number of neutrons = A-Z attached to the metal with lower
Example: oxidation number and suffix -ic
Element/Ion Na Ca+2 Cl-1 is attached to the metal having
No. of proton 11 22 17 higher oxidation number.
No. of electron 11 20 18 ➢ Ex: PbO – Lead (II) oxide
No. of neutron 12 20 18 - plumbous oxide
*An element become an ion when the number of proton PbO2 – Lead (IV) oxide
is not equal to the number of electron. - plumbic oxide
c. Binary Acids
ISOTOPE – atoms of an element having the same ➢ Name the binary acid by adding the
atomic number but different mass number. prefix hydro- to the non-metal and
add the word acid.
CHEMICAL PERIODICITY ➢ Ex: HCl – hydrochloric acid
A. Atomic radius – the average distance between HF – hydrofluoric acid
the nucleus and the valence electron. B. TERNARY COMPOUNDS - compounds
➢ Within a family (vertical group on the periodic containing three or more elements
table) of representative elements, atomic radii a. Ionic Compounds
increases from top to bottom as electrons are ➢ A few polyatomic anions are named
added to shells further from the nucleus. with an –ide suffix.
➢ As we move from left to right across a period ➢ Ex: H2O2 – hydrogen peroxide
in the periodic table, atomic radii of b. Oxyions - are binary anions in which one
representative elements decrease. element is oxygen.
➢ Ex: K2SO4 – potassium sulfate
Fe3(PO4)2 – iron (II) phosphate
Pb(NO3)2 – Lead (II) nitrate or
plumbous nitrate
NaHCO3 – sodium bicarbonate
c. Acids
➢ If the oxyion’s name ends in -ite, the
suffix -ous is attached to the root of
the anion name followed by the
word “acid”
➢ If the name of the oxyanion ends in
-ate, the suffix -ic is attached to the
IV. CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE root of the anion name followed by
A. BINARY COMPOUNDS – compounds the word “acid”
containing two elements ➢ Ex: HNO3 – nitric acid
a. Molecular Compounds – nonmetals + HNO2 – nitrous acid
nonmetals H2SO4 – sulfuric acid
➢ Use the Greek prefixes (mono, di, H2SO3 – sulfurous acid
tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, d. Bases – contain the -OH in combination
nona, deca) attached to the two with a metal ion
elements and add the suffix -ide at ➢ Name the metal ion followed by the
the end of the second element. word “hydroxide”
➢ Ex: H2O – dihydrogen oxide ➢ Ex: NaOH – sodium hydroxide
N2O4 – dinitrogen tetroxide *common name: lye/caustic soda
b. Ionic Compounds – metals + nonmetals
 V. STOICHIOMETRY Solution:
Atomic weight – mass of the element • Mass to mole:
Molecular Weight – total mass of the molecular 7.81 g
C: g = 0.65 mol
compound 12
Formula Weight – total mass of either molecular or mol
92.19 g
ionic compound Cl: g = 2.63 mol
Ex: What is the molar mass of C6H12O6? 35
mol
Solution: • Divide by small:
Atomic Mass of 0.65 mol
Element Mole C: =1
Mass Element 0.65 mol
C 6 12 72 g 2.63 mol
H 12 1 12 g Cl: =4
0.65 mol
O 6 16 96 Empirical formula: CCl4
Molar mass of C6H12O6 180 g/mol
D. MOLECULAR FORMULA - indicates the
A. CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRY actual number of atoms present in a molecule
mass
a. Mass to moles: mole = molar mass Ex: If the simplest formula of hexane is C3H7, and its
b. Moles to mass: mass = mole x molar mass molecular mass is found to be 86 g/mol, what is its
c. Moles to molecules: molecular formula?
molecules Molar mass using the empirical formula:
molecules = moles x 6.022x1023 C – 3 x 12 = 36
mol
H–7x1=7
Examples: 43 g/mol
1. How many moles are there in 150 g NaCl? molar mass 86
Ratio = = =2
mass 150 g molar mass of the empirical 43
mole = = = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗 𝐠
molar mass 58 g/mol Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula) x Ratio
2. How many grams are contained in 5 moles of CO2? = (C3H7) x 2
mass = mole x molar mass = C6H14
g VI. GAS LAWS
= 5 moles x 44 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝐠
mol A. BOYLE’S LAW – the volume of a given
3. How many molecules of CuSO4 are there in 4 moles amount of gas is inversely proportional to its
of CuSO4? pressure at constant temperature.
molecules 1
4. molecules = moles x 6.022x1023 mol
V ∝
molecules P
= 4 mol x 6.022x1023 P1V1 = P2V2
mol
*As the pressure increases, the volume decreases.
= 𝟐. 𝟒𝟏 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬

B. PERCENT COMPOSITION
If the formula of a compound is known, its
chemical composition can be expressed as the
mass percentage of each element in the
compound (percent composition).
Ex: What is the percentage composition of
hydrogen in CH4?
Solution:
Atomic Mass of
Element Mole
Mass Element
C 1 12 12 g
H 4 1 4g
Total mass of 1 mole CH4 16 g
mass of element 4
%H = x100 = x100 = 25%
total mass 16

C. EMPIRICAL FORMULA - is the smallest

whole-number ratio of atoms present in a
compound
1. Percent to mass
2. Mass to mole
3. Divide by small
4. Multiply ‘til whole
Ex: A compound is found to contain 7.81 g of carbon
and 92.19 g of chlorine. What is the empirical formula of
the compound?