Microprocessor And Microcontroller

Subject Code: EE 321 Year/ Sem: 3YR-2SEM

Subject Name: Microprocessor And Microcontroller Branch: BS EE

UNIT I
THE 8085 AND 8086 MICROPROCESSORS

1. What is Microprocessor? Give the power supply & clock frequency of 8085
A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary instructions from a
storage device called memory accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those
instructions and provides result as output. The power supply of 8085 is +5V and clock frequency in
3MHz.

2. List few applications of microprocessor-based system.

It is used:
i. For measurements, display and control of current, voltage,
temperature, pressure, etc.
ii. For traffic control and industrial tool control.
iii. For speed control of machines.

3. What are the functions of an accumulator?

The accumulator is the register associated with the ALU operations and sometimes I/O operations. It is
an integral part of ALU. It holds one of data to be processed by ALU. It also temporarily stores the result
of the operation performed by the ALU.

4. List the 16 – bit registers of 8085 microprocessor.

Stack pointer (SP) and Program counter (PC).

5. List the allowed register pairs of 8085.

• B-C register pair
• D-E register pair
• H-L register pair

6. Mention the purpose of SID and SOD lines

SID (Serial input data line):
It is an input line through which the microprocessor accepts serial data.
SOD (Serial output data line):
It is an output line through which the microprocessor sends output serial data.

7. What is an Opcode?
The part of the instruction that specifies the operation to be performed is called the operation code or
opcode.

8. What is the function of IO/M signal in the 8085?

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It is a status signal. It is used to differentiate between memory locations and I/O operations. When this
signal is low (IO/M = 0) it denotes the memory related operations. When this signal is high (IO/M = 1) it
denotes an I/O operation.

9. What is an Operand?
The data on which the operation is to be performed is called as an Operand.

10. How many operations are there in the instruction set of 8085 microprocessor?
There are 74 operations in the 8085 microprocessor.

11. List out the five categories of the 8085 instructions. Give examples of the instructions for each
group.
• Data transfer group – MOV, MVI, LXI.
• Arithmetic group – ADD, SUB, INR.
• Logical group –ANA, XRA, CMP.
• Branch group – JMP, JNZ, CALL.
• Stack I/O and Machine control group – PUSH, POP, IN, HLT.

12. Explain the difference between a JMP instruction and CALL instruction.
A JMP instruction permanently changes the program counter. A CALL instruction leaves information on
the stack so that the original program execution sequence can be resumed.

13. Explain the purpose of the I/O instructions IN and OUT.

The IN instruction is used to move data from an I/O port into the accumulator.
The OUT instruction is used to move data from the accumulator to an I/O port.
The IN & OUT instructions are used only on microprocessor, which use a separate address space for
interfacing.

14. What is the difference between the shift and rotate instructions?
A rotate instruction is a closed loop instruction. That is, the data moved out at one end is put back in at
the other end. The shift instruction loses the data that is moved out of the last bit locations.

15. How many address lines in a 4096 x 8 EPROM CHIP?

12 address lines.

16. Control signals used for DMA operation are ____________

HOLD & HLDA.
17. What is meant by Wait State?
This state is used by slow peripheral devices. The peripheral devices can transfer the data to or from
the microprocessor by using READY input line. The microprocessor remains in wait state as long as
READY line is low. During the wait state, the contents of the address, address/data and control buses
are held constant.

18. List the four instructions which control the interrupt structure of the 8085 microprocessor.
• DI (Disable Interrupts)
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• EI (Enable Interrupts)
• RIM (Read Interrupt Masks)
• SIM (Set Interrupt Masks)

19. What is meant by polling?

Polling or device polling is a process which identifies the device that has interrupted the microprocessor.

20. What is meant by interrupt?

Interrupt is an external signal that causes a microprocessor to jump to a specific subroutine.

21. Explain priority interrupts of 8085.

The 8085 microprocessor has five interrupt inputs. They are TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and
INTR. These interrupts have a fixed priority of interrupt service. If two or more interrupts go high at the
same time, the 8085 will service them on priority basis. The TRAP has the highest priority followed bye
RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5. The priority of interrupts in 8085 is shown in the table.

Interrupts Priority
TRAP 1
RST 7.5 2
RST 6.5 3
RST 5.5 4
INTR 5

22. What is a microcomputer?

A computer that is designed using a microprocessor as its CPU is called microcomputer.

23. What is the signal classification of 8085?

All the signals of 8085 can be classified into 6 groups
• Address bus
• Data bus
• Control and status signals
• Power supply and frequency signals
• Externally initiated signals
• Serial I/O ports

24. What are operations performed on data in 8085 The various operations performed are
• Store 8-bit data
• Perform arithmetic and logical operations
• Test for conditions
• Sequence the execution of instructions
• Store data temporarily during execution in the defined R/W memory locations called the stack

25. Steps involved to fetch a byte in 8085

i. The PC places the 16-bit memory address on the address bus
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ii. The control unit sends the control signal RD to enable the
memory chip
iii. The byte from the memory location is placed on the data busThe
byte is placed in the instruction decoder of the microprocessor
and the task is carried out according to the instruction

26. How many interrupts does 8085 have, mention them.

The 8085 has 5 interrupt signals; they are INTR, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5 and TRAP

27. Basic concepts in memory interfacing

The primary function of memory interfacing is that the microprocessor should be able to read from and
write into a given register of a memory chip. To perform these operations the microprocessor should
• Be able to select the chip
• Identify the register
• Enable the appropriate buffer

28. Define instruction cycle, machine cycle and T-state

Instruction cycle is defined, as the time required completing the execution of an instruction. Machine
cycle is defined as the time required completing one operation of accessing memory, I/O or
acknowledging an external request. T-cycle is defined as one subdivision of the operation performed in
one clock period

29. What is an instruction?

An instruction is a binary pattern entered through an input device to command the microprocessor to
perform that specific function

30. What is the use of ALE

The ALE is used to latch the lower order address so that it can be available in T2 and T3 and used for
identifying the memory address. During T1 the ALE goes high, the latch is transparent ie, the output
changes according to the input data, so the output of the latch is the lower order address. When ALE
goes low the lower order address is latched until the next ALE.

31. How many machine cycles does 8085 have, mention them
The 8085 have seven machine cycles. They are
• Opcode fetch
• Memory read
• Memory write
• I/O read
• I/O write
• Interrupt acknowledge
• Bus idle

32. Explain the signals HOLD, READY and SID

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HOLD indicates that a peripheral such as DMA controller is requesting the use of address bus, data bus
and control bus. READY is used to delay the microprocessor read or write cycles until a slow
responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data. SID is used to accept serial data bit by bit

33. Mention the categories of instruction and give two examples for each category The instructions of
8085 can be categorized into the following five
• Data transfer MOV Rd, Rs STA 16-bit
• Arithmetic ADD R DCR M
• Logical XRI 8-bit RAR
• Branching JNZ CALL 16-bit
• Machine control HLT NOP

34. Explain LDA, STA and DAA instructions

LDA copies the data byte into accumulator from the memory location specified by the 16-bit address.
STA copies the data byte from the accumulator in the memory location specified by 16bit address. DAA
changes the contents of the accumulator from binary to 4-bit BCD digits.

35. Explain the different instruction formats with examples The instruction set is grouped into the
following formats
• One byte instruction MOV C, A
• Two byte instruction MVI A, 39H
• Three byte instruction JMP 2345H

36. What is the use of addressing modes, mention the different types
The various formats of specifying the operands are called addressing modes, it is used to access the
operands or data. The different types are as follows
• Immediate addressing
• Register addressing
• Direct addressing
• Indirect addressing
• Implicit addressing

37. What is the use of bi-directional buffers?

It is used to increase the driving capacity of the data bus. The data bus of a microcomputer system is bi-
directional, so it requires a buffer that allows the data to flow in both directions.

38. Give the register organization of 8085

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39. Define stack and explain stack related instructions

The stack is a group of memory locations in the R/W memory that is used for the temporary storage of
binary information during the execution of the program. The stack related instructions are PUSH & POP

40. Why do we use XRA A instruction

The XRA A instruction is used to clear the contents of the Accumulator and store the value 00H.

41. Compare CALL and PUSH instructions CALL PUSH

42. What is Microcontroller and Microcomputer?

Microcontroller is a device that includes microprocessor; memory and I/O signal lines on a single chip,
fabricated using VLSI technology. Microcomputer is a computer that is designed using microprocessor
as its CPU. It includes microprocessor, memory and I/O.

43. Define Flags

The flags are used to reflect the data conditions in the accumulator. The 8085 flags are S-Sign flag, Z-
Zero flag, AC-Auxiliary carry flag, P-Parity flag, CY Carry flag
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z X AC X P X CY

44. How does the microprocessor differentiate between data and instruction?
When the first m/c code of an instruction is fetched and decoded in the instruction register, the
microprocessor recognizes the number of bytes required to fetch the entire instruction. For example
MVI A, Data, the second byte is always considered as data. If the data byte is omitted by mistake
whatever is in that memory location will be considered as data & the byte after the “data” will be treated
as the next instruction.

45. Compare RET and POP

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UNIT II
8086 SOFTWARE ASPECTS

1. What is assembler?
The assembler translates the assembly language program text which is given as input to the assembler
to their binary equivalents known as object code. The time required to translate the assembly code to
object code is called access time. The assembler checks for syntax errors & displays them before giving
the object code.

2. What is loader?
The loader copies the program into the computer’s main memory at load time and begins the program
execution at execution time.

3. What is linker?
A linker is a program used to join together several object files into one large object file. For large
programs it is more efficient to divide the large program modules into smaller modules. Each module is
individually written, tested & debugged. When all the modules work they are linked together to form a
large functioning program.

4. Explain ALIGN & ASSUME

The ALIGN directive forces the assembler to align the next segment at an address divisible by specified
divisor. The format is ALIGN number where number can be 2, 4, 8 or 16. Example: ALIGN 8.

The ASSUME directive assigns a logical segment to a physical segment at any given time. It tells the
assembler what address will be in the segment registers at execution time. Example: ASSUME CS:
code, DS: data, SS: stack

5. Explain PTR & GROUP

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A program may contain several segments of the same type. The GROUP directive collects them under
a single name so they can reside in a single segment, usually a data segment. The format is Name
GROUP Seg-name, Seg-name PTR is used to assign a specific type to a variable or a label. It is also
used to override the declared type of a variable.

6. Explain about MODEL

This directive provides short cuts in defining segments. It initializes memory model before defining any
segment. The memory model can be SMALL, MEDIUM, COMPACT or LARGE.

7. Explain PROC & ENDP

PROC directive defines the procedures in the program. The procedure name must be unique. After
PROC the term NEAR or FAR are used to specify the type of procedure.
Example: FACT PROC FAR. ENDP is used along with PROC and defines the end of the procedure.

8. Explain SEGMENT & ENDS

An assembly program in .EXE format consists of one or more segments. The starts of these segments
are defined by SEGMENT and the end of the segment is indicated by ENDS directive. Format Name
SEGMENT Name ENDS

9. Explain TITLE & TYPE

The TITLE directive helps to control the format of a listing of an assembled program. It causes a title for
the program to print on line 2 of each page of the program listing. Maximum 60 characters are allowed.
Format TITLE text. TYPE operator tells the assembler to determine the type of specified variable in
bytes. For bytes the assembler gives a value 1, for word 2 & double word 4.

10. Define SOP

The segment override prefix allows the programmer to deviate from the default segment Eg: MOV
CS : [BX] , AL

11. Define variable

A variable is an identifier that is associated with the first byte of data item. In assembly language
statement: COUNT DB 20H, COUNT is the variable.

12. What are procedures?

Procedures are a group of instructions stored as a separate program in memory and it is called from the
main program whenever required. The type of procedure depends on where the procedures are stored
in memory. If it is in the same code segment as that of the main program then it is a near procedure
otherwise it is a far procedure.

13. Explain the linking process

A linker is a program used to join together several object files into one large object file. The linker
produces a link file which contains the binary codes for all the combined modules. It also produces a
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link map which contains the address information about the link files. The linker does not assign absolute
addresses but only relative address starting from zero, so the programs are relocatable & can be put
anywhere in memory to be run.

14. Explain about passing parameters using registers with example

Procedures process some data or address variable from the main program, for processing it is
necessary to pass the address variables or data. This is called passing parameters to procedures. In
passing parameters using registers the data to be passed is stored in registers & these registers are
accessed in the procedure to process the data.
CODE SEGMENT
MOV AL, DATA

CALL PRO1

PRO1 PROC NEAR

MOV INPUT, AL
RET

PRO1 ENDP
CODE ENDS

15. What is a recursive procedure?

A recursive procedure is a procedure, which calls itself. Recursive procedures are used to work with
complex data structures called trees. If the procedure is called with N=3, then the N is decremented by
1 after each procedure CALL and the procedure is called until N=0.

16. What are libraries?

Library files are collection of procedures that can be used in other programs. These procedures are
assembled and compiled into a library file by the LIB program. The library file is invoked when a
program is linked with linker program. When a library file is linked only the required procedures are
copied into the program. Use of library files increase s/w reusability & reduce s/w development time.

17. What are Macros?

Macro is a group of instruction. The macro assembler generates the code in the program each time
where the macro is called. Macros are defined by MACRO & ENDM directives. Creating macro is
similar to creating new opcodes that can be used in the program
INIT MACRO
MOV AX, data
MOV DS
MOV ES, AX
ENDM

18. How do 8086 interrupts occur?

An 8086 interrupt can come from any of the following three sources
• External signals
• Special instructions in the program
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• Condition produced by instruction

19. What are the 8086 interrupt types?

Dedicated interrupts
• Type 0: Divide by zero interrupt
• Type 1: Single step interrupt
• Type 2:Non maskable interrupt
• Type 3: Breakpoint
• Type 4: Overflow interrupt

Software interrupts
• Type 0-255

20. What is interrupt service routine?

Interrupt means to break the sequence of operation. While the CPU is executing a program an interrupt
breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions & diverts its execution to some other program.
This program to which the control is transferred is called the interrupt service routine.

21. Define BIOS

The IBM PC has in its ROM a collection of routines, each of which performs some specific function such
as reading a character from keyboard, writing character to CRT. This collection of routines is referred to
as Basic Input Output System or BIOS.

22. Explain PUBLIC

For large programs several small modules are linked together. In order that the modules link together
correctly any variable name or label referred to in other modules must be declared public in the module
where it is defined. The PUBLIC directive is used to tell the assembler that a specified name or label will
be accessed from other modules. Format PUBLIC Symbol.

23. Explain DUP

The DUP directive can be used to initialize several locations & to assign values to these locations.
Format Name Data_Type Num DUP (value) Example: TABLE DW 10 DUP (0). Reserves an array of 10
words of memory and initializes all 10 words with 0. Array name is TABLE.

24. Compare Procedure & Macro

25. What is the purpose of segment registers in 8086?

There are 4 segment registers present in 8086. They are
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1. Code Segment (CS) register

2. Data Segment (DS) register
3. Stack Segment (SS) register
4. Extra Segment (ES) register

The code segment register gives the address of the current code segment. ie. It will points out here the
instructions, to be executed, are stored in the memory.
The data segment register points out where the operands are stored in the memory.
The stack segment registers points out the address of the current stack, which is used to store the
temporary results.
If the amount of data used is more the Extra segment register points out where the large amount of data
is stored in the memory.

26. Define pipelining?

In 8086, to speedup the execution of program, the instructions fetching and execution of instructions are
overlapped each other. This technique is known as pipelining. In pipelining, when the n th instruction is
executed, the n+1 th instruction is fetched and thus the processing speed is increased.

27. Discuss the function of instruction queue in 8086?

In 8086, a 6-byte instruction queue is presented at the Bus Interface Unit (BIU). It is used to prefetch
and store at the maximum of 6 bytes of instruction code from the memory. Due to this, overlapping
instruction fetch with instruction execution increases the processing speed.

28. What is the maximum memory size that can be addressed by 8086?
In 8086, an memory location is addressed by 20 bit address and the address bus is 20 bit address and
the address bus is 20 bits. So it can address up to one mega byte (2^20) of memory space.

29. What is the function of the signal in 8086?

BHE signal means Bus High Enable signal. The BHE signal is made low when there is some read or
write operation is carried out. ie . When ever the data bus of the system is busy i.e. whenever there is
some data transfer then the BHE signal is made low.

30. What are the predefined interrupts in 8086? The various predefined interrupts are,
DIVISIONBY ZERO (type 0) Interrupt.
SINGLE STEP (type 1) Interrupt.
NONMASKABLE (type2) Interrupt.
BREAK POINT (type 3) Interrupt.
OVER FLOW (type 4) Interrupt.

31. What are the conditional and control flags available in status register of 8086?
Conditional Flags: CF
- Carry Flag
PF - Parity
Flag
AF - Auxiliary Carry Flag
ZF - Zero Flag SF - Sign Flag
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OF - Overflow Flag

Control Flags:
TF – Single step Trap Flag

IF – Interrupt Enable Flag

DF – String Direction Flag

32. Draw the Flag register format of 8086?

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
U U U U OF DF IF TF SF ZF U AF U PF U CF

CF - Carry Flag PF - Parity Flag AF - Auxiliary Carry Flag ZF - Zero Flag

SF - Sign Flag TF – Single step Trap Flag IF – Interrupt Enable Flag
DF – String Direction Flag OF - Overflow Flag U - Undefined

33. List the various addressing modes present in 8086? There are 12 addressing modes present in
8086. They are,
(a) Register and immediate addressing modes
_ Register addressing modes
_ Immediate addressing
mode
(b) Memory addressing modes.
_ Direct addressing modes
_ Register indirect addressing modes
_ Based addressing modes
_ Indexed addressing modes
_ Based Indexed addressing modes
_ String addressing modes
(c) I/O addressing modes
_ Direct addressing mode
_ Indirect addressing mode
(d) Relative addressing mode
(e) Implied addressing mode

34. How single stepping can be done in 8086?

By setting the Trace Flag (TF) the 8086 goes to single-step mode. In this mode, after the execution of
each instruction s 8086 generates an internal interrupt and by writing some interrupt service routine we
can display the content of desired registers and memory locations. So it is useful for debugging the
program.

35. State the significance of LOCK signal in 8086?

If 8086 is working at maximum mode, there are multiprocessors are present. If the system bus is given
to a processor then the LOCK signal is made low. That means the system bus is busy and it cannot be
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given of any other processors. After the use of the system bus again the LOCK signal is made high.
That means it is ready to give the system bus to any processor.

36. What are the functions of bus interface unit (BIU) in 8086?
(a) Fetch instructions from memory.
(b) Fetch data from memory and I/O ports.
(c) Write data to memory and I/O ports.
(d) To communicate with outside world.
(e) Provide external bus operations and bus control signals.

37. What is the clock frequency of 8086?

8086 8086-2 8086-4
Internal clock Frequency 5 MHz 8MHz 4MHz
External Clock Frequency 15MHZ 24MHZ 12MHZ

38. What are the two modes of operations present in 8086?

i. Minimum mode (or) Uniprocessor system
ii. Maximum mode (or) Multiprocessor system

39. What are the functions of status pins in 8086?

S2 S1 S0
0 0 0 ---- Interrupt acknowledge
0 0 1 ---- Read I/O
0 1 0 ---- Write I/O
0 1 1 ---- Halt
1 0 0 ---- Code access
1 0 1 ---- Read memory
1 1 0 ---- Write memory
1 1 1 ---- inactive

S4 S3
0 0 --I/O from extra segment
0 1 --I/O from Stack Segment
1 0 --I/O from Code segment
1 1 --I/O from Data segment

S5 --Status of interrupt enable flag S6

--Hold acknowledge for system bus S7
--Address transfer.

40. Explain the process control instructions

STC – It sets the carry flag & does not affect any other flag
CLC – it resets the carry flag to zero &does not affect any other flag
CMC – It complements the carry flag & does not affect any other flag
STD – It sets the direction flag to 1 so that SI and/or DI can be decremented automatically after
execution of string instruction & does not affect other flags
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CLD – It resets the direction flag to 0 so that SI and/or DI can be incremented automatically after
execution of string instruction & does not affect other flags STI – Sets the interrupt flag to 1. Enables
INTR of 8086.
CLI – Resets the interrupt flagto0. 8086 will not respond to INTR.

41. Explain REPEAT-UNTIL statements

REPEAT-UNTIL statements allow executing a series of instructions repeatedly until some condition
occurs. The REPEAT defines the start of the loop & UNTIL the end of the loop. UNTIL has a condition
when the condition is true the loop is terminated

42. What is multiprogramming?

If more than one process is carried out at the same time, then it is know as multiprogramming. Another
definition is the interleaving of CPU and I/O operations among several programs is called
multiprogramming. To improve the utilization of CPU and I/O devices, we are designing to process a set
of independent programs concurrently by a single CPU. This technique is known as multiprogramming

43. Differentiate between absolute and linear select decoding?

44. What are the three classifications of 8086 interrupts?

(1) Predefined interrupts
(2) User defined Hardware interrupts
(3) User defined software interrupts.
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UNIT III
MULTIPROCESSOR CONFIGURATIONS

1. What are the advantages of multiprocessor system?

• High level performance can be attained when parallel processing.
• Robustness can be improved by isolating system functions.

2. What are the problems occurred in multiprocessor system?

1. Bus contention
2. Interprocess communication
3. Resource sharing

3. Define BUS contention.

1. In multiprocessor configuration, more than one processor shares the system memory and IO
devices through a common system bus.
2. If it is not taken care properly, then 2 processor will try to share the same resource which
causes bus contention.

4. What is mean by resource sharing?

When two or more processor requires more than one resource at a time, this problem will occur. In
such cases, one processor gets the access of the first resource and the other get access of the second.
Both the resources are required in order to continue the operation in both the processor, which is called
Dead lock.

5. Define interprocess communication.

The communication between two processors is said to interprocess communication. The processor
should know that other has finished the job and it can access the resource.
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6. What is Coprocessor?
The coprocessor is a processor which specially designed for processor to work under the control of the
processor and support special processing capabilities. Example : 8087 which has numeric processing
capability and works under 8086.

7. What are the basic multiprocessor configurations?

1. Coprocessor configuration
2. Closely Coupled configuration
3. Loosely coupled configuration

8. Draw the block diagram of communication between host CPU and IOP in closed coupled
configuration.

9. Compare closely coupled and loosely coupled configurations.

Closely coupled Loosely coupled

1. Single CPU is used 1. Multiple CPU modules are used
2. It has local bus only 2. It has local as well system bus
3. No system memory or IO 3. It has system memory and IO, shared
among CPU modules
4. No bus arbitration logic required 4. Bus arbitration logic required

10. What is mean by loosely coupled multiprocessor system?

In loosely coupled multiprocessor system, each processor has a set of Input/output devices and a large
memory, where it accesses most of the instructions and data.

11. Write the advantages of loosely coupled system over tightly coupled systems?
1. More number of CPUs can be added in a loosely coupled system to improve the system
performance
2. The system structure is modular and hence easy to maintain and troubleshoot.
3. A fault in a single module does not lead to a complete system breakdown.

12. What are the schemes for establishing priority in order to resolve bus arbitration problem?
There are three basic bus access control and arbitration schemes
1. Daisy Chaining
2. Independent Request
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3. Polling

13. What are the advantages of daisy chaining method?

1. It requires less number of control lines.
2. It is simple and cheap.

14. What are the disadvantages of daisy chaining method?

1. Propagation delay
2. The priority of master is fixed by its physical location.

15. Give the instruction set of 8087?

1. Data Transfer Instructions
2. Arithmetic Instructions
3. Comparison Instructions.
4. Transcendental Operations.
5. Constant Operations.
6. Coprocessor Control Operations.

16. What are the features of 8087?

It can operate on the data of integer, decimal and real types with lengths ranging from 2 to 10
bytes.
It is high performance numeric data processor. It can multiply two 16-bit real numbersin about 27us
and calculate square root in about 36us.
It is multi-bus compatible.

17. What are the three memory reference options in 8087 instruction?
1. Not reference memory.
2. Load an operand word from memory into 8087.
3. Store an operand word from 8087 to memory.

18. Write about status bits of 8087.

S2 S1 S0 STATUS
0 X X unused
1 0 0 unused
1 0 1 READ memory
1 1 0 WRITE memory
1 1 1 Passive

19. Write a short note on data register in 8087.

1. It has 8 data register.
2. Each register is 8 bit and accessed as a stack
3. A PUSH operation decrements the TOP of the stack by one and loads the value on the top
register.
4. A POP register stores the value from the current TOP register and increments TOP by one.
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20. Write a short note on status register in 8087.

1. Status register is 16 bit register.
2. It indicates various errors, stores condition code for certain instruction and indicates the
BUSY status.

21. Write a short note on TAG register in 8087.

TAG register holds the status of the contents of the data register.
00 - Data valid
01 - Zero
10 - A special value
11 - Empty

22. List the data types of 8087.

• Word integer
• Short integer
• Long integer
• Packed BCD
• Short real
• Long real
• Temporary real

23. List the instruction of 8087.

• Data transfer instructions
• Arithmetic instructions
• Compare instructions
• Transcendental instructions
• Load constant instructions
• Processor control instructions

24. What are the features of 8089 I/O processor?

• An IOP can fetch and execute its own instruction.
• IOP can transfer data from an 8 bit source to 16 bit destination and vice versa.
• Communication between IOP and CPU is through memory based control blocks.
• CPU defines tasks in the control blocks to locate a program seguence, called a
channel program.

25. What is the main advantage of polling method?

The priority can be dynamically changed by altering the polling sequence stored in the controller.
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UNIT IV
I/O INTERFACING

1. What are the basic modes of operation of 8255?

There are two basic modes of operation of 8255, viz.
1. I/O mode.
2. BSR mode.
In I/O mode, the 8255 ports work as programmable I/O ports, while In BSR mode only port C (PC0-
PC7) can be used to set or reset its individual port bits. Under the IO mode of operation, further there
are three modes of operation of 8 255, So as to support different types of applications, viz. mode 0,
mode 1 and mode 2.
Mode 0 - Basic I/O mode
Mode 1 - Strobed I/O mode
Mode 2 - Strobed bi-directional I/O

2. Write the features of mode 0 in 8255?

1. Two 8-bit ports (port A and port B) and two 4-bit ports (port C upper and lower) are available.
The two 4-bit ports can be combined used as a third 8-bit port.
2. Any port can be used as an input or output port.
3. Output ports are latched. Input ports are not latched.
4. A maximum of four ports are available so that overall 16 I/O configurations are possible.

3. What are the features used mode 1 in 8255?

Two groups – group A and group B are available for strobed data transfer.
1. Each group contains one 8-bit data I/O port and one 4-bit control/data port.
2. The 8-bit data port can be either used as input or output port. The inputs and outputs both are
latched.
Microprocessor And Microcontroller

3. Out of 8-bit port C, PC0-PC2 is used to generate control signals for port B and PC3=PC5 are used
to generate control signals for port A. The lines PC6, PC7 may be used as independent data lines.

4. What are the signals used in input control signal & output control signal?
Input control signal
STB (Strobe
input)
IBF (Input buffer full)
INTR (Interrupt request)
Output control signal
OBF (Output buffer full)
ACK (Acknowledge input)
INTR (Interrupt request)

5. What are the features used mode 2 in 8255?

The single 8-bit port in-group A is available.
1. The 8-bit port is bi-directional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available.
2. Three I/O lines are available at port C, viz PC2-PC0.
3. Inputs and outputs are both latched.
4. The 5-bit control port C (PC3=PC7) is used for generating/accepting handshake signals for
the 8-bit data transfer on port A.

6. What are the modes of operations used in 8253?

Each of the three counters of 8253 can be operated in one of the following six modes of operation.
1. Mode 0 (Interrupt on terminal count)
2. Mode 1 (Programmable monoshot)
3. Mode 2 (Rate generator)
4. Mode 3 (Square wave generator)
5. Mode 4 (Software triggered strobe)
6. Mode 5 (Hardware triggered strobe)

7. What are the different types of write operations used in 8253? There are two types of write
operations in 8253
1. Writing a control word register
2. Writing a count value into a count register

The control word register accepts data from the data buffer and initializes the counters, as required. The
control word register contents are used for
(a) Initializing the operating modes (mode 0-mode4)
(b) Selection of counters (counter 0- counter 2)
(c) Choosing binary /BCD counters
(d) Loading of the counter registers.

The mode control register is a write only register and the CPU cannot read its contents.
Microprocessor And Microcontroller

8. Give the different types of command words used in 8259a? The command words of 8259A are
classified in two groups
1. Initialization command words (ICWs)
2. Operation command words (OCWs)
9. Give the operating modes of 8259a?
(a) Fully Nested Mode
(b) End of Interrupt (EOI)
(c) Automatic Rotation
(d) Automatic EOI Mode
(e) Specific Rotation
(f) Special Mask Mode
(g) Edge and level Triggered Mode
(h) Reading 8259 Status
(i) Poll command
(j) Special Fully Nested Mode
(k) Buffered mode
(l) Cascade mode

10. Define scan counter?

The scan counter has two modes to scan the key matrix and refresh the display. In the encoded mode,
the counter provides binary count that is to be externally decoded to provide the scan lines for keyboard
and display. In the decoded scan mode, the counter internally decodes the least significant 2 bits and
provides a decoded 1 out of 4 scan on SL0-SL3.The keyboard and display both are in the same mode
at a time.

11. What is the output modes used in 8279?

8279 provides two output modes for selecting the display options.
1. Display Scan
In this mode, 8279 provides 8 or 16 character-multiplexed displays those can be organized as dual 4-bit
or single 8-bit display units.
2. Display Entry
8279 allows options for data entry on the displays. The display data is entered for display from the right
side or from the left side.

12. What are the modes used in keyboard modes?

1. Scanned Keyboard mode with 2 Key Lockout.
2. Scanned Keyboard with N-key Rollover.
3. Scanned Keyboard special Error Mode.
4. Sensor Matrix Mode.

13. What are the modes used in display modes?

1. Left Entry mode
Microprocessor And Microcontroller

In the left entry mode, the data is entered from the left side of the display unit. 2.
Right Entry Mode
In the right entry mode, the first entry to be displayed is entered on the rightmost display.

14. What is the use of modem control unit in 8251?

The modem control unit handles the modem handshake signals to coordinate the communication
between the modem and the USART.

15. What is the use of 8251 chip?

Intel’s 8251A is a universal synchronous asynchronous receiver and transmitter compatible with Intel’s
Processors. This may be programmed to operate in any of the serial communication modes built into it.
This chip converts the parallel data into a serial stream of bits suitable for serial transmission. It is also
able to receive a serial stream of bits and converts it into parallel data bytes to be read by a
microprocessor.

16. What are the different types of methods used for data transmission?
The data transmission between two points involves unidirectional or bi-directional transmission of
meaningful digital data through a medium. There are basically there modes of data transmission
(a) Simplex
(b) Duplex
(c) Half Duplex
In simplex mode, data is transmitted only in one direction over a single communication channel.
For example, a computer (CPU) may transmit data for a CRT display unit in this mode.
In duplex mode, data may be transferred between two transceivers in both directions simultaneously.
In half duplex mode, on the other hand, data transmission may take pace in either direction, but at a
time data may be transmitted only in one direction. For example, a computer may communicate with a
terminal in this mode. When the terminal sends data (i.e. terminal is sender). The message is received
by the computer (i.e the computer is receiver). However, it is not possible to transmit data from the
computer to terminal and from terminal to the computer simultaneously.

17. What are the various programmed data transfer methods?

i) Synchronous data transfer
ii) Asynchronous data transfer
iii) Interrupt driven data transfer

18. What is synchronous data transfer?

It is a data method which is used when the I/O device and the microprocessor match in speed. To
transfer a data to or from the device, the user program issues a suitable instruction addressing the
device. The data transfer is completed at the end of the execution of this instruction.

19. What is asynchronous data transfer?

It is a data transfer method which is used when the speed of an I/O device does not match with the
speed of the microprocessor. Asynchronous data transfer is also called as Handshaking.

20. What are the functional types used in control words of 8251a?
The control words of 8251A are divided into two functional types.
Microprocessor And Microcontroller

1. Mode Instruction control word

2. Command Instruction control word

Mode Instruction control word:-

This defines the general operational characteristics of 8251A.
Command Instruction control word:-The command instruction controls the actual operations of the
selected format like enable transmit/receive, error reset and modem control.

21. Give the register organization of 8257?

The 8257 perform the DMA operation over four independent DMA channels. Each of the four channels
of 8257 has a pair of two 16-bit registers. DMA address register and terminal count register. Also, there
are two common registers for all the channels; namely, mode set registers and status register. Thus
there are a total of ten registers. The CPU selects one of these ten registers using address lines A0- A3.

22. What is the function of DMA address register?

Each DMA channel has one DMA address register. The function of this register is to store the address
of the starting memory location, which will be accessed by the DMA channel. Thus the starting address
of the memory block that will be accessed by the device is first loaded in the DMA address register of
the channel. Naturally, the device that wants to transfer data over a DMA channel, will access the block
of memory with the starting address stored in the DMA Address Register.

23. What is the use of terminal count register?

Each of the four DMA channels of 8257 has one terminal count register. This 16-bit register is used for
ascertaining that the data transfer through a DMA channel ceases or stops after the required number of
DMA cycles.

24. What is the function of mode set register in 8257?

The mode set register is used for programming the 8257 as per the requirements of the system. The
function of the mode set register is to enable the DMA channels individually and also to set the various
modes of operation.

25. Distinguish between the memories mapped I/O peripheral I/O?

Microprocessor And Microcontroller

26. List the operation modes of 8255

a) I.O Mode
i. Mode 0-Simple Input/Output. ii. Mode 1-Strobed
Input/Output (Handshake mode) iii. Mode 2-Strobed
bidirectional mode
b) Bit Set/Reset Mode.

27. What is a control word?

It is a word stored in a register (control register) used to control the operation of a program digital
device.

28. What is the purpose of control word written to control register in 8255?
The control words written to control register specify an I/O function for each I.O port. The bit D7 of the
control word determines either the I/O function of the BSR function.

29. What is the size of ports in 8255?

Port-A: 8-bits
Port-B: 8-bits
Port-CU: 4-bits
Port-CL: 4-bits

30. What is interfacing?

An interface is a shared boundary between the devices which involves sharing information. Interfacing
is the process of making two different systems communicates with each other.

31. What is memory mapping?

The assignment of memory addresses to various registers in a memory chip is called as memory
mapping.

32. What is I/O mapping?

The assignment of addresses to various I/O devices in the memory chip is called as I/O mapping.

33. What is an USART?

USART stands for universal synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. It is a programmable
communication interface that can communicate by using either synchronous or asynchronous serial
data.

34. What is the use of 8251 chip?

8251 chip is mainly used as the asynchronous serial interface between the processor and the external
equipment.

35. The 8279 is a programmable __________ interface.

Keyboard/Display
Microprocessor And Microcontroller

36. List the major components of the keyboard/Display interface.

a. Keyboard section
b. Scan section
c. Display section
d. CPU interface section
37. What is Key bouncing?
Mechanical switches are used as keys in most of the keyboards. When a key is pressed the contact
bounce back and forth and settle down only after a small time delay (about 20ms). Even though a key is
actuated once, it will appear to have been actuated several times. This problem is called Key Bouncing.

38. Define HRQ?

The hold request output requests the access of the system bus. In non- cascaded 8257 systems, this is
connected with HOLD pin of CPU. In cascade mode, this pin of a slave is connected with a DRQ input
line of the master 8257, while that of the master is connected with HOLD input of the CPU.

39. What is the use of stepper motor?

A stepper motor is a device used to obtain an accurate position control of rotating shafts. A stepper
motor employs rotation of its shaft in terms of steps, rather than continuous rotation as in case of AC or
DC motor.

40. What is TXD?

TXD- Transmitter Data Output
This output pin carries serial stream of the transmitted data bits along with other information like start
bit, stop bits and priority bit.

41. What is RXD?

RXD- Receive Data Input
This input pin of 8251A receives a composite stream of the data to be received by 8251A.

42. Draw the status word format for 8254.

OUT NULL RW1 RW0 M2 M1 M0 BCD COUNT
Microprocessor And Microcontroller

UNIT V MICROCONTROLLERS

1. What is mean by microcontroller?

A device which contains the microprocessor with integrated peripherals like memory, serial ports,
parallel ports, timer/counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces like ADC, DAC is called
microcontroller.

2. List the features of 8051 microcontroller?

The features are
*single_supply +5 volt operation using HMOS technology.
*4096 bytes program memory on chip(not on 8031)
*128 data memory on chip.
*Four register banks.
*Two multiple mode,16-bit timer/counter.
*Extensive Boolean processing capabilities.
*64 KB external RAM size
*32 bi-directional individually addressable I/O lines.
*8 bit CPU optimized for control applications.

3. What are the addressing modes supported by 8051?

• Register addressing
• Direct byte addressing
Microprocessor And Microcontroller

• Register indirect
• Immediate
• Register specific
• index

4. Explain DJNZ instructions of Intel 8051 microcontroller?

a) DJNZ Rn, rel
Decrement the content of the register Rn and jump if not zero.
b) DJNZ direct, rel
Decrement the content of direct 8-bit address and jump if not zero.

5. State the function of RS1 and RS0 bits in the flag register of Intel 8051 microcontroller?
RS1 RS0 Bank Selection
0 0 Bank 0
0 1 Bank 1
1 0 Bank 2
1 1 Bank 3
RS, RS0 – Register bank select bits

6. Write a program using 8051 assembly language to change the date 55H stored in the lower byte of
the data pointer register to AAH using rotate instruction. MOV DPL, #55H
MOV A, DPL
RL A
Label: SJMP label

7. Give the alternate functions for the port pins of port3?

RD WR T1 T0 INT1 INT0 TXD RXD

RD – Read data control output.

WR – Write data control output.
T1 – Timer / Counter1 external input or test pin.
T0 – Timer / Counter0 external input or test pin.
INT1- Interrupt 1 input pin.
INT 0 – Interrupt 0 input pin.
TXD – Transmit data pin for serial port in UART mode.
RXD - Receive data pin for serial port in UART mode.

8. Specify the single instruction, which clears the most significant bit of B register of 8051, without
affecting the remaining bits.
Single instruction, which clears the most significant bit of B register of 8051, without affecting the
remaining bit is CLR B.7.

9. Explain the function of the PSEN pin of 8051.

Microprocessor And Microcontroller

PSEN: PSEN stands for program store enable. In 8051 based system in which an external ROM holds
the program code, this pin is connected to the OE pin of the ROM.

10. Explain the function of the EA pin of 8051.

EA: EA stands for external access. When the EA pin is connected to Vcc, program fetched to addresses
0000H through 0FFFH are directed to the internal ROM and program fetches to addresses 1000H
through FFFFH are directed to external ROM/EPROM. When the EA pin is grounded, all addresses
fetched by program are directed to the external ROM/EPROM.

11. Explain the 16-bit registers DPTR of 8051.

DPTR: DPTR stands for data pointer. DPTR consists of a high byte (DPH) and a low byte (DPL). Its
function is to hold a 16-bit address. It may be manipulated as a 16-bit data register or as two
independent 8-bit registers. It serves as a base register in indirect jumps, lookup table instructions and
external data transfer.

12. Explain the function of the SP pin of 8051.

SP: SP stands for stack pointer. SP is a 8- bit wide register. It is incremented before data is stored
during PUSH and CALL instructions. The stack array can reside anywhere in on-chip RAM. The stack
pointer is initialised to 07H after a reset. This causes the stack to begin at location 08H.

13. Name the special functions registers available in 8051.

• Accumulator
• B Register
• Program Status Word.
• Stack Pointer.
• Data Pointer.
• Port 0
• Port 1
• Port 2
• Port 3
• Interrupt priority control register.
• Interrupt enable control register.

14. Explain the register IE format of 8051.

EA – ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0

EA - Enable all control bit.
ET2- Timer 2 interrupt enable bit.
ES – Enable serial port control bit.
ET1 – Enable Timer1 control bit.
EX1- Enable external interrupt1 control bit. ET0 –
Enable Timer0 control bit.
EX0- Enable external interrupt0 control bit.

15. Compare Microprocessor and Microcontroller.

Microprocessor And Microcontroller

Sl.No Microprocessor Microcontroller

1 Microprocessor contains ALU, general purpose Microcontroller contains the circuitry of
registers, stack pointer, program counter, clock microprocessor and in addition it has built- in
timing circuit and interrupt circuit. ROM, RAM, I/O devices, timers and counters.

2 It has many instructions to move data between It has one or two bit handling instructions. It has
memory and CPU. It has one or two instructions many bit handling instructions.
to move data between memory and CPU.

3 Access times for memory and I/O devices are Less access time for built-in memory and I/O
more. devices.
4 Microprocessor based system requires Microcontroller based system requires less
more hardware. hardware reducing PCB size and increasing the
reliability.

16. Name the five interrupt sources of 8051? The interrupts are:
Vector address
• External interrupt 0: IE0: 0003H
• Timer interrupt 0: TF0: 000BH
• External interrupt 1: IE1: 0013H
• Timer Interrupt 1: TF1: 001BH
• Serial Interrupt
Receive interrupt: RI: 0023H
Transmit interrupt: TI: 0023H

17. Explain the contents of the accumulator after the execution of the following program segments:
MOV A, #3CH
MOV R4, #66H
ANL A, R4

A = 3C
R4 =
66
A =
24

18. Write a program to load accumulator A, DPH and DPL with 30H.
MOV A, #30
MOV DPH, A
MOV DPL, A

19. Write a program to subtract the contents of R1 of Bank0 from the contents of R0 of Bank2.
MOV PSW, #10
MOV A, R0
MOV PSW, #00
Microprocessor And Microcontroller

SUBB A, R1

20. How the RS -232C serial bus is interfaced to 1TL logic device?
The RS-232C signal voltage levels are not compatible with TTL logic levels. Hence for interfacing TTL
devices to RS-232C serial bus, level converters are used. The popularly used level converters are MC
1488 & MC 1489 or MAX 232.
21. List some of the features of 8096 microcontroller.
a) The 8096 is a 16-bit microcontroller.
b) The 8096 is designed to use in applications which require high speed calculations and fast
I/O operations.
c) The high speed I/O section of an 8096 includes a 16-bit timer, a 16-bit counter, a 4 input
programmable edge detector, 4 software timers and a 6-output programmable event
generator.
d) It has 100 instructions, which can operate on bit, byte, word, and double words.
e) The bit operations are possible and these can be performed on any bit in the register
file or in the special function register.

22. What is swapping out?

A portion of the program or important partial results required for further execution may be saved back on
secondary storage to make the physical memory free for further execution of another required portion of
the program. This is called ‘swapping out’ of the executable program.

23. How is stack implemented in 8051?

• The 8051 LIFO: Stack can reside anywhere in the internal RAM.
• It has 8 bit stack pointer to indicate the top of the stack using PUSH and POP
instructions.
• During PUSH the SP is incremented by one and POP the SP is decremented by one.

24. List the 8051 instructions that affect the overflow flag.
ADD, ADDC, DIV, MUL, SUBB

25. List the 8051 instructions that always clear the carry flag. CLR C, DIV, MUL

26. List the 8051 instructions that affect all the flags.
ADD, ADDC and SUBB