3 G T ut oria l

Brough Turner & Marc Orange

Originally presented at Fall VON 2002

Pre fa c e ...
The authors would like to acknowledgement
material contributions from:
̈ Murtaza Amiji, NMS Communications
̈ Samuel S. May, Senior Research Analyst,
US Bancorp Piper Jaffray
̈ Others as noted on specific slides
We intend ongoing improvements to this
tutorial and solicit your comments at:
̈ [email protected]
̈ and/or [email protected]
For the latest version go to:
̈ http://www.nmscommunications.com/3Gtutorial

www.nmscommunications.com
Out line

History and evolution of mobile radio

̈ Brief history of cellular wireless telephony
̈ Radio technology today: TDMA, CDMA
̈ Demographics and market trends today
̈ 3G vision, 3G migration paths
Evolving network architectures
̈ Based on GSM-MAP or on IS-41 today
̈ 3GPP versus 3GPP2 evolution paths
̈ 3G utilization of softswitches, VoIP and SIP
̈ Potential for convergence

www.nmscommunications.com
Out line (c ont inue d)

Evolving services
̈ SMS, EMS, MMS messaging
̈ Location
̈ Video and IP multimedia
Applications & application frameworks
̈ Is there a Killer App?
Business models
̈ What’s really happening? When?

Slide 4 www.nmscommunications.com
3 G T ut oria l
H ist ory a nd Evolut ion of M obile Ra dio
Evolving N e t w ork Arc hit e c t ure s
Evolving Se rvic e s
Applic a t ions
Busine ss M ode ls

www.nmscommunications.com
First M obile Ra dio T e le phone
1924

Courtesy of Rich Howard

www.nmscommunications.com
 World T e le c om St a t ist ic s

1200 Crossover
1000 has happened
May 2002 !
800
Landline Subs
(millions)

600

400

200
Mobile Subs
0
92

95
96

01
91

93
94

97
98
99
00
19

19
19

19
19
19
20
19

19
19

20

www.nmscommunications.com
Ce llula r M obile T e le phony
Frequency modulation
Antenna diversity 2 7
3 5 2
Cellular concept 1 6 3
̈ Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 4 1 6
2 7 4
Frequency reuse 5 2 7
̈ Typically every 7 cells 3 5
1 6 3
Handoff as caller moves 4 1
2 7
Modified CO switch 5
̈ HLR, paging, handoffs
Sectors improve reuse
̈ Every 3 cells possible

www.nmscommunications.com
First Ge ne ra t ion
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
̈ US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
̈ 800 MHz band — two 20 MHz bands
̈ TIA-553
̈ Still widely used in US and many parts of the world
Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
̈ Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
̈ Launched 1981; now largely retired
̈ 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
Total Access Communications System (TACS)
̈ British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
̈ Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe

www.nmscommunications.com
Se c ond Ge ne ra t ion — 2 G
Digital systems
Leverage technology to increase capacity
̈ Speech compression; digital signal processing
Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts
Improve fraud prevention
Add new services
There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
̈ IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
̈ iDEN
̈ DECT and PHS
̈ IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
̈ GSM

www.nmscommunications.com
D-AM PS/ T DM A & PDC
Speech coded as digital bit stream
̈ Compression plus error protection bits
̈ Aggressive compression limits voice quality
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
̈ 3 calls per radio channel using repeating time slices
Deployed 1993 (PDC 1994)
̈ Development through 1980s; bakeoff 1987
IS-54 / IS-136 standards in US TIA
ATT Wireless & Cingular use IS-136 today
̈ Plan to migrate to GSM and then to W-CDMA
PDC dominant cellular system in Japan today
̈ NTT DoCoMo has largest PDC network

www.nmscommunications.com
iDEN

Used by Nextel
Motorola proprietary system
̈ Time division multiple access technology
̈ Based on GSM architecture
800 MHz private mobile radio (PMR) spectrum
̈ Just below 800 MHz cellular band
Special protocol supports fast “Push-to-Talk”
̈ Digital replacement for old PMR services
Nextel has highest APRU in US market due to
“Direct Connect” push-to-talk service

www.nmscommunications.com
DECT a nd PH S
Also based on time division multiple access
Digital European Cordless Telephony
̈ Focus on business use, i.e. wireless PBX
̈ Very small cells; In building propagation issues
̈ Wide bandwidth (32 kbps channels)
̈ High-quality voice and/or ISDN data
Personal Handiphone Service
̈ Similar performance (32 kbps channels)
̈ Deployed across Japanese cities (high pop. density)
̈ 4 channel base station uses one ISDN BRI line
̈ Base stations on top of phone booths
̈ Legacy in Japan; new deployments in China today

www.nmscommunications.com
N ort h Am e ric a n CDM A (c dm a One )

Code Division Multiple Access

̈ All users share same frequency band
̈ Discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G
Qualcomm demo in 1989
̈ Claimed improved capacity & simplified planning
First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994
Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996)
Used by Verizon and Sprint in US
Simplest 3G migration story today

www.nmscommunications.com
c dm a One — I S-9 5

TIA standard IS-95 (ANSI-95) in 1993

IS-95 deployed in the 800 MHz cellular band
̈ J-STD-08 variant deployed in 1900 MHz US “PCS”
band
Evolution fixes bugs and adds data
̈ IS-95A provides data rates up to 14.4 kbps
̈ IS-95B provides rates up to 64 kbps (2.5G)
̈ Both A and B are compatible with J-STD-08
All variants designed for TIA IS-41 core
networks (ANSI 41)

www.nmscommunications.com
GSM
« Groupe Special Mobile », later changed to
« Global System for Mobile »
̈ Joint European effort beginning in 1982
̈ Focus on seamless roaming across Europe
Services launched 1991
̈ Time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz)
̈ 900 MHz band; later extended to 1800MHz
̈ Added 1900 MHz (US PCS bands)
GSM is dominant world standard today
̈ Well defined interfaces; many competitors
̈ Network effect (Metcalfe’s law) took hold in late 1990s
̈ Tri-band GSM phone can roam the world today

www.nmscommunications.com
Dist ribut ion of GSM Subsc ribe rs

GSM is used by 70% of subscribers worldwide

̈ 564 M subs / 800 M subs in July 2001
Most GSM deployments in Europe (59%) and
Asia (33%)
̈ ATT & Cingular deploying GSM in US today
Number of subscribers
in the world (Jul 2001)

PDC
CDMA
7%
12%
US TDMA
10%

GSM
Source: EMC World Cellular / GSM Association 71%

www.nmscommunications.com
1 G — Se pa ra t e Fre que nc ie s

FDMA — Frequency Division Multiple Access

30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
Frequency

30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz

www.nmscommunications.com
 2 G — T DM A
T im e Division M ult iple Ac c e ss

One timeslot = 0.577 ms One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots

200 KHz
Frequency

200 KHz

200 KHz

200 KHz

Time

www.nmscommunications.com
2 G & 3 G — CDM A
Code Division M ult iple Ac c e ss
Spread spectrum modulation
̈ Originally developed for the military
̈ Resists jamming and many kinds of interference
̈ Coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
All users share same (large) block of
spectrum
̈ One for one frequency reuse
̈ Soft handoffs possible
Almost all accepted 3G radio standards are
based on CDMA
̈ CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA

www.nmscommunications.com
M ult i-Ac c e ss Ra dio T e c hnique s

Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World

www.nmscommunications.com
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
www.nmscommunications.com
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
www.nmscommunications.com
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
www.nmscommunications.com
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard
www.nmscommunications.com
3 G V ision

Universal global roaming

Multimedia (voice, data & video)
Increased data rates
̈ 384 kbps while moving
̈ 2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations
Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
IP architecture
Problems
̈ No killer application for wireless data as yet
̈ Vendor-driven

www.nmscommunications.com
I nt e rna t iona l St a nda rdiza t ion

ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

̈ Radio standards and spectrum
IMT-2000
̈ ITU’s umbrella name for 3G which stands for
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
National and regional standards bodies are
collaborating in 3G partnership projects
̈ ARIB, TIA, TTA, TTC, CWTS. T1, ETSI - refer to
reference slides at the end for names and links
3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)
̈ Focused on evolution of access and core networks

www.nmscommunications.com
I M T -2 0 0 0 V ision I nc lude s
LAN , WAN a nd Sa t e llit e Se rvic e s

Global
Satellite

Suburban Urban
In-Building

Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal

www.nmscommunications.com
 I M T -2 0 0 0 Ra dio St a nda rds
IMT-SC* Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGE
̈ GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes
called “2.75G”
IMT-MC* Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000
̈ Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne
IMT-DS* Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA
̈ New from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD
IMT-TC** Time Code CDMA
̈ New from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD
̈ New from China; TD-SCDMA
IMT-FT** FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy)

* Paired spectrum; ** Unpaired spectrum

www.nmscommunications.com
CDM A2 0 0 0 Pros a nd Cons

Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA

̈ Now known as cdmaOne or IS-95
Better migration story from 2G to 3G
̈ cdmaOne operators don’t need additional spectrum
̈ 1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS, i.e.
W-CDMA
Better spectral efficiency than W-CDMA(?)
̈ Arguable (and argued!)
CDMA2000 core network less mature
̈ cmdaOne interfaces were vendor-specific
̈ Hopefully CDMA2000 vendors will comply w/ 3GPP2

www.nmscommunications.com
W-CDM A (U M T S) Pros a nd Cons

Wideband CDMA
̈ Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service
(UMTS)
Committed standard for Europe and likely
migration path for other GSM operators
̈ Leverages GSM’s dominant position
Requires substantial new spectrum
̈ 5 MHz each way (symmetric)
Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe
̈ At prices that now seem exorbitant

www.nmscommunications.com
T D-SCDM A

Time division duplex (TDD)

Chinese development
̈ Will be deployed in China
Good match for asymmetrical traffic!
Single spectral band (1.6 MHz) possible
Costs relatively low
̈ Handset smaller and may cost less
̈ Power consumption lower
̈ TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency
Power amplifiers must be very linear
̈ Relatively hard to meet specifications

www.nmscommunications.com
M igra t ion T o 3 G 2.75G 3G
Multimedia
Intermediate
2.5G Multimedia

2G Packet Data
1G Digital Voice
Analog Voice
GPRS W-CDMA
GSM
EDGE (UMTS)
115 Kbps
NMT 9.6 Kbps 384 Kbps Up to 2 Mbps

GSM/
TD-SCDMA
TDMA GPRS
(Overlay)
TACS 2 Mbps?
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps

iDEN iDEN
9.6 Kbps PDC (Overlay)
9.6 Kbps
AMPS CDMA 1xRTT cdma2000
CDMA 1X-EV-DV

14.4 Kbps
PHS
(IP-Based) 144 Kbps Over 2.4 Mbps
/ 64 Kbps
PHS 64 Kbps
2003 - 2004+
2003+
2001+ Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
1992 - 2000+
1984 - 1996+
www.nmscommunications.com
 Subsc ribe rs: GSM vs CDM A
Cost of moving from GSM to cdmaOne overrides the
benefit of the CDMA migration path

Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray

www.nmscommunications.com
M obile Wire le ss Spe c t rum
Bands Frequencies GSM/
(MHz) (MHz) Regions EDGE WCDMA CDMA2000

450 450-467 Europe x x

480 478-496 Europe x
800 824-894 America x x
900 880-960 Europe/APAC x x
1500 Japan PDC x
1700 1750-1870 Korea x
1800 1710-1880 Europe/APAC x x x
1900 1850-1990 America x x x
1885-2025 &
2100 Europe/APAC x x
2100-2200
2500 2500-2690 ITU Proposal x

www.nmscommunications.com
Prospe c t s for Globa l Roa m ing

Multiple vocoders (AMR, EVRC, SMV,…)

Six or more spectral bands
̈ 800, 900, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2500, …? MHz
At least four modulation variants
̈ GSM (TDMA), W-CDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCMDA
The handset approach
Advanced silicon
Software defined radio
Improved batteries
Two cycles of Moore’s law? i.e. 3 yrs?

www.nmscommunications.com
3 G T ut oria l
H ist ory a nd Evolut ion of M obile Ra dio
Evolving N e t w ork Arc hit e c t ure s
Evolving Se rvic e s
Applic a t ions
Busine ss M ode ls

www.nmscommunications.com
Evolving CN Arc hit e c t ure s
Two widely deployed architectures today
GSM-MAP — used by GSM operators
̈ “Mobile Application Part” defines extra (SS7-based)
signaling for mobility, authentication, etc.
ANSI-41 MAP — used with AMPS, TDMA &
cdmaOne
̈ TIA (ANSI) standard for “cellular radio
telecommunications inter-system operation”
Each evolving to common “all IP” vision
̈ “All IP” still being defined — many years away
̈ GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) provides a
path for interoperation today

www.nmscommunications.com
T ypic a l 2 G Arc hit e c t ure

PSDN
BSC
BTS

BSC HLR SMS-SC

BSC
MSC/VLR
PLMN
MSC/VLR
BSC
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
GMSC

Tandem PSTN Tandem

CO CO

CO MSC — Mobile Switching Center

VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register

www.nmscommunications.com
N e t w ork Pla ne s
Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one plane for
voice circuits and another plane for signaling
Some elements reside only in the signaling plane
̈ HLR, VLR, SMS Center, …

HLR SMS-SC
MSC Signaling Plane (SS7)
VLR MSC
MSC

Transport Plane (Voice)

www.nmscommunications.com
Signa ling in Core N e t w ork

Based on SS7
̈ ISUP and specific Application Parts
GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services
̈ Mobility, call-handling, O&M
̈ Authentication, supplementary services
̈ SMS, …
Location registers for mobility management
̈ HLR: home location register has permanent data
̈ VLR: visitor location register keeps local copy for
roamers

www.nmscommunications.com
 PST N -t o-M obile Ca ll
PLMN PLMN PSTN
(Visitor) (Home)

(SCP) HLR
Signaling SCP
over SS7 Where is the subscriber?

MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP)

ISUP (STP)

4 2

Provide Roaming 3
5
Routing Info

VMSC 6 GMSC 1

IAM IAM (SSP)

MS BSS (SSP) (SSP) (STP)
VLR
514 581 ...

www.nmscommunications.com
 GSM 2 G Arc hit e c t ure
NSS

BSS

E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D
BTS VLR
SS7
H

HLR
AuC

BSS — Base Station System NSS — Network Sub-System

BTS — Base Transceiver Station MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller
BSC — Base Station Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register
MS — Mobile Station HLR — Home Location Register GSM — Global System for Mobile communication
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
www.nmscommunications.com
Enha nc ing GSM

New technology since mid-90s

Global standard — most widely deployed
̈ significant payback for enhancements
Frequency hopping
̈ Overcome fading
Synchronization between cells
̈ DFCA: dynamic frequency and channel assignment
Allocate radio resources to minimize interference
̈ Also used to determine mobile’s location
TFO — Tandem Free Operation

www.nmscommunications.com
T FO Conc e pt s
Improve voice quality by disabling unneeded
transcoders during mobile-to-mobile calls
Operate with existing networks (BSCs, MSCs)
̈ New TRAU negotiates TFO in-band after call setup
̈ TFO frames use LSBits of 64 Kbps circuit to carry
compressed speech frames and TFO signaling
̈ MSBits still carry normal G.711 speech samples
Limitations
̈ Same speech codec in each handset
̈ Digital transparency in core network (EC off!)
̈ TFO disabled upon cell handover, call transfer, in-
band DTMF, announcements or conferencing

www.nmscommunications.com
 T FO – T a nde m Fre e Ope ra t ion
No TFO : 2 unneeded transcoders in path
C GSM Coding D G.711 / 64 kb C GSM Coding D
D C D C

Abis Ater A
TRAU PSTN* TRAU
MS BTS BTS MS
BSC BSC
MSC MSC

With TFO (established) : no in-path transcoder

C GSM Coding T [GSM Coding + TFO Sig] (2bits) + G.711 (6bits**) / 64 Kb T GSM Coding D
F F
D O O C

Abis Ater A
TRAU PSTN* TRAU
MS BTS BTS MS
BSC BSC
MSC MSC

(*) or TDM-based core network

(**) or 7 bits if Half-Rate coder is used

www.nmscommunications.com
N e w V oc ode rs: AM R & SM V

AMR: Adaptive multi-rate

̈ Defined for UMTS (W-CDMA)
̈ Being retrofitted for GSM
SMV: Selectable mode vocoder
̈ Defined by 3GPP2 for CDMA2000
Many available coding rates
̈ AMR 8 rates: 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.15 &
4.75bps, plus silence frames (near 0 bps)
̈ SMV 4 rates: 8.5, 4, 2 & 0.8kbps
Lower bit rates allow more error correction
̈ Dynamically adjust to radio interference conditions

www.nmscommunications.com
Enha nc ing GSM

AMR speech coder

̈ Trade off speech and error correction bits
̈ Fewer dropped calls
DTX — discontinuous transmission
̈ Less interference (approach 0 bps during silences)
̈ More calls per cell
Overlays, with partitioned spectral reuse
̈ 3x in overlay (cell edges); 1x reuse in underlay
HSCSD — high speed circuit-switched data
̈ Aggregate channels to surpass 9.6 kbps limit (→50k)
GPRS — general packet radio service

www.nmscommunications.com
GPRS — 2 .5 G for GSM

General packet radio service

̈ First introduction of packet technology
Aggregate radio channels
̈ Support higher data rates (115 kbps)
̈ Subject to channel availability
Share aggregate channels among multiple
users
All new IP-based data infrastructure
No changes to voice network

www.nmscommunications.com
2 .5 G / 3 G Adds I P Da t a
N o Cha nge s for V oic e Ca lls
3G Network Layout
Internet
(TCP/IP)
IP Gateway

Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)

Out to another MSC or

Fixed Network (PSTN/ISDN)

Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)

IP Gateway

Internet
(TCP/IP)

- Base Station - Radio Network Controller

www.nmscommunications.com
 2 .5 G Arc hit e c t ura l De t a il
2G MS (voice only)
NSS

BSS

E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
Gb
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Gr HLR
AuC
Gc

Gn Gi
PSDN
SGSN IP GGSN

BSS — Base Station System NSS — Network Sub-System SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS — Base Transceiver Station MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC — Base Station Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register GPRS — General Packet Radio Service
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
www.nmscommunications.com
GSM Evolut ion for Da t a Ac c e ss
2 Mbps
UMTS

384 kbps
115 kbps EDGE
GPRS

9.6 kbps
GSM

1997 2000 2003 2003+

GSM evolution 3G

www.nmscommunications.com
EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution

Increased data rates with GSM compatibility
̈ Still 200 KHz bands; still TDMA
̈ 8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate
̈ Shorter range (more sensitive to noise/interference)

GAIT — GSM/ANSI-136 interoperability team

̈ Allows IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGE
̈ New GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core
network

www.nmscommunications.com
3 G Pa rt ne rship Proje c t (3 GPP)
3GPP defining migration from GSM to UMTS
(W-CDMA)
̈ Core network evolves from GSM-only to support
GSM, GPRS and new W-CDMA facilities
3GPP Release 99
̈ Adds 3G radios
3GPP Release 4
̈ Adds softswitch/ voice gateways and packet core
3GPP Release 5
̈ First IP Multimedia Services (IMS) w/ SIP & QoS
3GPP Release 6
̈ “All IP” network; contents of r6 still being defined

www.nmscommunications.com
 3 G re l9 9 Arc hit e c t ure (U M T S) —
3 G Ra dios
2G MS (voice only)
CN

BSS

E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MSC GMSC
Gb D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data)
IuCS
RNS
Gr HLR
AuC
ATM Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC IP
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS — Base Station System CN — Core Network SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS — Base Transceiver Station MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC — Base Station Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register UMTS — Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
RNS — Radio Network System AuC — Authentication Server
RNC — Radio Network Controller GMSC — Gateway MSC

www.nmscommunications.com
 3 G re l4 Arc hit e c t ure (U M T S) —
Soft Sw it c hing
2G MS (voice only)
CN
CS-MGW
Nb
BSS
CS-MGW
A
Abis Nc PSTN PSTN
Mc
Mc
B
BSC C
MSC Server GMSC server
Gb D
BTS VLR
Gs SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data)
IuCS
RNS IP/ATM
Gr HLR
AuC
ATM Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS — Base Station System CN — Core Network SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS — Base Transceiver Station MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC — Base Station Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
RNS — Radio Network System AuC — Authentication Server
RNC — Radio Network Controller GMSC — Gateway MSC

www.nmscommunications.com
T ra nsc ode r Fre e Ope ra t ion (T rFO)

Improve voice quality by avoiding unneeded

transcoders
̈ like TFO but using packet-based core network
Out-of-band negociation
̈ Select same codec at both ends during call setup
̈ Supports sudden channel rearrangement
(handovers, etc.) via signaling procedures
̈ When TrFO impossible, TFO can be attempted
e.g. transit between packet-based and circuit-
based core networks

www.nmscommunications.com
 T rFO + T FO Ex a m ple
2G handset to 3G handset: by combining TrFO and
TFO, in-path transcoders can be avoided

2G PLMN TRAU

MSC Radio Access 2G MS

Network
CS-MGW

CS-MGW

Radio Access GMSC Server

Network
3G Packet
3G UE
MSC Server Core Network
[GSM Coding + TFO Sig] (lsb)
C GSM Coding (TrFO) T + G.711 (msb) / 64 Kb T GSM Coding D
F F
D O O C

www.nmscommunications.com
 3 G re l5 Arc hit e c t ure (U M T S) —
I P M ult im e dia
2G MS (voice only)
CN
CS-MGW
Nb
BSS
CS-MGW
A/IuCS
Abis Nc PSTN PSTN
Mc
Mc
B
BSC C
MSC Server GMSC server
Gb/IuPS D
BTS VLR
Gs SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data) ATM
IuCS
RNS IP/ATM
Gr HSS
AuC
Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
IP Network
RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data) IM-MGW
IM
IM — IP Multimedia sub-system Gs PSTN
MRF — Media Resource Function IP
CSCF — Call State Control Function Mc
Mg
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) MRF
MGCF
IM-MGW — IP Multimedia-MGW

CSCF
www.nmscommunications.com
3 GPP Re l.6 Obje c t ive s

IP Multimedia Services, phase 2

̈ IMS messaging and group management
Wireless LAN interworking
Speech enabled services
̈ Distributed speech recognition (DSR)
Number portability
Other enhancements

Scope and definition in progress

www.nmscommunications.com
3 GPP2 De fine s I S-4 1 Evolut ion

3rd Generation Partnership Project “Two”

̈ Separate organization, as 3GPP closely tied
to GSM and UMTS
̈ Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains
Evolution of IS-41 to “all IP” more direct but
not any faster
̈ Skips ATM stage
1xRTT — IP packet support (like GPRS)
1xEVDV — adds softswitch/ voice gateways
3x — triples radio data rates

www.nmscommunications.com
 2 G c dm a One (I S-9 5 + I S-4 1 )
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
IS-95
MS — Mobile Station
MSC — Mobile Switching Center
HLR — Home Location Registry
SMS-SC — Short Message
BTS Service — Serving Center
A Ref (A1, A2, A5)
STM — Synchronous Transfer Mode
MS STM over T1/T3
BSC
Proprietary Interface HLR

STM over T1/T3 or

Ater Ref (A3, A7)
BTS AAL1 over SONET
PST N
IS-95

A Ref (A1, A2, A5)

MSC
STM over T1/T3
BTS

MS
BSC
SMS-
Proprietary Interface
SC
A1 — Signaling interface for call control and mobility A5 — Full duplex bearer interface byte stream (SMS ?)
Management between MSC and BSC A7 — Bearer interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff

A2 — 64 kbps bearer interface for PCM voice

A3 — Signaling interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff

www.nmscommunications.com
 CDM A2 0 0 0 1 x N e t w ork
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or
IS-2000 AAL1 over SONET
PST N
A Ref (A1, A2, A5) STM over
T1/T3
MSC
BTS

MS AQuarter Ref (A10, A11)

BSC
IP over Ethernet/AAL5
SMS-
Proprietary Interface
SC
Internet
BTS IP
IP IP
Router Firewall Router
BTS — Base Transceiver Station RADIUS over UDP/IP
BSC — Base Station Controller
MS — Mobile Station
MSC — Mobile Switching Center
HLR — Home Location Registry Privata
SMS-SC — Short Message
Data
Service — Serving Center
AAA Home Network
STM — Synchronous Transfer Mode
Agent
PDSN — Packet Data Serving Node
AAA — Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PDSN
Home Agent — Mobile IP Home Agent
A10 — Bearer interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data
A11 — Signaling interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data

www.nmscommunications.com
Pa c k e t Da t a Se rving N ode (PDSN )

Establish, maintain, and terminate PPP

sessions with mobile station
Support simple and mobile IP services
̈ Act as mobile IP Foreign Agent for visiting mobile
station
Handle authentication, authorization, and
accounting (AAA) for mobile station
̈ Uses RADIUS protocol
Route packets between mobile stations and
external packet data networks
Collect usage data and forward to AAA server

www.nmscommunications.com
AAA Se rve r a nd H om e Age nt

AAA server
̈ Authentication: PPP and mobile IP connections
̈ Authorization: service profile and security key
distribution and management
̈ Accounting: usage data for billing
Mobile IP Home Agent
̈ Track location of mobile IP subscribers when they
move from one network to another
̈ Receive packets on behalf of the mobile node when
node is attached to a foreign network and deliver
packets to mobile’s current point of attachment

www.nmscommunications.com
1 x EV DO — I P Da t a Only
IP BTS - IP Base Transceiver Station
IP BSC - IP Base Station Controller
IS-2000
AAA - Authentication, Authorization,
and Accounting
PDSN - Packet Data Serving Node
Home Agent - Mobile IP Home Agent
IP
BTS

Internet

IP IP
Firewall Router
IP BSC IP
Router
IS-2000

RADIUS over UDP/IP

Privata
IP Data
BTS Network

AAA PDSN Home

Agent

www.nmscommunications.com
 1 X EV DV — I P Da t a a nd V oic e

SIP SCTP/IP SS7

IS-2000 S IP SG W
MGCF
P ro x y
(Softswitch) P ST N
H.248 (Maybe MGCP)
SIP

IP Circuit switched voice

Packet switched voice
BTS M GW

Internet

IP IP SIP Proxy — Session Initiation

IP BSC Firewall Router Protocol Proxy Server
PDSN +
MGCF — Media Gateway Control
Router Function
IS-2000
SGW — Signaling Gateway (SS7)
MGW — Media Gateway (Voice)

Nextgen MSC ? Privata

IP Data
BTS Network
AAA Hom e
Agent

www.nmscommunications.com
Approa c h for M e rging 3 GPP &
3 GPP2 Core N e t w ork Prot oc ols

UMTS MAP ANSI-41

L3 L3
(UMTS) (cdma2000)

L3 (UMTS) HOOKS EXTENSIONS

L2 (UMTS) HOOKS EXTENSIONS

L1 (UMTS) HOOKS EXTENSIONS

www.nmscommunications.com
Ga t e w a y Loc a t ion Re gist e r

Gateway between differing LR standards

Introduced between VLR/SGSN and HLR
̈ Single point for “hooks and extensions”
̈ Controls traffic between visited mobile system and
home mobile system
Visited network’s VLR/SGSN
̈ Treats GLR as roaming user’s HLR
Home network’s HLR
̈ Treats GLR as VLR/SGSN at visited network
GLR physically located in visited network
̈ Interacts with all VLRs in visited network

www.nmscommunications.com
 Ga t e w a y Loc a t ion Re gist e r
Ex a m ple
Mobile Station roaming in a PLMN with a different
signaling protocol

HLR
GSM MAP
ANSI-41 Home PLMN

Radio Access GLR

Network
Visiting MS VLR
MSC/SGSN
Visited
PLMN

www.nmscommunications.com
3 GPP / 3 GPP2 H a rm oniza t ion

Joint meetings address interoperability and

roaming
̈ Handsets, radio network, core network
« Hooks and Extensions » help to converge
̈ Near term fix
Target all-IP core harmonization
̈ Leverage common specifications (esp. IETF RFCs)
̈ Align terms, interfaces and functional entities
̈ Developing Harmonization Reference Model (HRM)
3GPP’s IP Mutilmedia Services and 3GPP2’s
Multi-Media Domain almost aligned

www.nmscommunications.com
3 G T ut oria l
H ist ory a nd Evolut ion of M obile Ra dio
Evolving N e t w ork Arc hit e c t ure s
Evolving Se rvic e s
Applic a t ions
Busine ss M ode ls

www.nmscommunications.com
U p a nd Com ing M obile Se rvic e s

SMS, EMS, MMS

Location-based services
3G-324M Video
VoIP w/o QoS; Push-to-Talk
IP Multimedia Services (w/ QoS)
Converged “All IP” networks — the Vision

www.nmscommunications.com
 Short M e ssa ge Se rvic e (SM S)
Point-to-point, short, text message service
Messages over signaling channel (MAP or IS-41)
SMSC stores-and-forwards SMSs; delivery reports
SME is any data terminal or Mobile Station

SMS-GMSC

E PSDN
A
B SC
BTS BSC C SMS-IWMSC
MS MSC PC
SME VLR

SMS — GMSC Gateway MSC SMEs

SMS — IWMSC InterWorking MSC
SC — Service Center HLR
SME — Short Messaging Entity

www.nmscommunications.com
SM S Princ iple s

Basic services
̈ SM MT (Mobile Terminated)
̈ SM MO (Mobile Originated)
̈ (3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled
̈ (3GPP2) User can acknowledge
SM Service Center (3GPP) aka
Message Center (3GPP2)
̈ Relays and store-and-forwards SMSs
Payload of up to 140 bytes, but
̈ Can be compressed (MS-to-MS)
̈ And/or segmented in several SMs

www.nmscommunications.com
 Delivery (MT)

SM S T ra nsport Report

Submission (MO)
MS SC
Report
Delivery / Submission report
̈ Optional in 3GPP2
Messages-Waiting
̈ SC informs HLR/VLR that a message could not be
delivered to MS
Alert-SC
̈ HLR informs SC that the MS is again ready to
receive
All messages over signaling channels
̈ Usually SS7; SMSC may have IP option

www.nmscommunications.com
EM S Princ iple s

Enhanced Message Service

Leverages SMS infrastructure
Formatting attributes in payload allow:
̈ Text formatting (alignment, font size, style, colour…)
̈ Pictures (e.g. 255x255 color) or vector-based graphics
̈ Animations
̈ Sounds
Interoperable with 2G SMS mobiles
̈ 2G SMS spec had room for payload formatting
̈ 2G MS ignore special formats

www.nmscommunications.com
M M S Princ iple s (1 )
Non-real-time, multi-media message service
̈ Text; Speech (AMR coding)
̈ Audio (MP3, synthetic MIDI)
̈ Image, graphics (JPEG, GIF, PNG)
̈ Video (MPEG4, H.263)
̈ Will evolve with multimedia technologies
Uses IP data path & IP protocols (not SS7)
̈ WAP, HTTP, SMTP, etc.
Adapts to terminal capabilities
̈ Media format conversions (JPEG to GIF)
̈ Media type conversions (fax to image)
̈ SMS (2G) terminal inter-working

www.nmscommunications.com
M M S Princ iple s (2 )

MMs can be forwarded (w/o downloading),

and may have a validity period
One or multiple addressees
Addressing by phone number (E.164) or email
address (RFC 822)
Extended reporting
̈ submission, storage, delivery, reading, deletion
Supports an MMBox, i.e. a mail box
Optional support of media streaming
(RTP/RTSP)

www.nmscommunications.com
 M M S Arc hit e c t ure
SMTP, POP/IMAP
SN SN
MMS Relay / Server

MAP SMTP External legacy servers

MMS User
MM4
Databases (E-mail, Fax, UMS, SMSC…)
MMS User Agent SN
MM3
MM6
MM5*
PLMN
SN SN PDN
UE
HLR MM7
MMS Relay / Server
MM1
(or ProxyRelay Server)
WAP Gw

SOAP/HTTP SN

WSP-HTTP Value-Added Services

Application

(*) Optional

www.nmscommunications.com
Loc a t ion

Driven by e911 requirements in US

̈ FCC mandated; not yet functioning as desired
̈ Most operators are operating under “waivers”
Potential revenue from location-based services
Several technical approaches
̈ In network technologies (measurements at cell sites)
̈ Handset technologies
̈ Network-assisted handset approaches
Plus additional core network infrastructure
̈ Location computation and mobile location servers
Significant privacy issues

www.nmscommunications.com
Loc a t ion T e c hnology

Cell identity: crude but available today

Based on timing
̈ TA: Timing Advance (distance from GSM BTS)
Based on timing and triangulation
̈ TOA: Time of Arrival
̈ TDOA: Time Difference of Arrival
̈ EOTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference
̈ AOA: Angle of Arrival
Based on satellite navigation systems
̈ GPS: Global Positioning System
̈ A-GPS: Assisted GPS

www.nmscommunications.com
Loc a t ion-Ba se d Se rvic e s

Emergency services
̈ E911 - Enhanced 911
Value-added personal services
̈ friend finder, directions
Commercial services
̈ coupons or offers from nearby stores
Network internal
̈ Traffic & coverage measurements
Lawful intercept extensions
̈ law enforcement locates suspect

www.nmscommunications.com
Loc a t ion I nform a t ion

Location (in 3D), speed and direction

̈ with timestamp
Accuracy of measurement
Response time
̈ a QoS measure
Security & Privacy
̈ authorized clients
̈ secure info exchange
̈ privacy control by user and/or operator

www.nmscommunications.com
 U S E9 1 1 Pha se I I Arc hit e c t ure

Public
PDE
ESRK
ESRK Service
& voice
& voice Answering
Point
BSC Access
PDE tandem
MSC
ESRK
Callback #,
Long., Lat.

ESRK
SN
PDE Callback #,
PDE SN Long., Lat. SN
MPC ALI DB

PDE — Position Determining Entity

MPC — Mobile Positioning Center
ESRK — Emergency Service Routing Key
ALI DB — Automatic Location
Identification Data Base

www.nmscommunications.com
3 GPP Loc a t ion I nfra st ruc t ure

UE (User Entity)
̈ May assist in position calculation
LMU (Location Measurement Unit)
̈ distributed among cells
SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Center)
̈ Standalone equipment (2G) or
integrated into BSC (2G) or RNC (3G)
Leverages normal infrastructure for transport
and resource management

www.nmscommunications.com
 LCS Arc hit e c t ure (3 GPP)
LCS signaling (LLP)
LCS signaling (RRLP) over RR/BSSAP LCS signaling in BSSAP-LE
over RR-RRC/BSSAP SN
LCS signaling over MAP GMLC
SMLC Ls
LMU Lr
LMU
(Type B) Abis Lb
(Type A)
Lg
Abis A

Gb
BTS BSC
MSC Lh Le
VLR
Gs SN
Iu
HLR CN GMLC LCS Client
UE Iub
SMLC Lg (LCS Server)

RNC
SGSN
LMU LMU — Location Measurement Unit
Node B SMLC — Serving Mobile Location Center
(LMU type B)
LCS signaling over RANAP GMLC — Gateway Mobile Location Center

www.nmscommunications.com
Loc a t ion Re que st

MLP — Mobile Location Protocol

̈ From Location Interop Forum
̈ Based on HTTP/SSL/XML
̈ Allows Internet clients to request location services
GMLC is the Location Server
Interrogates HLR to find visited MSC/SGSN
̈ Roaming user can be located
̈ UE can be idle, but not off !
Immediate or deferred result

www.nmscommunications.com
3 G-3 2 4 M V ide o Se rvic e s

Initial mobile video service uses 3G data

bandwidth w/o IP multimedia infrastructure
̈ Deployed by DoCoMo in Japan today
Leverage high speed circuit-switch data path
̈ 64 kbps H.324 video structure
̈ MPEG 4 video coding
̈ AMR audio coding
Supports video clips, video streaming and
live video conversations
̈ MS to MS
̈ MS to Internet or ISDN with gateways

www.nmscommunications.com
 Com m on T e c hnology Pla t form
for 3 G-3 2 4 M Se rvic e s

Node B

Iu-cs
RNC MSC
Support for H.323 calls
UTRAN & streaming media
3G-324M
Mobile 3G-324M
UMTS
Core Multi-Media GW
IP Network
Network
H.323

H.323
H.248 or RAS RTP terminal

Streaming/Mail
Soft Switch
media
or Gate Keeper
server

www.nmscommunications.com
 Ga t e w a y: 3 G-3 2 4 M t o
M PEG4 ove r RT P

64 kbps circuit-switch data Parallel RTP streams

over PSTN/ 2.5G/ 3G network over IP network
Gateway application / OA&M
to 3G-324M video handset to video server

Control stacks
ISDN call setup | H.323 or SIP
H.245 negotiation | over TCP
Audio/ RTP
PSTN
video/ RTSP IP
I/F Video repacking
control Packet UDP/IP I/F
of H.263 frames stacks
multiplex stream
H.223 jitter
Audio vocoder
AMR — G.711 buffering

Slide 91 www.nmscommunications.com
 V ide o M e ssa ging Syst e m
for 3 G-3 2 4 M
Video mail MP4 files for
64 kbps circuit-switch data
application messages
over PSTN/ 2.5G/ 3G network script and prompts
to 3G-324M video handset

Control stacks
ISDN call setup
H.245 negotiation
Audio/
PSTN
video/ Video buffering
I/F
control Audio/video of H.263 frames
multiplex
sync and
H.223 Audio buffering
stream control
of AMR frames

Slide 92 www.nmscommunications.com
Push-t oT a lk
V oI P be fore QoS is Ava ila ble
Nextel’s “Direct Connect” service credited
with getting them 20-25% extra ARPU
̈ Based on totally proprietary iDEN
̈ Other carriers extremely jealous
Push-to-talk is half duplex
̈ Short delays OK
Issues remain
̈ Always on IP isn’t always on; radio connection
suspended if unused; 2-3 seconds to re-establish
Sprint has announced they will be offering a
push-to-talk service on their 1xRTT network

www.nmscommunications.com
« All I P» Se rvic e s

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) — 3GPP

Multi-Media Domain (MMD) — 3GPP2

Voice and video over IP with quality of service

guarantees
̈ Obsoletes circuit-switched voice equipment

Target for converging the two disparate core

network architectures

www.nmscommunications.com
I M S / M M D Se rvic e s

Presence
Location
Instant Messaging (voice+video)
Conferencing
Media Streaming / Annoucements
Multi-player gaming with voice channel

www.nmscommunications.com
3 G QoS

Substantial new requirements on the radio

access network
Traffic classes
̈ Conversational, streaming, interactive, background
Ability to specify
̈ Traffic handling priority
̈ Allocation/retention priority
̈ Error rates (bits and/ or SDUs)
̈ Transfer delay
̈ Data rates (maximum and guaranteed)
̈ Deliver in order (Y/N)

www.nmscommunications.com
I M S Conc e pt s (1 )

Core network based on Internet concepts

̈ Independent of circuit-switched networks
̈ Packet-switched transport for signaling and bearer
traffic
Utilize existing radio infrastructure
̈ UTRAN — 3G (W-CDMA) radio network
̈ GERAN — GSM evolved radio network
Utilize evolving handsets

www.nmscommunications.com
 I M S Arc hit e c t ure

Media Server
Application Server

Internet
Mb
Gi SIP phone
HSS
ISC Mb
PS Gi/Mb
IM-MGW
UE GGSN MRF Mb
SGSN Cx Mp Mb
Go TDM
Gm
IMS ISUP PSTN
Mw Mg Mn

MGCF
P-CSCF CSCF
CPE
Signaling

SIP
CSCF — Call Session Control Function
IM-MGW — IM-Media Gateway
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function
MRF — Media Resource Function

www.nmscommunications.com
I M S Conc e pt s (2 )

In Rel.5, services controlled in home network

(by S-CSCF)
̈ But executed anywhere (home, visited or external
network) and delivered anywhere
Service execution

Service control

S-CSCF ISC Application Server

ISC Internet
Gm Media Server
ISC
PS Home IMS
UE P-CSCF Mw
Application SIP
Servers phone

Gm
Visited IMS
PS
UE P-CSCF

www.nmscommunications.com
 M M D Arc hit e c t ure —
3 GPP2 M ult iM e dia Dom a in

Databases AAA

Internet
Mobile IP
Home Agent
SIP phone
Border
Router
MS Packet Core
Access
Gateway Core QoS Integrated in P-CSCF
Manager
MGW

MRF MRFP
TDM
MMD ISUP PSTN
MRFC
Signaling

MGCF
AAA — Authentication, Authorization & Accounting CPE
Session
MGW — Media Gateway Control IM-MGW + MGCF
Manager P-SCM = P-CSCF
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function
I-SCM = I-CSCF 3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping
MRFC — Media Resource Function Controller S-SCM = S-CSCF
L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions
MRFP — Media Resource Function Processor

www.nmscommunications.com
3 G T ut oria l
H ist ory a nd Evolut ion of M obile Ra dio
Evolving N e t w ork Arc hit e c t ure s
Evolving Se rvic e s
Applic a t ions
Busine ss M ode ls

www.nmscommunications.com
K ille r Applic a t ions

Community and Identity most important

̈ Postal mail, telephony, email, instant messaging,
SMS, chat groups — community
̈ Designer clothing, ring tones — identity
Information and Entertainment also
̈ The web, TV, movies
Content important, but content is not king!
̈ Movies $63B (worldwide) (1997)
̈ Phone service $256B (US only)
̈ See work by Andrew Odlyzko; here:
http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/recent.html

www.nmscommunications.com
2 .5 G & 3 G Applic a t ion I ssue s

No new killer apps

̈ Many potential niche applications
Voice and data networks disparate
̈ “All IP” mobile networks years away
Existing infrastructure “silo” based
̈ Separate platforms for voice mail, pre-paid,
̈ Deploying innovative services difficult
Billing models lag
̈ Poor match for application-based services

www.nmscommunications.com
M ult im oda l Se rvic e s a nd
M ult i-Applic a t ion Pla t form s
Combined voice and data applications
̈ Today, without “all IP” infrastructure
̈ Text messaging plus speech recognition-enabled
voice services
̈ Evolve from as new services become available
Multi-application platform
̈ Integrate TDM voice and IP data
̈ Support multiple applications
̈ Flexible billing and provisioning

www.nmscommunications.com
Sa m ple M ult im oda l Applic a t ions
Travel information
̈ Make request via voice
̈ Receive response in text
Directions
̈ Make request via voice
̈ Receive initial response in text
̈ Get updates while traveling via voice
or SMS or rich graphics
One-to-many messaging
̈ Record message via voice or text
̈ Deliver message via voice, SMS,
WAP, or email

www.nmscommunications.com
M ore M ult im oda l Ex a m ple s
Purchasing famous person’s voice for your
personal answering message
̈ Text or voice menus
̈ Voice to hear message
̈ Voice or text to select (and authorize payment)
Unified communications
̈ While listening to a voice message from a customer,
obtain a text display of recent customer activity
Emergency response team
̈ SMS and voice alert
̈ Voice conference, and text updates, while traveling
to site of emergency

www.nmscommunications.com
Ea rly De ploym e nt s

Cricket matches (Hutchinson India)

̈ SMS alert at start of coverage
̈ Live voice coverage or text updates
Information delivery (SFR France)
̈ SMS broadcast with phone # & URL
̈ Choice of text display or
voice (text-to-speech)
Yellow pages (Platinet Israel)
̈ Adding voice menus to existing
text-based service
̈ Voice flattens menus, eases access

www.nmscommunications.com
 M ult im oda l Applic a t ions in t he
Evolving Wire le ss N e t w ork
2.5G Wireless Network

PSTN MSC BSC

TDM Interface (voice)
NMS HearSay Solution
SS7
Application/
Profile SMSC
Document
Mgmt
Server MMSC

Speech
Server Data IP Interface Internet / Core
Base Network SGSN CGSN
(data)
Media
OAM&P
Server
Instant Messaging / Location
Presence 3G MSC Server
and Presence
Message SIP
Gateway Location
H.248
Packet
Interface Core (Packet) RNC
Voice or Data (voice/video) Network
Wireless 3G MSC Gateway
Control
3G Wireless Network
www.nmscommunications.com
3 G T ut oria l
H ist ory a nd Evolut ion of M obile Ra dio
Evolving N e t w ork Arc hit e c t ure s
Evolving Se rvic e s
Applic a t ions
Busine ss M ode ls

www.nmscommunications.com
 U pgra de Cost , By T e c hnology

2G GSM CDMA TDMA

2.5G / 2.75G GPRS CDMA 1x GSM/GPRS/EDGE

Software/Hardware Software-based Hardware-based Hardware and software
Cost Incremental Substantial Middle of the road

3G W-CDMA cdma2000 W-CDMA

Software/Hardware Hardware-based Software-based Hardware-based
Cost Substantial Incremental Middle of the road

CDMA upgrade to 2.75G is expensive; to 3G is cheap

GSM upgrade to 2.5G is cheap; to 3G is expensive
TDMA upgrade to 2.5G/3G is complex
Takeaway: AT&T and Cingular have a difficult road to 3G

www.nmscommunications.com
2 .5 G & 3 G U pt a k e

www.nmscommunications.com
3 G Spe c t rum Ex pe nsive

www.nmscommunications.com
GPRS (2 .5 G) Le ss Risk y

Only $15k~$20k per base station … But falls short because:

Allows operators to experiment Typically 30~50 kbps
with data plans GPRS decreases voice capacity

www.nmscommunications.com
EDGE Che a pe r a nd Give s
N e a r-3 G Pe rform a nc e

1 MB File
Modem Technology Throughput Download Speed
GSM/TDMA 2G Wireless <9.6 Kbps ~20 min
Analog Modem Fixed Line Dial-up 9.6 Kbps 16 min
GPRS 2.5G Wireless 30-40 Kbps 4.5 min
ISDN Fixed Line Digital 128 Kbps 1.1 min
CDMA 1x 2.75G Wireless 144 Kbps 50 sec
EDGE 2.75G Wireless 150 - 200 Kbps 36 to 47 sec
DSL Fixed Line DSL 0.7 - 1.5 Mbps 1 to 3 sec
W-CDMA 3G Wireless 1.0 Mbps 1.5 sec
Cable Fixed Line Cable 1.0 - 2.0 Mbps 0.8 to 1.5 sec

EDGE is 2.75G, with significantly higher data rates than GPRS

Deploying EDGE significantly cheaper than deploying W-CDMA
Takeaway: Look for EDGE to gain traction in 2002/2003+

www.nmscommunications.com
Long Life for 2 .5 G & 2 .7 5 G
“We believe the shelf life of 2.5G and 2.75G will be
significantly longer than most pundits have predicted.
Operators need to gain valuable experience in how to
market packet data services before pushing forward
with the construction of new 3G networks.“
̈ Sam May, US Bancorp Piper Jaffray

Operators need to learn how to make money with data

Likely to stay many years with GPRS/EDGE/CDMA 1x
Bottom line: wide-scale 3G will be pushed out

www.nmscommunications.com
 Crit ic a l For 3 G —
Cont inue d Grow t h I n China
Likely 3G licensing outcomes:
China Unicom — cdma2000
China Mobile — W-CDMA
China Telecom — W-CDMA/
TD-SCDMA?
China Netcom — W-CDMA/
TD-SCDMA?

Risk: CDMA IS-95 (2G) has been slow to launch in China

̈ Why would the launch of 3G be any different?
PHS (2G) with China Telecom/Netcom is gaining momentum

www.nmscommunications.com
Busine ss M ode ls
Wa lle d Ga rde n or Wide Ope n?
US and European carriers want to capture the
value — be more than just transport
̈ Cautious partnering; Slow roll out of services
DoCoMo I-Mode service primitive
̈ Small screens, slow (9.6 kbps) data rate
I-Mode business model wide open
̈ Free development software
̈ No access restrictions
̈ DoCoMo’s “bill-on-behalf” available for 9% share
I-Mode big success in less than 24 months
̈ 55,000 applications, 30M subscribers !

www.nmscommunications.com
DoCoM o H a s T he Right M ode l
Whe n w ill t he ot he rs w a k e up?

www.nmscommunications.com
Bigge st T hre a t t o T oda y’s 3 G —
Wire le ss LAN s
Faster than 3G
̈ 11 or 56 Mbps vs. <2 Mbps for 3G when stationary
Data experience matches the Internet
̈ With the added convenience of mobile
̈ Same user interface (doesn’t rely on small screens)
̈ Same programs, files, applications, Websites.
Low cost, low barriers to entry
Organizations can build own networks
̈ Like the Internet, will grow virally
Opportunity for entrepreneurs!
Opportunity for wireless operators?

www.nmscommunications.com
N M S COMMUNICATIONS

[email protected]
[email protected]
www.nmss.com
Addit iona l Re fe re nc e M a t e ria l

www.nmscommunications.com
M obile St a nda rd Orga niza t ions
Mobile
ITU Members
Operators

ITU

GSM, W-CDMA, IS-95), IS-41, IS-

UMTS 2000, IS-835

Third Generation Third Generation

Patnership Project Partnership Project II
(3GPP) CWTS (3GPP2)
(China)

ARIB
(Japan)

TTC
(Japan)

TTA
(Korea)

ETSI T1 TIA
(Europe) (USA) (USA)

www.nmscommunications.com
Pa rt ne rship Proje c t a nd Forum s
ITU IMT-2000 http://www.itu.int/imt2000
Mobile Partnership Projects
̈ 3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org
̈ 3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org
Mobile Technical Forums
̈ 3G All IP Forum: http://www.3gip.org
̈ IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com
Mobile Marketing Forums
̈ Mobile Wireless Internet Forum: http://www.mwif.org
̈ UMTS Forum: http://www.umts-forum.org
̈ GSM Forum: http://www.gsmworld.org
̈ Universal Wireless Communication: http://www.uwcc.org
̈ Global Mobile Supplier: http://www.gsacom.com

www.nmscommunications.com
M obile St a nda rds Orga niza t ions
European Technical Standard Institute (Europe):
̈ http://www.etsi.org
Telecommunication Industry Association (USA):
̈ http://www.tiaonline.org
Standard Committee T1 (USA):
̈ http://www.t1.org
China Wireless Telecommunication Standard (China):
̈ http://www.cwts.org
The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan):
̈ http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
The Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan):
̈ http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.html
The Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea):
̈ http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htm

www.nmscommunications.com
Loc a t ion-Re la t e d Orga niza t ions
LIF, Location Interoperability Forum
̈ http://www.locationforum.org/
̈ Responsible for Mobile Location Protocol (MLP)
̈ Now part of Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
OMA, Open Mobile Alliance
̈ http://www.openmobilealliance.org/
̈ Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, LIF,
SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless Village
Open GIS Consortium
̈ http://www.opengis.org/
̈ Focus on standards for spatial and location information
WLIA, Wireless Location Industry Association
̈ http://www.wliaonline.com

www.nmscommunications.com
N M S COMMUNICATIONS

[email protected]
[email protected]
www.nmss.com