Reviewer For Earthsci

REVIEWER FOR EARTHSCI
GEO – earth
LOGY – study
GEOLOGY – the study of the earth
THE BIGBANG THEORY – The universe formed approximately 13.7 billion years ago from
a cataclysmic expansion, most acceptable theory.
THE FIRST 2 ELEMENTS OF BIGBANG THEORY
1. HELIUM
2. HYDROGEN
First subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) were formed.
Cooling of these debris allowed the formation of simplest atoms (hydrogen and helium) which
dominate the universe we have now.
STEADY STATE THEORY
- Continuous creation of matter which is observable as the expansion of the universe
- A theory that was denied in the 1980s
- Infinite no beginning no ending
THE SOLAR NEBULA HYPOTHESIS – The birth of a star. Contraction of first formed
gases (hydrogen and helium) and nuclear fusion.
SOLAR NEBULA – the cyclic birth
SUPERNOVA – death of the star
PROTOPLANET – young earth
COMETS – mostly made up of ice
The solar system has eight planets. Moving outward from the Sun, the planets are: Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
In a highly controversial decision, the International Astronomical Union ultimately decided in
2006 to designate Pluto as a "dwarf planet," reducing the list of the solar system's true planets
to just eight.
The inner four planets closest to the sun — Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars — are often called
the "terrestrial planets" because their surfaces are rocky.
The four large outer worlds — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune — are sometimes called
the Jovian or "Jupiter-like" planets because of their enormous size relative to the terrestrial
planets.
AGE OF THE EARTH – 4.5 to 4.7 billion years
THE FOUR SPHERES OF THE EARTH SYSTEMS

1. GEOSPHERE
- Earth
- Solid portion of the earth
- 6,400 kilometers
2. HYDROSPHERE
- Water
- 70% of the earth’s surface area
3. ATMOSPHERE
- Air
- Layer of the gaseous
4. BIOSPHERE
- Life
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
1. CRUST
- Thin and rocky outer skin
2. MANTLE
- Deeper than the crust
- 82% of the earth’s total volume
3. CORE
- Deepest portion of the earth
- 3,400 km
TWO TYPES OF CRUST
1. OCEANIC CRUST
- Denser but thinner
- 7 km
2. CONTINENTAL CRUST
- Less dense but thicker
- 70 km
BASALTIC ROCKS
- Oceanic crust
- Rich in ferromagnesian minerals
TWO LAYERS OF MANTLE
1. UPPER MANTLE
- Extends from the bottom of the crust to a depth
- 660 km
- 2,900 km (deeper than the upper mantle)
2. LOWER MANTLE
- More rigid portion of the mantle
TWO REGIONS OF CORE
1. OUTER CORE
- Liquid portion of the core
2. INNER CORE
- Solid portion of the core
EXAMPLES THAT POSSESSESS LIFE

1. BIRDS
2. INSECTS
3. ANIMALS
4. TREES
5. HUMAN BEINGS
A mineral should be naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid, has definite chemical
composition, and has an ordered internal/crystalline structure.
INORGANIC — should not be a leftover or remains of a plant or an animal.
There are, however, instances where we allow minerals to share a common chemical
composition. These minerals are considered polymorphs.
Examples of polymorphous minerals would be graphite and diamond.
MINERALOIDS — any materials that possess most of the characteristics of a mineral but with
no ordered internal crystalline structure.
Examples of mineraloids would be volcanic glass and opal.
CHARACTERISTICS — traits that a mineral should possess
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES — describes the physical appearance of mineral
MINERAL PROPERTIES
1. COLOR
 Perceived wavelength of light that bounces off from the material and is detected
by our eyes
2. STREAK
 Is the color of a mineral in powdered form
3. LUSTER
 Is the behavior of light as it is reflected by the surface of a mineral
 Minerals are characterized as being metallic or nonmetallic
4. HARDNESS
 Is the resistance of a mineral to scratching
5. CLEAVAGE
 The tendency of a mineral to break along particular directions
6. CHEAVAGE
 Described as perfect, good, fair, or poor. It is dependent how sharp or defined the
planes where the mineral split
OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. MAGNETISM – the tendency to be attracted to a magnet
2. FLUORESENCE – when exposed to certain wavelengths of light, will glow or
appear to release certain light
3. TASTE – will exhibit taste like salty, sweet, or bitter
4. ODOR – certain minerals give off distinct smell similar to some spices or industrial
materials
MINERAL MOHS HARDNESS
TALC 1
GYPSUM 2
CALCITE 3
FLUORITE 4
APATITE 5
FELDSPAR 6
QUARTZ 7
TOPAZ 8
CORUNDUM 9
DIAMOND 10
MATERIAL HARDNESS
FINGERNAIL 2.5
COPPER COIN 3.5
STEEL KNIFE 5.5
STREAK PLATE 6.5
The formation of gas bubbles from this reaction is also known as effervescence.
THE ROCK CYCLE – rocks undergo processes that transform them one type to another.
MAGMA
 First molten material that laid the foundation of the solid planet that we have now
 Molten rock with associated solid and gaseous phases
IGNEOUS – having solidified from lava or magma
HOTSPOTS – a glimpse of such energy when we witness volcanic eruptions which spews out
molten material we call lava
DECOMPRESSION – the removal or decrease of certain pressure applied on a body
COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS – majority of minerals we see in rocks can
actually be grouped together to form
TYPES OF ROCKS
1. SEDIMENTARY
2. IGNEOUS
3. METAMORPHIC
THREE KINDS OF PLATE TECTONIC BOUNDARIES
1. DIVERGENT
2. CONVERGENT
3. TRANSFORM
This water should be able to go up the mountain (which is against gravity) in the most efficient
way possible, making use of the available energy source. One way is through the process called
precipitation or rain.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
1. SHIELD VOLCANOES
2. CINDER CONES
3. STRATOVOLCANO
THREE TYPES OF STRESS
1. COMPRESSION
2. TENSION
3. SHEAR
TYPES OF DEFORMATION
1. STRESS
2. DUCTILE
3. BRITTLE
4. ELASTIC
JAMES HUTTON – father of modern geology
ALFRED WEGENER – originator of continental drift hypothesis

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REVIEWER FOR EARTHSCI

THE FOUR SPHERES OF THE EARTH SYSTEMS

EXAMPLES THAT POSSESSESS LIFE

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