Structure of DNA Science Presentation in Light Blue Green Lined Style 20240314 1

CENTRAL DOGMA
OF MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
Presented By : GROUP 3
The Central Dogma of Molecular
Biology explains how genetic
information is stored,replicated, and
expressed in living organisms. It is
crucial for understanding the
fundamental processes of life
and plays a central role in genetics,
molecular biology, and biotechnology.
The Central Dogma of Molecular
Biology describes the flow of
genetic information within a
biological system. It was first
proposed by Francis Crick in
1958. Here's a simplified
diagram:
•The central dogma of molecular biology scates
that DNA contains instructions for making a
protein, which are copied by RNA.
•RNA then uses the instructions to make a

protein.
•In short: DNA-RNA-Protein, or DNA to RNA to

Protein.
DNA is found in chromosomes. In
eukaryotic cells, chromosomes
always remain in the nucleus, but
proteins are made at ribosomes in
the cytoplasm. How do the
instructions in DNA get to the site of
protein synthesis outside the
nucleus?
Another type of nucleic acid is responsible. This
nucleic acid is RNA, or ribonucleic acid. RNA is a
small molecule that can squeeze through pores
in the riclear membrane. It carries the
information from DNA in the nucleus to a
ribosome in the cytoplasm and then helps
assemble the protein. In short:
DNA→RNA→ Protein
DNA Replication:
DNA replication is the

process by which a
double-stranded DNA
molecule is copied to
produce two identical
DNA molecules.
It occurs in the nucleus
during the S phase of
the cell cycle.
Transcription:
Transcription is the
process of synthesizing
an RNA molecule using
a DNA template. It
takes place in the
nucleus and involves
three main steps:
initiation, elongation,
and termination.
Translation:
Translation is the
process of protein
synthesis, where the
information stored in
mRNA is converted into
a specific sequence of
amino acids. It occurs in
the cytoplasm and
involves ribosomes,
tRNA molecules, and
amino acids.
DESCRIBE MODIFICATION TO MENDEL'S
CLASSIC RATIO (GENE INTERACTION)
Now, regarding the modification

to Mendel's classic ratio,
Mendel's laws of inheritance
mainly deal with the
transmission of traits from
parents to offspring. The Central
Dogma of Molecular Biology
complements Mendel's laws by
explaining the molecular
mechanisms underlying
inheritance.
One significant modification to

Mendel's classic ratio is the
understanding of gene expression
and regulation. While Mendel's
laws focus on the transmission of
alleles (different forms of a gene),
the Central Dogma elucidates how
genes are transcribed into RNA
and translated into proteins, which
ultimately determine an
organism's traits.
This adds a deeper

understanding of
how genetic
information is
processed and
utilized within cells,
beyond simple allele
combinations.
STEPS IN DNA REPLICATION
1: Replication Fork Formation
Before DNA can be replicated, the double stranded

molecule must be "unzipped" into two single strands.
DNA has four bases called adenine (A), thymine (T),
cytosine (C) and guanine (G) that form pairs between
the two strands. Adenine only pairs with thymine and
cytosine only binds with guanine. In order to unwind
DNA, these interactions between base pairs must be
broken. This is performed by an enzyme known as
DNA helicase. DNA helicase disrupts the hydrogen
bonding between base pairs to separate the strands
into a Y shape Known as the replication fork.
DNA is directional in both strands, signified by a 5' and 3'
end. This notation signifies which side group is
attached the DNA backbone. The 5' end has a
phosphate (P) group attached, while the 3' end has a
hydroxyl (OH) group attached. This directionality is
important for replication as it only progresses in the 5'
to 3' direction. However, the replication fork is bi-
directional; one strand is oriented in the 3' to 5'
direction (leading strand) while the other is oriented 5' to
3' (lagging strand). The two sides are therefore
replicated with two different processes to accommodate
the directional difference.
Replication Begins
2: Primer Binding
The leading strand is the simplest to

replicate. Once the DNA strands have been
separated, a short piece
of RNA called a primer binds to the 3' end of
the strand. The primer always binds as the
starting point for
replication. Primers are generated by the
enzyme DNA primase.
DNA Replication: Elongation
3: Elongation
Enzymes known as DNA polymerases are responsible

creating the new strand by a process called
elongation. There are five different known types of
DNA polymerases in bacteria and human cells. In
bacteria such as E. coli, polymerase III is the main
replication enzyme, while polymerase I, II, IV and V
are responsible for error checking and repair.
DNA polymerase III binds to the strand at the site of the
primer and begins adding new base pairs complementary to
the strand during replication. in eukaryotic
cells, polymerases alpha, delta, and epsilon are the primary
polymerases involved in DNA replication.
Because replication proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction on the
leading strand, the newly formed strand is
continuous.
The lagging strand begins replication by
binding with multiple primers. Each
primer is only several bases
apart. DNA polymerase then adds
pieces of DNA, called Okazaki
fragments, to the strand between
primers. This process of replication is
discontinuous as the newly created
fragments are disjointed.
4: Termination
Once both the continuous and discontinuous strands are

formed, an enzyme cailed exonuclease removes
all RNA primers from the original strands. These primers are
then replaced with appropriate bases.
Another exonuclease "proofreads" the newly formed DNA to
check, remove and replace any errors.
Another enzyme called DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments
together forming a single unified strand. The
ends of the linear DNA present a problem as DNA polymerase
can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3'
direction.
The ends of the parent strands consist of repeated DNA
sequences called telomeres. Telomeres
act as protective caps at the end of chromosomes to
prevent nearby chromosomes from fusing. A special
type of DNA polymerase enzyme called telomerase
catalyzes the synthesis of telomere sequences at the
from the parent molecule and one new strand.
ends of the DNA. Once completed, the parent strand and
its complementary DNA strand coils into the
familiar double helix shape. In the end, replication
produces two DNA molecules, each with one strand.
💡💡💡
Therefore, the Central Dogma
encapsulates a sequential and
systematic flow of genetic
information, starting from DNA
replication, through transcription to
mRNA, and culminating
in protein synthesis during translation.
💡💡💡
It's crucial to recognize that this model,
while generally applicable, has its
exceptions and complexities, such as
post-transcriptional modifications and
the roles of non-coding RNAs
in gene regulation.
THANK U FOR
LISTENING
💪💪💪

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CENTRAL DOGMA

•RNA then uses the instructions to make a

•In short: DNA-RNA-Protein, or DNA to RNA to

DNA replication is the

Now, regarding the modification

One significant modification to

This adds a deeper

Before DNA can be replicated, the double stranded

The leading strand is the simplest to

Enzymes known as DNA polymerases are responsible

Once both the continuous and discontinuous strands are

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