IAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) ASONEC - 27001-2013 Certified) SUMMER ~ 2023 EXAMINATION Model Ansiver- Only for the Use of RAC Assessors Subject Name: Optical Network & Satellite Communication Subject code: 22647 1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme. 2). The model answer and! the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the understanding level of the candidate 3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills 4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may ‘sive credit for any equivalent figure drawn, 5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some case ‘constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidat model answer. 6) In case of some questions eredit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on candidate's understanding. 7) For programming language papers, eredit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concep. 8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teachin; ‘and Bilingual (English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first y Programme from academic year 2021-2022, Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same andl assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer. the assumed 's answers and English/Marathi wr of AICTE diploma (A) | Attempt any EIVE of the following: 10- Total Marks (@) | Define: 2M (i) Passive satellite (il) Active satellite Ans: i) A passive satellite: It is the reflecting surface or balloon that just reflects the signal | 1M each fron one earth station to other earth station (or stations) without any amplification or | definitio processing a ii) Am active satellite: It is a transponder or microwave repeater which receives a signal from Earth (uplink frequency) amplifies it, do signal processing and frequency conversion and rettansmits the same signal back to desired Earth station on downlink. frequency. Page 1/IAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (autonomons) SOME - 27001-2013 Certified) ()_ | List the RF components in the earth station, 2M ‘Ans: | RF components in the earth station Any 4, 1. Anantenna 12M 2. Waveguide an 3. Power 5 4. Up converter $, Down converter 6, Modulator’demodulator 7. Intermediate amplifier 8. High power amplifier 9, Low noise amplifier (© __| Draw the constructional diagram of optical fiber. 2M ‘Ans: : E ANY fq Shows constwuch ow ire Ope Cab 4 es 3 — RELEV Came jacket ANT _ Primary Ouffer coarivg « DIAGR { AMM © Grass Gre \. liters acs, — Anes cladding or ory easing ter Cattng| (@_| Define: 2M () Critical angle (ii) Numerical aperture Page 2/IAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) ASONEC - 27001-2013 Certified) Ans: |) Gritical angle: The critical angle is defined as the angle ofinciden ee wrt normal | 1M each ‘© which angle ofreffaction becomes 90° if light travels fom a denser medium to a | rarer melt, finch on 122 He = sin) (i)‘The Numerical Aperture (NA) is a measure of how much light can be collected by an optical fibre oR is defined as the light gathering/collecting ability of an optial fiber “Mathematically given by the sine of the maximum angle a ray entering the fiber can have with the axis of the fiber and still propagate by internal reflection For step index; = zint, = m7 =a} ; Oy = acceptance cone ha angle ©) | Listany four types of optical switch, 2M Ans: | Types of optical switches Any 4 1. Opto-Mechanical switches switehe 2. Miero-clectromechanical system switches (MEMS) s12M 3. Electro opti switches each 4, All optical switehes 5, Thermosoptie switehes 6. Semiconductor optical amplifier switch 1) | Specify the function of altitude control system, 2M ‘Ans: | The attnde of a satellite refers to is orientation in space. Attitude control ofa satelite 2M to the maintenance of the satellite stability at its assigned position, Attitude control is necessa to keep the antenna pointed towards the desired region on the surface of the earth. Itis also used 10 help solar eells so that they abways face the sun 2) | Justify: In satellite communication uplink frequency is higher than down link frequency. | 21 ‘Aust Reason for :ln satellite communication uplink frequency is higher than down Any? link frequency because : reason 1. To avoid interference between uplink and downlink frequencies iM 2. Higher frequency of uplink signal helps to reduce the size of antenna in the oath satellite. 3. The attenuation level increase with an increase in frequency. 4. The power at the ground station (Base Station) is more than compared to the power available atthe satellite Page 3/ay) HHA STATE BOARD OF TECHNIEAL EDLEATION (Autonomous) O/IEC - 27001-2013 Certified) ‘Attempt any LHREE of the following: 12-Total Marks a) plain the operation of LASER diode. aM Ans: 8 Sipectink Okina ‘ps Geseg ic) ACen nc} Pace) Sate tle Cov signi Acer (Gn pe) OPERATION: When a large forward bias is applied, a large number of free hol electron pairs are ereated in the immediate vicinity of the junction When a hole and electron pair collide and recombin light The P-N junction is sandwiched between layers of material with different optical and dielectric properties. The material that shields the junction has alow refractive index. So this difference traps the holes and electrons in the junction region and thereby improves light output, When a certain level of current is wached, the| population of minority carriers on either side of the junction increases and photon density becomes so high that they begin to collide with already excited minority carriers, This causes a slight increase in the ionization energy level, which makes the carrier unstable. It thus recombines with the carrier of the opposite type at a slightly different (higher) level than if no collision had occurred. When it does, two equal energy photons are released. ‘The carriers that are stimulated may reach a density level such that each released| photon may trigger several more, This creates an avalanche efféct that increases the] «mission ellicency exponentially with current above the initial emission threshold value. This behaviour is usually enhanced by placing mirrored surfaces at each , they produce a photon of m: 2 marks Explan ation: 2 marks Page 4/IAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) ASOMEC - 27001-2013 Certified) end of the junction zone. region and as they reflect back and forth, stimulate with holes at high than normal energy level. hese mirror like ends trap the photons in the active fee electrons to recombine 9. This process is called lasing, The mirrored surface where light emits is partially ‘ransmissi bb) | Describe seattering loss and dispersion loss related to optical fibe aM ‘Ans: | Seattering lows ‘+ Basically, scattering tosses are caused by the interaction of light with density | ation 4 fluctuations within a fiber. Density changes are produced when optical fibers are | yy ‘manufacture. ‘+ Linear Scattering Loss ‘© Linear scatering oecurs when optical energy is transferred fom the dominant mode of ‘operation fo adjacent modes. It i proportional to the input optical power injected inte the dominant mode ‘+ Linear scatering is divided into wo categories Mie scattering and Rayleigh seattering, ‘+ Non-Linear Seattering Losses: Scattering loss in a fiber also oceurs due to fiber non-linearity ie. if the optical power athe output ofthe fiber does not change proportionately with the power change atthe input ofthe fiber, the optical fiber is said to be operating inthe non-linear mode, Non- Linear scattering is divided into two categories: ;mulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. Dispersion Los ‘© Dispersion is a measure of the temporal spreading that ovcurs when a tight pulse propayates through an optical fiber. Dispersion is sometimes referred to as delay distortion inthe sense that the propagation time delay causes the pulse to broaden. ‘+ The broadened pulse overlaps with its neighbors eventually becoming indistinguishable at the receiver input, This effect is known as intersymbol interference (SI) ‘+ The signal dispersion alone limits the maximum possible bandwidth or the data rate attainable with a particular optical fiber. ‘© Three mechanisms are responsible for the pulse broadening in fibers: Modal (or mode) dispersion, material dispersion and waveguide dispersion Modal dispersion is referred to a8 intermodal dispersion. ‘The combination of material and waveguide dispersion is often ealled as intra-modal or chromatic dispersion because both are dependent on wavelength ©) | Explain the effect of eclipse on motion of satel aM +A satellite is said 10 be in eclipse when the earth or moon prevents sunlight from reaching it + IF the carth’s equatorial plane coincides with the plune of earth's orbit around sun, the Page 5/IAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Awtinomans) ASONEC - 27001-2013 Certified) ‘geostationary orbit will be eclipsed by the earth, This is called the earth eclipse of satellite ‘© Solar eclipses are important as they affect the working of the satellite beeause during eclipse satellite receives. no power from its solar panels and it has to operate on its ‘onboard standby batteries which reduce sa ” fo Position A ‘Sotettte io ear view ‘ofan Sareice nectise ‘+ Satellite failure is more at such times when satellite enters into eclipse (sudden switch to no solar power region) and when it moves out of eclipse (suddenly large amount of solar power is bombarded on satellite) as this creates thermal stress on satelite ‘+ Eclipse caused by moon occurs when moon passes in front of sun but that is less important as it takes place for short duration (vice in every 24 hours for an average of few minutes) 0 7 Station keeping is used for mi ig the satellite in correct position, aM ‘Ans: STATION KEEPING: ‘* The orbital corrections which are done from time to time to maintain the satellite ‘within the allotted orbital slot are called as station keeping maneuvers. ‘+ Various forces (primarily due the Moon, Sun, the Earth's oblateness, aerodynamic, gravitational, and magnetic forees) would alter the orbit over time and is called as orbital perturbation. If these orbital come, not done time to time, the satellite will slowly drift from its orbit and its alloted position in the orbit, Station keeping is the process of maintenance of satellite’s orbit against diferent factors such ravitational foree of sun, moon, solar radiation pressure ete that eause temporal drift + _ The orbital adjustments are made by firing on-board small jet thrusters, Correct Justitie ation 4M Page 6/IATARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (autooen ASOMEC - 27001-2013 Certified) 3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Total Marks a) _ | Draw the block diagram of OTDR and give the function of each block. aM ‘Ans: | Block Diagram: BD 2M Coupler Fiber EXPLA Pulsed laser NATIO “ y N:2M Photodetector ‘APD 1 Log Chart integrator amplifier recorder Explanation: ‘+ A light pulse is launched into the fiber in the forward direction from an injection laser using either a directional coupler or a beam splitter. ‘+ Beam spliter or coupler makes possible to couple the optical power impulse into the tested fiber and simultaneously t0 deviate the backscattered power to the optical receiver, ‘+ The backscattered light is detected using avalanche photodiode re ‘+ Output of photodiode receiver drives an integrator, ‘+ Integrator improves the received signal to noise ratio by giving an arithmetic average ‘over a number of measurements taken at one point within the fiber ‘+ The signal from the integrator is fed through a log amplifier and average measurements for successive points within the fiber are plotted on as a chart recorder. ) | Explain the need of WDM in optical network. aM ‘Anst [© WDM isa technique in which signals of different wavelength are multiplexed together | Diagram inorder to get transmitted over an optical Link, 2 . nals generated from different sources are combined using tulliplexer, These multiplexed signals are then allowed to get ansmited over an | ‘optical fiber cable Bila ‘+ _As the system enables long distance transmission, thus optical amplifiers are installed Page 7/ie ee HsHTRA stare nOANDOPTecuMICAL EDUCATION u (Autonomous) ASONEC “27001-2013 Certified) are ares Ware le The pli hevoes egal ag | Wrz © Once the signal gets propagated then at the other end it must be separated. So, for this a devuliplser wed to sspumis the sips atthe olee ends ‘The de iulileer spite cobined” sal to owbipe sipuls of” itr wavelet , open ‘ / | aa si} i : peor fe rseenr B a ao i pe on (Any ote comet gam soul be gen mars) 3 | Bese the working of sai ranponder single someon "Sana a 2 taplan aton:2 Marks In single conver takes place sion transponder only a single-frequency translation process First uplink frequeney signal of around 12 GHz picked up by the receiving Page 8/IATIARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autnomous) SOFC - 27001-2013 Certified ‘antenna and is given to LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) ‘+ LNA amplifies the weak received signal{uplink) © Once the signal is amplified, it is translated in correct frequency by mixer. ‘* The output of mixer is then amplified again and fed to band pass filter (BPF1) ‘+ BPF! allows only a desired down-link signal of 4 GHz © At last, the down-link signal is amplified by high power amplifier (HPA) usually TWT (Travelling wave tube) amplifier ‘+ Again output of BPF? is fed to the down-link antenna, @__ | Describe the effect of non-spherical nature of earth on the orbital inclination of ™ geosynchronoussatellite, ‘Ans: | © As the shape of Faris nota perfect sphere, it causes some variations in the path Correct followed by the satellites around the Earth explana + As the Earth is latened atthe poles and bulges atthe Equator, the Forces resulting | ag from an oblate Earth act on the satellite and produce a change in the orbital parameters * This causes the satellite to drift as a result of regression of the nodes and the latitude of} M the point of perigee * This leads to rotation of the line of apsides (Line joining apogee and perigee. ‘© Asthe orbit itself is moving with respect to the Earth, the resultant changes are seen in the values of perigee + Due to the non-spherical shape of Earth, one more effect called as the “Satellite Graw is seen. ‘The non-spherical shape leads to the small value of eccentricity (10-5) at the equatorial plane. This causes a gravity gradient on GEO satellite and ‘makes them drift to one of the two stable points which coincide with minor axis of the equatorial ellipse ‘© Working satellites are made to drift back to their position but out-of-service satellites are eventually drifted to these points, and making that point a Satelite Graveyard. OR ‘* Earth is not a perfect sphere and is slightly flat at the poles and the equatorial diameter is more by about 20 km than the polar diameter also the equatorial radiu is not constant and has a variation of approximately 100m ‘* Additionally, there are mass concentration at specific region of the earth called as mascons, These cause change in gravitational forces in the region of the earth ‘© This points are at 750E and 10S0W satellite in service are prevented from drifting to these points by station keeping ‘© The oblate-ness and mascon thus cause longitudinal drift of the geo stationary satellite, East west correction is to be effected from time to time to maintain the orbit at the allocated slot. Page 9/F BOARD OF TECHNICA! (Autonomous) = 2701-2013 Certified) CATION ag) ‘SU anssitna sts asone Attemptamny THREE of the following: (a)_ | State the advantages & disadvantages of optical fiber communication, ‘Anse | Advantages: Any 4 1, Extremely wide system bandwidth advanta 2. Immunity to electroma terference. “4 3. Virtual elimination of erosstalk 4, Lower signal attenuation than other propagation systems. ams 5. Substantially lighter weight and smaller size eae & 6, More resistive to environmental extremes and non-cotrosiveness Any 4 7. Lower cos. ; 8. Conservation of the earths resource iteadve 9, Security. atagesl/ 10. Salty 2m Disadvantage:- saci | Britteness and small size makes i itfieult to work with 2 Difficult fo manufacture. 3 Specialized tools, equipment and training, 4 tis difficult lay iber to cover large area, 5 Optical fiber cables are more susceptible to losses introduced by bending the eable (b)__ | Explain V-groove splicing with neat sketch, aM ‘Ans: | Vegroove Splic Diagra |. Mectanical splices may also use either a grooved substrate or positioning rods to form] m: 2 suitable V-grooves for mechanical splicing. saiarks . The basic V-zreoved deviee relies on an open grooved substrate to perform fiber Explan alignment, When inserting the fibers into the grooved substrate, the V-groove aligns the cladding surface of each fiber end 3. A transparent adhesive makes the splice permanent by securing the fiber ends to the grooved substrate. Figure below illustrates this type of open V. omcas ee srooved splice. ~ Page 10/IAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (autonomous) SOME - 27001-2013 Certified) © aM “Ans IM for equiva ent cireuit of parame trie amplifie + Ina parametric amplifier the local oscillators replaced by pumping generator such ast a teflex klystron and nonlinear element by « time varying capacity or such as a varactor diode The signal frequeney f and pump frequency f, are mixed in nonlinear capacitor C. ‘© A.voliage of signal frequency and pump requency ffs and fp ie. F and fas well as | 2M for sum and difference frequencies ma fp + appears ecoes C workin Ifa resistive load is connected an output volnge ean be generated acros i at output 8 frequency fo. Note: This question is out of syllabus of ONS (@ | Deseribe the working of optical switeh. aM ‘asi | Oplical communication awe Tight achieve highspeed communication, ‘This (ype oF | 2M for communion ako requis igh spo when wiching between commisaton paths Opis | suite is deviee use to switeh dita or optical signal from one channel to olher oF between diferent ports, An optical switch has one oF more inputs ports and two oF more out pons | UE that we usualy call XN of NxN optical switch. » 2M for workin 2 1X2 Optical switch Optical signals may be switched by the use of electronic switches: the optical signals are converted into electrical signals using photo-detectors, switched electronically, and then ‘converted back into light using LEDs or lasers. Page ayIAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) ASONEC - 27001-2013 Certified) OR An all-optical switch controls the routing between multiple optic fibers without any electrical data conversion. All-optical switches routes the entie light signal which is eoming from an optical input and forward it all to an optical output without converting or altering IP level data packets, Because of not using electrical conversion, All-optical switches do not have latency, data corruption or timing jitter. Altoptical switeh Drs Light Sete (© | With neat ray diogram explain Total Internal Refraction (TLR) aM An Total Internal Reflection Diagra ; m:2 ! Material 2 (lower marks : index of refraction) Explan Materials (higher ausen2 aati ' index of refraction) marks Angleof | he incidence { tela cies"| ctitical angle) | © When Light ray travels from denser medium into rarer medium and the angle of incidence more than critical angle wrt normal, all light will be reflected back in the same (denser) medium. This phenomenon is called as total internal reflection in optical fiber. Attempt any WYO of the following: Total Marks Page 12/) IAHARASHTRASTA f BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (axtieoen) ASOMEC - 27001-2013 Certified) a) Teatures of 0) (ii) (iii) oM Ans: NOTE: There is mistake in question , it should be @) — IEEES02. 802.39 802.9% ‘Marks should be given (o students (i) Two distinguishing features of IEEE802.3j: 1, IEEE 802.3) is Ethernet over fiber, launched in 1993, 2. Woffers data rate LOMbps 3. Covers distance of 500m to 2KM 4, Used for point to point communication 5. Itsupports multimode fibre ‘Two distinguishing features of IEEER02. Itis fast Ethernet over fiber, launched in 1997 L 2. Itoffers high data rate 100Mbps 3. Can achieve distance up to 2km 4. Supports half duplex and full duplex transmission 5. It supports single mode and multimode fibre )) Two distinguishing features of IEEE802.32: Itis Gigabit Ethernet(GbE) released in1998 It offers data rate IGbps(1000Mbps) Covers distance upto SKm It supports single mode and multimode fibre Supports half duplex and full duplex transmission ‘Any 2 features each: 2marks ») Tiber on basis of Explain in detail the classification oF 4 (i) Mode of tight propagation (ii) Index profile oM Ans: Classification OF Optical Fiber: (On the basis of Mode of light propagation, there are two types of fibers: 1. Single mode fiber 2. Multimode fiber In fiber optic system, the word mode means path. If there is only one path for Hight to take down the cable, itis called single mode. Mode of light Propagat ion: 3M (1 mark for Page 13/ro IAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (autism , ASONEC “27001-2013 Certified) Tf theis more than one path, is called multimode, ‘The figure shows single and multimode listing propagation of light down an optical fiber types of fiber eet and2M Multimode Fiber for explanat ion) Singlemode Fiber Index profile: a af tnadex pre, there are two typed af beri: 3M(1 mark for REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILE: listing ‘The idee profile’ of an Optical fiber'ia'a graphical Tepredentation OF thie magntide of) types ot the refractive index across the fiber. The refractive index is plotted on the horizontal | fiber anit and the Taidialistnce fron thie core a plotted onthe vertical axle, and 2M 1. Step index fiber for 2. Graded index fiber explanat A step index fiber has « central core with @ uniform and high reffuetive index throughout and a } fon) stepjump of refractive index a the core cladding interface In the graded index fiber, as shown in figure, it ean be seen that the refractive index of the core is non-uniform. A fiber in which the reffactive index is male to vary as the function of the radial distance from the center of the fiber is known as graded index fiber. ‘The refractive index is highest in the center ofthe core and decreases gradually with distance towards the outer edge ©) | State the frequencies for following applications: ow (i)__ Broadcast services Page 14/(Aig) 181TH STATE BOARDOF TECHNICAL EDUCATION wn ‘utonomens) (ISOMEC- 27001 = 2013 Certified) @ GPs. (ii) Maritime mobile (iv) Telephonenetwark () DLT services (vi) Search and rescue services Ans: [ (i) Broadcast services : Ku band 12.5GHZ -I8GHZ, K band I8GHZ HZ (any | IM each one) (i) GPS2 1.2GHz-1.66 GHz (iii) Maritime mobile: 156,000 MHz to 162,050 MHz or 1GHz-4GHz (iv) Telephone network: © band 4GHz -8GHz, ()) DIT, services: Ku band 12GHZ -18GHZ (vi) Search and rescue services: SGHz-12.5 GHz (Note: marks to be given to students if they write frequeney range in the form of Uplink and Downlink frequeney) ‘Attempt any TWO of the following : 12-Total Marks a) | Draw the block diagram of G.PS. system and explain transmitter and receiver. om ‘Ans: | The Global Positioning System (GPS) isa satellite-based navigation system that can be used to | Block locate positions and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on earth. | giggra ‘The block diagram of GPS is shown below m:3 marks (any other suitable diagra mean be conside red) Page 15/IAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Aotonomens) (USOAEC- 27001-2013 Certified) Space segment Control segment (User segment Note: nny other relevant diagram should be considered. ‘The GPS system consists of three segments: © Space Segment : The space segment consists of 24 satellites eireling the earth every 12 hours , in 6 orbits at 12,000 miles in altitude. This high altitude allows the signals to cover a greater area, The orbital plane is inclined at 5Sdegrees with respect to equator. ‘The satellites are arranged in their orbits so a GPS receiver on earth can receive a signal from at least four satellites at any given time. © Control Segment: The control segment tracks the satellites and then provides them with corrected orbital and time information, The control segment consists of five unmanned monitor stations and one Master Control Station, The five unmanned stations monitor GPS satellite signals and then send that information to the Master Conirol Station where anomalies are corrected and sent back to the GPS satellites ‘through ground antennas, User Segment: ‘The user segment consists of the users and their GPS receivers. The hhumber of simultaneous users is limitless. There exists only one-way transmission from satellite to users in GPS system, Hence, the individual user does not need the transmitter, but only a GPS receiver. It is mainly used to find the accurate location of an object. OR Explan ation: 3 marks (mark for each segment ) Page 16/IAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISOMEC- 27001-2013 Certitied) ‘There exists only one-way transmission from satellite o users in GPS system, Hence, the individual user does not need the transmitter, but only a GPS receiver. Itis mainly used to find the accurate location of an object, It performs this task by using the signals received fiom satellites GPS receiver: tate? [4 St [9 it sabe PL HL | toa <= + Receiving Antenna receives the satellite signals. + Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the weak received signal + Down converter converts the frequency of received signal to an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal + IF Amplifier amplifies the Intermediate Frequeney (IF) signal + ADC performs the conversion of analog signal, which is obtained from LF amplifier to digital, + DSP (Digital Signal Processor) generates the C/A code. + Microprocessor performs the calculation of position and providk order to control the operation of other digital blocks. Itsends the useful information to Display unit in order to display it on the sereen. ») ‘silica optical fiber with core diameter large enough having refractive index of Sand | 6M cladding refractive index of 1.47. calculate: () Critical angle (i) Numerical aperture (iii) Acceptance angle in air for fiberIAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (tomas) (ISOMEC- 27001 -2013 Certified) Ans: IM for Given: my = 1.50 Each my = 147 To find: a=? NA =? % =? ) Critical angle: mh fe = sit = 7857 i) Numerical aperature: NA = ni - nz = Va.soF = a7y = 225-216 = 0.30 4 lil) Acceptance angt = sin? NA = sin-* (0.30) =17.45° i= tras © _ | Explain SONET/SDH architecture with neat diagram, om ‘Ansi | Architecture of SONET consists signals, devices, and connections Diagra 5 m3 1. SONET Devices a Figure | shows a simple link using SONET devices. SONET transmission relies | Explan on three basie devices: STS multiplexers/de-multiplexers, re-generators, add/drop] ations 3 multiplexers and terminals. marks ( mark each point Page 18/at RASHTRA STATE BOARD C (Ctonomous) (ISOMEC- 27001 -2013 Certified) TECHNICAL EDUCATION ADM: Adirop multiplexer BR: Regenerator STS MUX: Synchronous transport signal maltipleysr ——T: Terminal ‘S19 DENIUN: Synchronous tansprt signal derulphener t tt toro top tog Secon” “Bacon” “Seaibon! “Sain! «Seon t oot : ine ‘ae Pah TS. multiplexerside-multiplexers. mark the beginning points and endpoints of a SONET link, They provide the interface between an electrical tributary network and the optical network Regenerator: Regenerators extend the length of the links. A regenerator is a repeater, that takes a received optical signal (OC-n), demodulates it into the corresponding el 1 (ST modulates the eleetrie signal into its correspondent OC-n signal tric sig rn), regenerates the electric signal, and finally Add/drop Multiplexer: Add/drop multiplexers allow insertion and extraction of als. An add/drop multiplexer (ADM) can add STS coming from different sources into a given path or can remove a desired signal from a path and redirect it without de-multiplexing the entire signal. Terminals: A terminal is a device that uses the services of a SONET network. For example, in the Internet, a terminal can be a router that needs to send packets to another router at the other side of a SONET network, Page 19/