BATTERY

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM

Presented by T.E.S.L.A
 TESLA
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 MEET OUR
PROFESSOR INCHARGE
FROM THE DESK OF PI

I whole-heartedly welcome you all to TESLA (Technical Electrical Society

for Learning and Application), a club of NIT Patna focused on activities and
events carried out by electrical engineers. The initiative for the formation
of this club has been taken by a bunch of electrical engineering undergrads
of 2019 with the vision of providing innovative programs and services for
Electrical Engineering students of NIT Patna to lead, influence, and
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https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-amitesh-kumar DR. AMITESH KUMAR

 INTRODUCTION
BMS refers to a management scheme that monitors, controls, and optimizes
an individual’s performance or multiple battery modules in an energy
storage system.
BMS can control the disconnection of the module(s) from the system in the
event of abnormal conditions.
It is used to improve battery performance with proper safety measures
within a system.
A BMS holds features such as battery balancing, state estimation & modeling
which are the key points to optimize & protect the battery in EVs.
 WHY DO WE NEED IT?
Not only is a BMS important in indicating the health of a battery, but it also
functions to protect the battery while in operation.
Each battery cell and chemistry has voltage, temperature, and current
range within which it can safely operate. When a cell drops below or
exceeds these ranges, it can be detected and controlled by the BMS.
For instance, lithium is a highly reactive substance; thus the BMS should
monitor each lithium cell to ensure that it remains operating within
predefined limits. This keeps the battery safe and preserves it in the long
run.
 WHY DO WE NEED IT?

Individual cells within a battery pack do not operate equally.

One cell may be weaker or stronger than the other, charging or
discharging faster than others within the chain. Without proper
compensation, this could degrade the health of the overall
pack. If one cell short circuits or fails, this affects the stability
of the whole pack. Cell balancing , which is the feature of BMS ,
equalizes the charge between individual cells based on each
cell’s capability.

The BMS helps to monitor and control the charge demanded

from each cell in the chain, ensuring that SoC remains evenly
distributed.
 FUNCTIONS
The BMS can perform several functions, including:
State-of-Charge (SOC) Estimation: Determines the amount of charge
remaining in the battery.
Cell Balancing: Equalizes the charge level of individual cells within the
battery to prevent overcharging or undercharging.
Overvoltage/Undervoltage Protection: Prevents the battery from
operating outside of its safe voltage range.
Overcurrent/Short-Circuit Protection: Prevents excessive current
flow, which can damage the battery or other components.
Temperature Monitoring: Monitors the temperature of the battery to
prevent overheating, which can damage the battery or cause a safety
hazard.
FUNCTIONS
 Components of Battery
Management System
Mainly, there are 6 components of battery management system.
1. Battery cell monitor
2. Cutoff FETs
3. Monitoring of Temperature
4. Cell voltage balance
5. BMS Algorithms
6. Real-Time Clock (RTC)
Battery Management System

t
 1. Battery cell monitor
A battery cell monitor primarily monitors the voltages for battery
systems. It is a high-speed system that offers a low overall cost for
high voltage measurements.
The easiest way to determine the battery pack’s charge is to monitor
individual cell voltage with reference to the set voltage level.
When the voltage of the first cell reaches the voltage limit, the
charging automatically trips. It indicates that the battery charging
limit has been reached.
If the battery pack has a lesser charge than the average cell, then the
least charged cell will reach the limit first, and the rest of the cells will
be left partially charged.
 2. Cutoff FETs
FET driver is accountable for connection and isolation between load and
charger of the battery pack. The behavior prediction is done through
voltage, current measurements, and real-time detection circuitry.
They can be connected to a battery pack’s low or high side.
NMOS FETs activation is needed for enabling high-side connection and
requires a charge pump driver. A reference for the solid ground is set
using a high-side driver for the rest of the circuitry..
The ground connection of the battery pack floats using low-side cut-off
FETs. This can affect the IC performance, making it more sensitive to
insinuated noise measurement.
3. Monitoring of Temperature
With the increase in product requirements, the batteries have been on a
constant surge in delivering currents at fixed voltages. The continuous
operation processes may cause a catastrophic event such as fire or
explosion.
Temperature sensors monitor the energy storage system or cell
grouping for compact portable applications.
The circuit temperature is monitored by the internal ADC voltage-
powered thermistor. Employing the internal voltage reference helps
reduce the temperature inaccuracies and improves the overall
measurement system.
 4. Cell voltage balance
It is crucial to determine the health of the battery pack. That is
why cell voltage monitoring is done to ensure that the cells are in
a proper running condition for attaining a long battery life.
The operating voltage ranges from 2.5V to 4.2V in a lithium-ion
battery.
The battery life is significantly affected while performing battery
operations beyond the voltage range. This reduces the life of a
cell, which may even make it unfit for use.
Connecting the battery pack in parallel increases the overall drive
current, whereas series connection adds the overall voltage.
 5. BMS Algorithms
To make quick and effective decisions in real-time based on the
information received. For this purpose, a microcontroller for battery
management system is needed to collect, organize and assess the
information from the sensing circuitry.
Renesas’ ISL94203 is the most famous example of employing a
battery management system algorithm. It is a standalone digital
solution embedded in a single chip with programmable capabilities.
The memory space and microcontroller for battery management
system clock cycles can be cleared using these standalone
solutions.
 6. Real-Time Clock
Allows the user to know the battery pack’s behavior before any
alarming event, the real-time clock acts as a black box system for
time-stamping and memory storage.

The RTC ensures that time-related functions operate even when the
main system is powered down, providing continuity in data logging
and event tracking.
 WORKING OF BMS
The battery management system tracks the status of each cell in
the battery pack. Determining the SOC (State of Charge) and SOH
(State of Health) helps estimate the amount of current needed for a
safe charge and discharge operation without harming the battery.

The current limits act as a cut-off and prevent the battery from
overcharging. This safeguards the cell voltages of the battery pack
from high or low fluctuations, which immunes the battery life.
 WORKING OF BMS
The BMS consistently tracks the charge and discharge
activities for the battery pack and monitors cell voltages.
This data is useful in deciding if the battery is drained,
sustaining passive cell balancing

The CAN (Controller Area Network) bus is the reliable unit for
internal communications, driving most of the messaging
protocols. The IEM (Intelligent Electric Meter) estimates the
state parameters of the battery pack, total current, and
battery pack voltage. It transfers the information to the CMU
(Central Monitoring Unit) or the sub-controller unit.
 WORKING OF BMS

The sub-controller unit quickly checks the temperature and

voltage signals and sends data to the CAN bus. The BCU
(Battery Control Unit) obtains the signals from the CAN bus and
responds by transmitting back the control signals required in
battery pack managing and modeling.
LAYOUT OF BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 TYPES OF BMS:
Battery management systems range from simple to complex
and can embrace a wide range of different technologies.
However, these systems can be categorized based upon
their topology, which relates to how they are installed and
operate upon the cells or modules across the battery pack.
These may be-
Centralized BMS Architecture
Modular BMS Topology
Primary/Subordinate BMS
Distributed BMS Architecture
 Centralized BMS Architecture:
It has one central BMS in the battery pack assembly. All the
battery packages are connected to the central BMS directly.
The centralized BMS has some advantages. It is more compact,
and it tends to be the most economical since there is only one
BMS.
However, there are disadvantages of a centralized BMS. Since
all the batteries are connected to the BMS directly, the BMS
needs a lot of ports to connect with all the battery packages.
This translates to lots of wires, cabling, connectors, etc. in large
battery packs, which complicates both troubleshooting and
maintenance.
Modular BMS Topology:
Similar to a centralized implementation, the BMS is divided into
several duplicated modules, each with a dedicated bundle of wires
and connections to an adjacent assigned portion of a battery stack
In some cases, these BMS submodules may reside under a primary
BMS module oversight whose function is to monitor the status of
the submodules and communicate with peripheral equipment.
Due to the duplicated modularity, troubleshooting and
maintenance is easier, and extension to larger battery packs is
straightforward.
 Modular BMS Topology:

The downside is overall costs are slightly higher, and there may be
duplicated unused functionality depending on the application.
Primary/Subordinate BMS:
Conceptually similar to the modular topology,
however, in this case, the slaves are more
restricted to just relaying measurement
information, and the master is dedicated to
computation and control, as well as external
communication.

Therefore, while like the modular types, the

costs may be lower since the functionality of
the slaves tends to be simpler, with likely less
overhead and fewer unused features.
Distributed BMS Architecture
Consequently, each BMS is more self-contained, and
handles computations and communications as
required. However, despite this apparent simplicity,
this integrated form does make troubleshooting and
maintenance potentially problematic, as it resides
deep inside a shield module assembly.
Costs also tend to be higher as there are more BMSs in
the overall battery pack structure
 Distributed BMS Architecture:

It is considerably different from the other topologies, where the

electronic hardware and software are encapsulated in modules that
interface to the cells via bundles of attached wiring.

A distributed BMS incorporates all the electronic hardware on a control

board placed directly on the cell or module that is being monitored. This
alleviates the bulk of the cabling to a few sensor wires and
communication wires between adjacent BMS modules.
 ADVANTAGES OF B.M.S
A Battery Management System (BMS) has the following advantages:
Enhances the life span of the battery cells in EVs.
Measures and controls the cell’s voltage, providing stability and reliability.
Ensures the safety of the battery pack, especially large format lithium-ion
batteries.
Optimizes the performance of the electric car battery.
Improves safety by reducing the need for physical contact with the battery
bank.
Estimates the range that the vehicle can travel and helps improve the battery
pack's overall lifecycle.
Provides diagnostics, data collection, and external communication.
Reduces cost and warranty.
 Advantage of BMS in EVs:-
BMS has several significant advantages for electric vehicles. These benefits
include:
Performance Optimization:BMS helps derive the maximum performance of
the battery packs to extend the driving range and battery longevity through
automated mechanisms to resolve anomalies and malfunctions pertaining to
the battery.
Safety and Reliability:BMS has complete monitoring and safety mechanisms
for overcharging, draining, and temperature abnormalities. This ensures the
safety and durability of a battery, thus minimising accidents, or failures for
EV buyers.
Real-time Data and Diagnostics:BMS observes batteries in real time, records
data for logs on battery health, and identifies malfunctions. This helps OEMs
schedule proactive maintenance to rectify issues and significantly enhance
customer satisfaction.
 Advantage of BMS in EVs:-
Optimized Charging:BMS manages the charging process to ensure that each cell
reaches its optimal state of charge. This helps avoid overcharging, a factor that can
significantly impact the battery's lifespan. BMS may also implement fast-charging
protocols while considering the battery's health and safety.

Range Optimization:By accurately monitoring the state of charge and health of the
battery, BMS helps optimize the use of available energy. This optimization
contributes to maximizing the driving range of the EV on a single charge.

Thermal Management:BMS monitors and manages the temperature of the battery

pack. It can activate cooling or heating systems as needed to keep the battery within
the optimal temperature range. This is crucial for maintaining battery efficiency and
preventing thermal-related issues.
 Advantage of BMS in EVs:-
Regenerative Braking Control:Many EVs utilize regenerative braking systems to
recover energy during braking. BMS plays a role in managing the regenerative
braking process, ensuring that the battery can accept the regenerated energy safely
and efficiently.

Data Logging and Analysis:BMS records and stores data related to the battery's
performance over time. This data can be valuable for diagnostics, maintenance
planning, and optimizing future battery designs.

Compliance with Standards: BMS helps electric vehicles comply with safety and
performance standards and regulations. This is crucial for the acceptance and
approval of EVs in the market and by regulatory bodies.
 Advantage of BMS in EVs:-
In summary, a Battery Management System is a critical component in
electric vehicles, providing benefits such as enhanced safety, extended
battery life, optimized performance, and compliance with industry
standards. The use of BMS technology contributes significantly to the
overall efficiency and reliability of electric vehicles
Advantage of BMS in EVs:-
 Consequences If we don’t use appropriate
BMS:-
A Battery Management System (BMS) is a critical component in managing and protecting
rechargeable batteries. If you don't use an appropriate BMS or neglect its importance, several
consequences can arise:

1. Reduced Battery Life:

- Overcharging or over-discharging of batteries can significantly reduce their lifespan. A BMS
helps prevent these conditions by managing the charging and discharging processes within safe
limits.

2. Safety Hazards:
- Lithium-ion batteries, commonly used in many applications, can be prone to overheating
and, in extreme cases, can lead to thermal runaway or fires. A BMS includes safety features to
monitor and control temperature, voltage, and current, reducing the risk of accidents
.
Consequences If we don’t use appropriate BMS:-

3. Performance Degradation:
- Without proper management, the performance of the battery can degrade over time.
This can result in a decrease in capacity, efficiency, and overall functionality.

4. Unreliable Operation:
- An inadequate BMS may lead to unreliable operation of electronic devices or systems
that rely on batteries. This can be particularly problematic in critical applications, such as
medical devices or electric vehicles.

5. Imbalanced Cells:
- In a battery pack with multiple cells, each cell may have slightly different characteristics.
If not managed properly, these differences can lead to imbalances in voltage and capacity
among cells. A BMS helps balance the cells during charging and discharging to maintain
uniform performance.
 Consequences If we don’t use appropriate BMS:-

.6. Warranty Issues:

- Neglecting to use an appropriate BMS might void warranties provided by battery
manufacturers. Many batteries come with specific requirements for proper
management to ensure their longevity and safety.
7. Environmental Impact:
- Improperly managed batteries can have a negative impact on the environment.
This includes both the potential for hazardous materials to leak into the environment
and the need for more frequent disposal of batteries due to reduced lifespan.
8. Regulatory Compliance Issues:
- In some industries, there are regulations and standards governing the use of
batteries, especially in applications like electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
Failure to comply with these regulations can lead to legal consequences and
liabilities.
 Consequences If we don’t use appropriate BMS:-

9. Financial Costs:
- In the long run, the costs associated with premature battery failure, safety
incidents, and system downtime can be substantial. Investing in an appropriate
BMS can be a cost-effective way to mitigate these risks.

In summary, using an appropriate Battery Management System is crucial to ensure

the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of battery-powered devices and systems.
It helps maximize battery life, prevent safety hazards, and comply with industry
standards and regulations. Neglecting the importance of a BMS can result in various
negative consequences, both in terms of performance and safety.
 CHALLENGES OF B.M.S IN INDIA
Here are some of the challenges that are associated with BMS in India:

1. Infrastructure and Charging Network:

- The development of electric vehicles (EVs) in India is closely tied to the
establishment of adequate charging infrastructure. The lack of a widespread and
efficient charging network is a challenge for the adoption of electric vehicles, and this
indirectly affects the role and requirements of BMS.

2. Cost Considerations:
- The cost of electric vehicles, including the cost of BMS, is a significant factor
influencing adoption. BMS technology needs to be cost-effective to make electric
vehicles more affordable for the average consumer.
 CHALLENGES OF B.M.S IN INDIA
3. Supply Chain and Manufacturing:
- The development of a robust supply chain for BMS components and
manufacturing capabilities is crucial. Dependence on imports and supply chain
disruptions can hinder the growth of the BMS industry in India.

4. Technical Expertise:
- Developing and maintaining the technical expertise required for the design,
development, and implementation of advanced BMS can be a challenge. This includes
both research and development capabilities as well as skilled labor for manufacturing
and maintenance.

5. Battery Recycling Infrastructure:

- The disposal and recycling of batteries, including those used in EVs, pose
environmental challenges. Establishing proper recycling facilities and processes is
essential for the sustainable growth of the BMS industry.
 CHALLENGES OF B.M.S IN INDIA

6. Regulatory Framework:
- A clear and supportive regulatory framework is crucial for the growth of the
electric vehicle and battery management industries. Regulations related to
safety standards, interoperability, and environmental concerns need to be
well-defined and implemented.

7. Consumer Awareness:
- Increasing awareness and educating consumers about the benefits of BMS
technology and electric vehicles is important. A lack of awareness can
contribute to skepticism and slow adoption rates.

8. Range Anxiety:
- Concerns about the driving range of electric vehicles, often referred to as
"range anxiety," can be a deterrent for potential EV buyers. Developing BMS
technology that optimizes battery usage and increases the driving range is
important for addressing this concern.
 CHALLENGES OF B.M.S IN INDIA

9. Interoperability Standards:
- The establishment of interoperability standards for BMS across different
manufacturers is essential. Standardization facilitates compatibility,
reduces costs, and encourages innovation.

10. Government Incentives and Policies:

- The absence of consistent and supportive government incentives and
policies for electric vehicles and associated technologies, including BMS,
can hinder market growth.
 Applications
Battery Management Systems (BMS) play a crucial role in various
applications, ensuring the optimal performance, safety, and longevity of
batteries. Here are some key applications of BMS:

1. Electric Vehicles (EVs):

- BMS is essential in electric vehicles to monitor and manage the state
of charge, state of health, and temperature of the battery pack.

2. Renewable Energy Systems:

- BMS is used in energy storage systems that store electricity
generated from renewable sources such as solar panels or wind
turbines. It helps manage the charging and discharging cycles, ensures
grid stability, and maximizes the utilization of renewable energy.
3. Consumer Electronics: APPLICATIONS
- Portable electronic devices, such as laptops, smartphones, and
tablets, utilize BMS to monitor and control the charging and discharging
of batteries. BMS helps prevent overcharging, over-discharging, and
overheating, enhancing the safety and lifespan of the batteries.

4. Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS):

- BMS is employed in UPS systems to manage the batteries that
provide backup power during outages. It monitors battery health,
ensures a reliable power supply, and prevents issues like deep
discharging or overcharging.

5. Telecommunications:
- BMS is used in backup power systems for telecommunications
infrastructure. It helps ensure a continuous and reliable power supply,
preventing downtime during power outages.
6. Medical Devices: APPLICATIONS
- Medical equipment, especially those relying on battery power, use
BMS to monitor and control battery parameters. This is critical for
devices like portable medical monitors, infusion pumps, and other
battery-powered medical instruments.

7. Aerospace and Aviation:

- BMS is employed in aerospace applications, including satellites,
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and electric aircraft. It helps manage
the energy storage systems and ensures the safe and efficient
operation of these vehicles.

8. Grid Energy Storage:

- BMS is integral to large-scale energy storage systems connected to
the electrical grid. It helps regulate the flow of energy, supports grid
stability, and facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources.
 APPLICATIONS
9. Marine and Electric Boats:
- Electric boats and marine vessels use BMS to manage the energy
stored in their batteries. BMS helps optimize performance, control
charging and discharging, and ensure the safety of the battery system.

10. Material Handling Equipment:

- Electric forklifts and other material handling equipment often use
BMS to manage their battery packs. This ensures efficient operation,
longer battery life, and safety during charging and discharging.

In essence, wherever rechargeable batteries are used, BMS plays a

critical role in maintaining the health and performance of the battery
system, ensuring safety, and optimizing energy usage.
APPLICATIONS
 Issues of Battery Management
System:-
When the number of wires and connectors between cell monitors
increases, there are two challenges. One is layout changes such as split
packs increase wire length, cost, and weight. The other is an increase in
failures such as wire breaks and poor connector contact.
 Battery Trends
There are two major trends in battery technology today.

The first is to increase the capacity to extend the driving range. The
other is increasing pack voltage for high efficiency. From the viewpoint
of the number of cells, increasing the capacity increases the number of
cells in parallel, and increasing the voltage increases the number of
cells in series.

Leading edge battery packs are being split into banks that are connected in
series for charging and in parallel driving, optimizing the pack performance
but still increasing the cell count. Based on these trends, the number of
cells in the battery pack will continue to increase.
Battery Trends
 BMS IN INDIA
Battery Management Systems (BMS) are crucial for the efficient and safe operation of
batteries, particularly in the context of electric vehicles and renewable energy storage.
In India, there are several key players and initiatives in the BMS sector:
1. Elint India: Established in 2012, Elint India is a leading manufacturer, importer,
exporter, and trader of Battery Management Systems. They specialize in BMS for
LiFePo4 (LFP) and Lithium-ion NMC batteries. Their products range from BMS
boards, battery inclosers, cell holders, to prismatic cells, battery nickel strips, and
more1.
2. Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI): ARAI has developed an indigenous
and India-specific cost-effective technology solution for Energy/Battery
Management systems. This Intelligent energy management system ‘ARAI-eMi4‘ is a
complete software and hardware platform comprising of advanced algorithms for
energy management and an automotive compliant hardware to interface with the
energy source. The system software and hardware is designed to accommodate a
wide range of lithium-ion battery chemistries.
 BMS IN INDIA
3.BIS Standard - NITI Aayog3: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), under the guidance
of NITI Aayog, is working on standardizing the form factor of the battery pack,
interoperable connection systems, communication between the BMS and the EV and
charging station, and network management.

These initiatives reflect the growing importance of BMS in India’s transition towards
electric mobility and renewable energy. As the demand for electric vehicles and
renewable energy storage systems increases, the role of BMS in ensuring the safety,
efficiency, and longevity of battery systems will become even more critical.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Presented by T.E.S.L.A
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