International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

DOI: 10.37394/232027.2023.5.3 Achwak Alazrag, L. Sbita

PV System with Battery Storage Using Bidirectional DC-DC Converter

ACHWAK ALAZRAG, L. SBITA

Process laboratory, Energetics, Environment and electrical systems, LR18ES34, National Engineering School
of Gabes, University of Gabes, TUNISIA

Abstract: — With the increase in demand for generating power using renewable energy sources, energy storage
and interfacing the energy storage device with the load has become a major challenge. Energy storage using
batteries is most suitable for renewable energy sources such as solar, wind etc. A bi-directional DC-DC
converter provides the required bidirectional power flow for battery charging and discharging mode. The duty
cycle of the converter controls charging and discharging based on the state of charge of the battery and direction
of the current. In this paper, a nonisolated bi-directional DC-DC converter is designed and simulated for energy
storage in the battery and interfacing it with the DC grid. The power extracted from the solar panel during the
daytime is used to charge the batteries through the DC-DC converter operating in buck mode and when solar
power is unavailable, the battery discharges to supply power to DC load through the converter operating in
boost mode. Solar arrays connected through a DC bus to a load. Due to the instantaneous changes of solar
irradiance and temperature, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is integrated in the inverter control. The
technique of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is used in photovoltaic systems to extract the maximum
power. The most popular MPPT techniques are reviewed and studied, such as: Perturb and Observe, Increment
of Conductance and control based on fuzzy logic (LF). The simulation is done in matlab/simulink and results
are presented.

Keywords: — photovoltaic system, Boost converter, bidirectional DC-DC converters, MPPT.

Received: September 19, 2022. Revised: February 16, 2023. Accepted: March 15, 2023. Published: May 4, 2023.

1. Introduction
Renewable energy sources offer a clean production of A lot of research has been done to improve the efficiency of
electrical power from sunlight, wind, biomass, tidal waves the PV modules. A number of methods to track the
etc. maximum power point of a PV module have been proposed
Renewable energy generation has grown greatly due to overcome the efficiency limitation [10][17]. The use of
to the concerns of climate change and the increase in oil the newest power control mechanisms called the Maximum
prices. The growth in renewable energy has been very Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms leads to increase
consistent in the last two decades. Not only the increasing the efficiency of solar module operation and is effective in
concerns regarding climate change and the increase of oil the field of utilization of renewable sources of energy.
prices but also the great support by renewable energy MPPT algorithm controls the power converters to
legislation and incentives with a close to 150 billion US continuously detect the instantaneous maximum power
Dollars in 2007 have brought this alternative source of working point of the PV array [2][4][8].
electrical power generation [15]. Perturb and observe (P&O) methods are widely applied as
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are one of the most popular an MPPT controller due to their simplicity and easy
renewable energy sources. It is an interesting energy source implementation.
as it is not only renewable but also inexhaustible and non
polluting unlike the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, The P&O methods involves a perturbation in the operating
oil and gas. These unique features have made power voltage of the PV array, Incremental conductance (IC)
generation through Photovoltaic sources one of the most method, which is based on the fact that the slope of the PV
popular renewable energy sources in the last decade [3]. array power versus voltage curve is zero at the MPP has
Photovoltaic convert sunlight into electrical energy using been proposed to improve the tracking accuracy and
photoelectric effect. Sun's radiation is converted directly dynamic performance under rapidly varying conditions
into usable electricity by photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic [6][7], and Fuzzy logic MPPT method which doesn't need
(PV) systems are made of photovoltaic modules which are the knowledge about model of the system, Inputs of the
semiconductor devices that convert the solar radiation fuzzy logic controller are the error of the system and the
directly into electrical energy [3]. The power generated change of error[5][9][13] .This control is better suited for
using solar energy is stored in batteries during the sunshine non-linear systems. An improved MPPT algorithm for PV
hours and is consumed during night. sources was proposed to reduce the involved tracking time
where a dc-dc boost converter was used to track the MPP
and was brought out that tracking performance depends

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upon the tracking algorithm. The overall performances of Vp  Rs I p Vp  Rs I p (3)

the PV system depends on the type of the DC-DC converter I p  I ph  I s .[exp( )  1] 
VT Rsh
used and the algorithm used for tracking the MPPT both of
this parameter plays an important role in increasing the I ph :photo-current,
performance of the PV array [1][11].The main objective of : Short circuit current of the cell under the standard
I cc
this work is to model and analyze a photovoltaic system
incorporating battery energy storage systems based on conditions reference ( Eref and Tref ),
bidirectional DC-DC converters comparative study between
E : Sunshine received by the cell ( W / m2 ),
the three performed algorithms which is incremental
conductance algorithm , perturbs and observe algorithm and Eref : Reference sunshine,
fuzzy logic. The boost converter used to compare in this
Kicc : Current short-circuit-temperature coefficient (A/°C),
study.
n.K B .T j : Thermodynamic potential
VT 
q

I s : Inverse current saturation of the diode,

q : Charge of an electronn,
K B : Constant of Boltezmann,

Tj : temperature of the junction(°C),

n: Ideal factor of the solar cell.
I pv : Output current of the photovoltaic cell,
V pv : Output voltage of the photovoltaic cell.
Incorporation of series resistance and shunt resistances
provide accurate modeling opportunity of the PV cell as Rs
Figure 1 : Integration of battery energie storage system
to solar PV panel corresponds to the internal losses due to current flow and
R p corresponds to the leakage current to the ground.
2. PV array Incorporation of series module (cells) ns increases the
Photovoltaic devices are nonlinear devices. Their output voltage of photovoltaic array and incorporation of the
parameters are sunlight and temperature dependent. Sunlight parallel module n p increases the output current of the
is converted into electricity by photovoltaic cells.
photovoltaic array. Manufacturers of PV modules provide
Photovoltaic arrays consist of parallel and series of PV
reference values for specified operating condition such as
modules. In order to form the panels or modules cells are
STC (Standard Test Conditions) for which the irradiance is
grouped together. Not only a DC load can be fed by the 2 
voltage and current produced at the terminals of a PV but 1000 W / m and the cell temperature is 25 C . Practical
they can also be connected to an inverter to produce operating conditions are mostly different from the desired
alternating current. Photovoltaic cell models have been used standard conditions, mismatch effects can also affect the
for the description of photovoltaic cell behaviors for real values of these mean parameters. The Simulink
researchers and professionals for a long time. The Single implementation of this photovoltaic model is shown in
diode circuit model is among the most common models figure2. The Simulation was carried out for different levels
which are used to predict energy production in PV cells [3]. of irradiances and also for different temperature levels.
Irradiation level was varied from 0 W / m2 to
2
1000 W / m and the resultant P-V and I-V curves can be
seen in Figure 3 and 4 .

Figure 2 : Equivalent model of real cell

The equation relation of the output current and PV module

I p  I ph  I d  I sh (1)

And :
Vd  Vp  Rs I p (2)
Photo-current of the module :

Figure 3 : PV generator
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Ns -Voltage are added

-Current remains constant
Np -Current are added
-Voltageremains constant

The PV generator can be characterized by current / voltage

curve, often called "characteristic I = f (V) and P = (V)".
The following figure ensures the extraction of the optimum
power from the photovoltaic generator.

Figure 5 : Variation of the current and the power of the

generator according to the voltage under different irradiations
and at temperature equal to 25 ° C
The Simulation results obtained from the Figures 3 and 4
exhibit that the voltage variation with the change of
irradiation is very little whereas with the increase in
temperature the voltage decreases .Typically the voltage will
decrease .It can also be seen that each curve has an
operating point for a certain operating voltage at which the
module produces the maximum power. This point is known
Figure 4 : Characteristic I = f (V) and P = (V). as the Maximum Power Point(MPP). The aim is to operate
the photovoltaic system at this maximum point to extract
maximum power from the module. It can also be observed
Or the equations relation of the PV generator; that at different levels of solar irradiation the open circuit
I pvg  I phg  I dg  I shg (7) voltages are almost the same and at different levels of
temperatures the short circuit currents are almost the same.
Vdg (8) This in turn illustrates that at different levels of solar
I dg  I sg .[exp( )  1]
VTg irradiation, the voltage at which maximum power point is
located is almost the same. But at different levels of
With the diode generator voltage is : temperatures, the maximum power point is located at
Vdg  Vpvg  Rsg I pvg (9) various operating voltages which are far from each other.
This maximum power point varies at every instance and to
VTg  ns .VT (10)
have an efficient system it is necessary to track this
Or maximum point at every instance of operation.
Vphg  n p .Vph (11)

The overall current delivered by the PV generator is :

3. Maximum Power Point Tracking
Vd Vp  Rs .I p (12) The maximum power (MP) is obtained when the solar panel
I pvg  n p I ph  I s .[exp( )  1]  . is being operated at the voltage where the global maximum
VT Rsh
of the P-V characteristic lies. It shows that for one specific
It is clear that the relationship between the output current operating point, the maximum power output can be obtained
and the voltage of the generator nonlinear because of the from the solar panel. This point in the P-V characteristic
exponential. the result of simulating the generator current as curve is called the Maximum Power Point (MPP). This
a function of its voltage is a single representation where the point lies always on the knee of the I-V curve of the solar
output current is a constant during a well defined interval of panel. In summary it can be concluded that on the I-V curve
the generator until it reaches a point where it begins to of the solar panel there is a point called MPP(Maximum
decrease. The figure shows Variation of the current and the power point) which always occurs on the knee of the curve
power of the generator according to the voltage under where the generated PV power is maximized. This MPP
different irradiations and at temperature equal to 25 ° C. changes with the change of the irradiation and temperature
[4]. The irradiation and temperature are dynamic in nature,
therefore the MPP tracking algorithm has to be working
practically in real time by updating the duty cycle constantly
and thereby keeping the speed and accuracy of tracking [8].

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[6][7].
The P&O method operates periodically incrementing
or decrementing the output terminal voltage of the PV
and comparing the power obtained in the current cycle
with the power of the previous cycle. If the voltage varies
and the power increases, the control system changes the
operating point in that direction, otherwise change the
operating point in the opposite direction. Once the
direction for the change of current is known, the current
is varied at a constant rate. This rate is a parameter that
should be adjusted to allow the balance between faster
response with less fluctuation in steady state. The
flowchart of this algorithm is presented in Figure 7.
start

Mesure I(k), V(k)

Figure 6 : MPPT schematic block diagram ΔP=I (k)*V(k)

ΔP=P(k)-P(k-1)

The algorithm is executed by the MPPT controller to find NO

ΔP> 0
Yes

the MPP. The measured output voltage and current of the

solar panel are inputs of the controller. The algorithm Yes
V(k)-V(k-1)> 0 V(k)-V(k-1)> 0 Yes

performs its calculations depending on these inputs. The No

controller produces an output which is the adjusted duty No

Increase V Decrease V Increase V

Decrease V
cycle of the PWM. It drives the DC-DC converter‘s
switching device. For every different operating point the
controller produces a different duty cycle. P(k-1)=P(k)
To obtain the maximum power from the solar panels, an V(k-1)=V(k)

efficient tracker algorithm is required for the MPPT. The

tracker algorithm‘s task is to track the maximum power Figure 7 : P&O Algorithm
point of the solar panel as accurately as possible. The
algorithm also has to be fast and reliable as well.There are A modified version is obtained when the steps are changed
several principles of operation of MPPT according to the distance of the MPP, resulting in higher
algorithms more or less successful based on the properties efficiency. A frequent trouble in P&O methods is that the
of the PV array. output terminal voltage of the PV is perturbed every
And Table 1 summarizes the main specifications of the MPPT cycle even when the MPP is reached, resulting in
various and famous MPPT algorithms previously presented. loss of power.
Was evaluated and compared these algorithms in terms of
complexity, precision, speed and technical knowledge of PV
panel settings. 3.,QFUHPHQWDO&RQGXFWDQFH ,& $OJRULWKP
The Incremental Conductance algorithm is an improvement
TABLE1 : Technical compare of MPPT
to the Perturb & Observe Algorithm. This algorithm ensures
MPPT P&O InC LF
higher accuracy and efficiency specially under varying
Sensors use 1voltage 1voltage 1current atmospheric conditions. In spite of these advantages there
1current 1current are few drawbacks of this algorithm such as higher response
Identification pv Not Not Yes time and it is also not economical for small scale PV plants
panel necessary necessary necessary [6]. The maximum power point is being tracked by the
parameters Incremental Conductance algorithm by means of comparing
Complexity low medium high the module‘s instantaneous I-V characteristics and its
incremental conductances (dI/dV). This algorithm can
Number of 45 48 27 determine the distance to the MPP and thereby stop the
iterations perturbation and tracking procedure after it has reached the
Speed of medium medium very fast MPP [14]. The flowchart of the Incremental Conductance
convergence algorithm can be found in Figure 8. At maximum power
Precision 95% 98% 99% point the slope of the P-V curve is equal to zero[7]. The
following equations show these characteristics:
In this work, we interested t study the three famous dP (12)
algorithm : 0
dV
dP d (V .I ) dI dV dI (13)
 V I V 0
3.3HUWXUEDQG2EVHUYH 3 2 $OJRULWKP dV dV dV dV dV
The principle of this control algorithm is to generate Furthermore :
disturbances by reducing or increasing the duty cycle and dI I (14)
observe the effect on the power output of the PV generator 
dV V

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In conclusion for Incremental Conductance algorithm, (Positive Big) [14][15]. The two FLC input variables are the
dI I
  , at MPP error E and change of error CE at sampled times k defined
dV V
by [13]: The operation of this algorithm is done in three
dI I
 , left of MPP blocks:
dV V
dI I fuzzification, inference and defuzzification (figure 9).
 , right of MPP
dV V

start

Mesure I(k), V(k)

ΔI=I (k)-I(k-1)

ΔV=V(k)-V(k-1)

NO Yes
ΔV=0

𝑑𝐼 𝐼 𝑑𝐼 ≤ ε
+ ≤ε
𝑑𝑉 𝑉

No Yes
Yes No ΔV>0
ΔV>0

Increase V Decrease V Decrease V Increase V

P(k-1)=P(k)
V(k-1)=V(k)

Figure 8 : Incremental Conductance Algorithm

3.)X]]\ORJLF
Conventional methods of tracking the optimal point of
operation have shown their limits to sudden changes of
weather and the load connected to the panel, several
methods have emerged to try to alleviate these shortcomings
and improve the operation of these generators. The approach
of Artificial Intelligence in the case of fuzzy logic is
implemented to improve control performance and the
Figure 9 : Step of Fuzzy logic
pursuit of maximum power point by simulation and
modeling of a controller based on fuzzy logic [5][13]. The
advent of microcontrollers has enabled the spread of fuzzy Where P(k) is the instantaneous power of the photovoltaic
generator. The input  (k ) shows if the load operation point
control in the pursuit of optimal points during the last
at the instant k is located on the left or on the right of the
decade[9]. maximum power point on the PV characteristic, while the
The fuzzy controller has the following three blocks: input  (k ) expresses the moving direction of this point.
t
Fuzzification of input variables by using the trapezoidal and Table 2 : Fuzzy logic rules
triangular functions, then these variables fuzzification 
PB PS ZE NS NB

t
inference or are compared with predefined packages to
PB ZE ZE NB NB NB
determine the appropriate response. And finally the PS ZE ZE NS NS NS
defuzzification to convert the subset fuzzification into ZE NS ZE ZE ZE PS
NS PS PS NS ZE ZE
values using the centric defuzzification. The five linguistic NB PB PS PB ZE ZE
variables used are: NB (Negative Big), NS (Negative
Small), ZE (Zero Approximately), PS (Positive Small), PB

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4. Battery Storage
for given discharge conditions.
888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 • The state of charge “SOC” (State Of Charge): This is the
88888888888888888888888888//////////////////////////////////////// ratio between the capacity at time q(t) and the nominal
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// capacity Qn, is :
// q(t ) (15)
SOC (t )  , with (0  SOC  1)
Qn

Figure 10 : Diagram of Photovoltaic system with Battery

storage using bidirectional DC-DC converter

Bidirectional DC–DC converters are used to perform the figure 11 : Battery discharge curve
process of power transfer between two dc sources in either
If SOC=1 the battery is totally charged and if SOC=0 the
direction. They are widely used in various applications. A
battery is totally discharged.
bidirectional DC-DC converter is an important part of
• The charging cycle (or discharging): This is the parameter
standalone solar Photovoltaic systems for interfacing the
which reflects the relationship between the nominal capacity
battery storage system. The circuit is operated in such a way
of a battery and the current at which it is charged (or
that one switch, one coupled inductor and three diodes are
discharged). It is expressed in hours.
used for step-up operation to boost the voltage of the battery
•Cycle life : This is the number of charge/discharge cycles
to match the high voltage dc bus. The other switch,
that the battery can sustain before losing 20% of its nominal
remaining diode and simple inductor are used for step down
capacity.
operation to charge the battery from the surplus PV energy.
By analyzing the figure above, we can see the presence of
The high efficiency of the converter is achieved by
three specific points on the characteristic (Q-V): these three
optimizing components used for each step. The bidirectional
points are: the full load voltage (E0), the voltage
DC-DC converter with high power rate plays a key role in
corresponding to the end of the exponential zone ( Eexp)
the power storage system, while it converts DC voltage or
and the corresponding voltage at the end of the nominal
DC current for the power storage battery. The Bidirectional
zone (En).
DC-DC converter operates either as a buck or as boost
The charge and discharge equations are given as follows :
converter at any instance. It works as a buck converter for
*Discharge :
charging the battery whereas it operates as a boost converter
Q (15)
[12] while the battery discharges power to the load. E B = E0 - Ri - K (i t +i* )+Eexp(t)
From figure 14 it can be seen that the PV voltage source has Q-i t
immediately next to it a boost converter stage powered by *Charge :
MPPT controller which will step up the PV voltage to the Q * Q (15)
desired DC bus voltage extracting maximum power from the E B = E0 - Ri - K i -K i t +Eexp(t)
Q-i t Q-i t
PV system at every instance of operation. It is then followed
With :
by a couple of IGBTs and a battery acting as a secondary
source. The Bidirectional DC-DC converter operation is Eexp(t) = B i(t) .(-Eexp(t)  Asel (t ))
carried out through these two IGBTs which are controlled Figure 12 shows the discharge characteristic of the storage
by two different controllers. One controller provides the system used and the evolution of its voltage for different
control signal for Boost operation and the other provides the discharge currents.
control signal for Buck operation. It operates as a buck
converter for charging the battery through the switching
actions performed by the switch S3. On the other hand its
operation as a boost converter is dictated by the switching
actions of the switch S2 .
For the proper functioning of the hybrid energy system, the
storage system plays a crucial role, it allows for continuity
of service and better quality of energy supplied. We recall
some electrical parameters used to characterize a battery,
these are:

• Nominal capacitor (Qn): This is the maximum number of

ampere-hours (Ah) that can be extracted from the battery,

Figure 12 : Battery voltage characteristic for different

discharge currents.
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the relationships between the input quantities (VB , iB ) and

the output quantities (Vdc , iB m ) of the converter are given by
the system of equations below
 diB (16)
L  VB  Vdc (1  u11 )
 dt
The bidirectional DC DC converter is a combination of iB m  I B (1  u11 )
boost and buck converters. Such a converter is used to
charge and discharge the battery.
4.3 Quadratic DC bus control
Due to the intermittent and fluctuating character of hybrid
systems (pv and wind), the voltage at the DC bus will be
disturbed and fluctuating. This is why the DC bus voltage
must be kept constant at its reference. In this case, the value
of this voltage Vdc must be well chosen for proper operation
of the PV system connected to the grid.

The capacitor at the input of the inverter has two essential

tasks:

a) In steady state, it keeps the DC bus voltage constant with

low oscillations.

Figure 13 : Circuit of the DC–DC bidirectional converter b) it serves as an energy storage element to compensate for
the difference in actual power between the load and the
source during transient periods.
Figure 13 shows the DC bus voltage regulation loop to
4.1 Boost Mode generate the reference power. The DC bus control generates
The boost mode is applied for the discharging procedure of the fluctuating power in the DC bus capacitor, subtracted
the battery storage. Figure shows the circuit of the boost from the power at the output of the inverter, giving us the
mode operation of the converter, where the direction of the reference active power that must be fed into the grid. A
inductor current is from the lower voltage side to the dynamic reference of reactive power, allows us for small
higherK1 voltage side . The averaged large signal inductor powers to impose a zero reactive power.
current, i L , and the DC-bus output voltage, Vdc , in a
continuous conduction mode (CCM) of operation can be
found using the equations below.
is closed K10  0 and is open K11  1 .

di B (14)
L  VB  Vdc
dt

4.2 Buck mode operation

The buck mode is applied for the charging process of the
battery storage. Figure presents the circuit of the buck
mode operation converter. In contrast to the buck mode
operation, the inductor current flows from the
higher voltage side to the lower voltage side . The
averaged large signal inductor current, i L , and the output
battery voltage, VB , are calculated by the equations below,
The DC powerfigure
is : 14 : Quadratique control of DC bus
and describe the buck-mode operation in a CCM of the Pdc  I dc .Vdc (17)
converter.
is open K10  1 and is closed K11  0 Then :
1 dV 2 (17)
di (15) Pdc  Cdc . dc
L B  VB 2 dt
dt
Cdc : the DC bus capacitor.
By analyzing these two configurations, we can conclude that So :

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 2Te  (17) The irradiation equals 1000W / m2 and the battery current is
Vdc (n)  Vdc2 (n  1)  ( Ppv (n)  P(n)  around -20 A. The state of charge (SOC) is increasing so it
 Cdc  means the battery is charging and PV side power is 1000W.
Te : Sampling period The Bus voltage is around 48 V.
2
When the irradiation is decreased 700W / m the battery
The control strategy is divided into two blocks the first is for
current is decreased around -10A. The moment of the
the calculation and the second is reserved for the control.
changing irradiation the system is unstable and then a few
seconds later the system returns stable.
5. Simulation and result 2
Decreasing the irradiation of 400W / m the battery current
All simulations and results, of the previous algorithms is zero.
studied, were performed under the same condition to ensure
that the circuit comparison can be determined accurately. We can say the battery is disable.
Input, output, voltage, current, and power are the primary
comparison to consider. The complexity and simplicity of I want to decrease irradiation to 0W / m2 and the battery
the circuit was determined on the basis of the literature. current is around 15 A. The state of charge (SOC) is
Convergence speed, required hardware and efficiency range. decreasing so it means the battery is discharging and PV
Table 3 takes an illumination of 1000 and a temperature of side power is 0W / m2 . Then the PV power is disabled.
25 as the initial value. When the irradiation is equal 400W / m2 the SOC is stable
Table 3: Electrical characteristic of PV panel and the current battery is zero. So the battery is disable.
When we increase the irradiation to 600W / m2 the battery is
Size Value charging because the SOC is increasing and the battery
Open circuit voltage Voc (V) 36.3 current is negative. PV power is increasing.
Voltage at maximum power point Vmp(V) 29 Then the bus voltage is constant.
Short-circuit current Isc (A) 7.84
Current at maximum power point Imp (A) 7.35
Diode saturation current Is (A) 2.9259 e-10
Shunt resistance Rp (ohms) 313.3991
Series resistance Rs (ohms) 0.39383
Maximum power point tracking 213.15
Series-connected modules per string Ns 1
Parallel strings Np 5

Figure 15 : Characteristic of pv with battery based on Perturb & Observe algorithm

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Figure 16: Characteristic of pv with battery based on incremental Conductance algorithm

Figure 15 : Characteristic of pv with battery based on Fuzzy logic algorithm

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Moreover, to evaluate the performance the proposed MPPT,

the PV is exposed to different levels of irradiance that is Also the battery characterized is changed with the variation
changed randomly and rapidly (although normal solar of irradiation and the change of three MPPT algorithms .
irradiance does not abruptly, but this would happen in We can conclude that both the boost converter and the
partially shaded PV systems. According to the obtained battery are affected by the mppt algorithm.
results presented in Figures 15,16 and 17 the MPPT
algorithm tracks the values of maximum power. In each
case, the power extracted from the PV is well controlled. 6. Conclusion
The results prove that the convergence speed is relatively This work describes the main elements of the PV system.
high. Then, we recalled the principle of three most popular MPPT
To evaluate the performance of the PV with load, a algorithms. Finally, we ended with a simulation of the
comparison between the three methods of MPPT with different algorithms. The simulation results show that the
battery storage. PV maximum INC algorithm performs better than the P&O and the fuzzy
power and that computed from the algorithm is carried out logic based control shows good behavior and better
for different values of solar irradiance and the results are performance compared to the P&O, INC. These algorithms
plotted . Moreover, the corresponding tracking efficiencies improve the dynamics and steady state performance of the
of the proposed MPPT under different irradiance levels are photovoltaic system as well as it improves the efficiency of
computed and presented in the figures of the simulation the dc-dc converter system.
part..
At the end of this work, several direct perspectives are
According to the obtained results, the tracking efficiency is
announced and the following points are quoted by way of
not less than 95 %.
illustration :
Therefore, the proposed method guarantees good tracking
network.
efficiency under different operating conditions.

Discussion:
PV system.
-tolerant control algorithms.
* The P&O algorithm is a classic and simple algorithm. In
general, this algorithm depends strongly on the initial
conditions and it oscillates around the optimal value. The References
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