NURSING EDUCATION

FOURTH YEAR BSC NURSING

ANSWER KEY FOR THE UNIT –ONE,INTRODUCTION

SYLABUS

 Meaning of education
 Definition,aims,functions and principles
 Philosophies of education
 Application of educational philosophies in nursing education
 Idealism,naturalism,pragmatism,eclectism
 Review-history of development of nursing education in the state,national,international level
 Current trends in nursing education
 Teaching learning process
 Charecterestics of learning
 Factors influencing learning
 Laws of learning
 Principles of teaching
 Maxims of teaching
 Role of a teacher
 Qualities of a teacher

MODEL QUESTIONS –LONG ESSAY

1. Define learning , What are the laws of learning, Briefly explain the principles of learning
with examples
2. Define Philosophy,What are the aims of education,Explain on current trends in nursing
education
3. Discuss any two philosophies of education.
4. What are the main branches of philosophy,what are the relationship between philosophy
and education
5. Define education,Explain the current trends in nursing education

SHORT NOTES
 Aims of education
 Eclectism in nursing
 Functions of education
 Pragmatism
 Laws of learning
 Current trends in nursing education
 Naturalism and pragmatism
 Agencies of education
 Factors influencing learning
 Principles of education
 Principles of teaching
 Maxims of teaching
 Role of a teacher
ANSWER BRIEFLY
 Four characterestics of learning
 Four laws of learning
 Idealism
 Four qualities of a teacher
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN

 Idealism and Naturalism

 Education and teaching
 Philosophy and objectives
 Pragmatism and eclectism
 ANSWERS-ESSAY

Define learning,What are the laws of learning,Describe the characterestics of learning

1. Learning is the process by which behavior is originated or changes through practice and
training.—Kingsley HL and Garry R

2. Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or strengthening or weakening of old behavior as

the result of experience.—HP Smith.

1. Law of exercise
2. Law of readiness
3. Law of effect
And minor laws of learning are:

1. Law of maturation
2. Law of purpose
3. Law of selection
4. Law of association
5. Law of recency
6. Law of multiple learning

CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING

1. Learning is unitary:The learner responds as "whole person' in a unified way to the 'whole'
situation or total pattern.

2. Learning is individual and social

3. Learning is self-active: An individual can learn only through his/her own reactions to situations.

4. Learning is purposive: Learning is not only active but active in a specific direction. .

5. Learning is creative
6. Learning is transferable: Transfer means whatever is learned is one context or situation will
apply or affect another situation

7. Learning is organizing experience

8 Learning is growth: One of the most important characteristics of human beings is their capacity to
learn. The personality of an individual which encompasses habits, skills, knowledge, attitudes,
interests and character is result of learning
 2 Define philosophy,what are the aims of education,Explain the current trends in education

The word philosophy is derived from two Greek words philos and Sophia

Philos means love

Sophia means love of wisdom

Philosophy means love of wisdom

Philosophy is search for wisdom and truth

DEFINITION

According to Brightman “ philosophy is an attempt to think truely about human experience or to

make out whole experience intelligible “

According to Henderson philosophy is search for comprehensive view of nature,an attempt at a

universal explanation of nature of things

AIMS OF EDUCATION

1. Vocational aim:
.
2. Social aim:

3. Citizenship:

4. Physical health and wellbeing

5. Utilitarian aim

6. Intellectual aim

7. Charector development

8. Moral development

9. Cultural development

10. Education for leisure

11. Self realization

12. Mental and emotional development

13. Autonomous development

14. Self education aim

15. International understanding

16. Harmonious development

CURRENT TRENDS IN EDUCATION

 Paedocenric
 Teacher role
 Activity centered
 Creative education
 More community participation
 More reliance on technology
 Increased Acceptance of non formal type of education
 Restructuring traditional programmes
 Increased opportunities for higher studies
 Methods of appraisal
 Innovation in teaching and learning
 Educational quality assurance
 Emergence of individual as a teaching unit
 Commerciailisation of education and presence of foreign universities

3 Discuss any two philosophies of education

IDEALISM

 Idealism is the oldest philosophy.

 The word ideals is derived from the Greek word "Tden" which means "to see".
 Plato is the father of idealism.
 Idealism believes that man is a combination of spiritual and material aspects, of which
the spiritual aspect is more real and important.
 According to an idealist, spiritual nature is the essence of life and physical world is a
visible evidence for the presence of a greater spirit invisible for us.
 Idealist gives more importance to mind and self rather than matter and body. Idealism
regard spirit and intellect arc of supreme value than physical matter.
 As per the idealism, individual experience is valid than the material world and man
lives in the world of ideas rather than facts.
Idealist also believes that the purpose of life is to know the ultimate truth and mind is not
dependent on physical reality

NATURALISM

 Rousseau and Aristotle have been the proponents of naturalism.

 Naturalism is concerned with natural self and believes that reality and nature are
identical and beyond name there is no reality.
  For naturalists, nature is everything and nothing exists superior than name so they
separates name from God and allot no place for supernaturalism and spiritualism.

According to Hayward Joyce, naturalism is a system of which the salient characteristic is the
exclusion of whatever is spiritual or indeed, whatever is transcendental of experience.

Principles of Naturalism

1. Child centered education.

2. Education as the natural development of the child's power and capacities.
3. education should be bused on child's psychology
4. The role of teacher should he that of a guide

4 What are the main branches of philosophy,Describe the relationship between philosophy and
education

PHILOSOPHY has got five branches

 Epistemology
 Logic
 Metaphysics
 Aesthetics
 Axiology

Relationship between philosophy and education

A sound philosophy of education is based on an adequate philosophy of life. Philosophy
serves as the source of objectives required by education. Education and philosophy
reciprocate each other.
Philosophy and aims of education: Role of philosophy in determining the aims of
education is a widely accepted fact and different philosophies have formulated different aims
of education.
Philosophy and curriculum: Curriculum is the sum total of all the activities and
experiences provided by the school to its pupil in order to achieve the aims of education

Philosophy and methods of teaching.A teaching method will help the teacher to conduct
teaching activity in an agreeable, student friendly and successful manner by initiating and
maintaining a link between die subject matter and the student.

Philosophy and teacher: It is the duty of the teacher to help the child to develop a
philosophy of life, which embraces the body, mind, career and relationships.
SHORT NOTES

Education is the natural, harmonious and progressive development of man innate powers

AIMS OF EDUCATION

1. Vocational aim:

2. Social aim:

3. Citizenship:

4. Physical health and wellbeing

5. Utilitarian aim

6. Intellectual aim

7. Charector development

8. Moral development

9. Cultural development

10. Education for leisure

11. Self realization

12. Mental and emotional development

13. Autonomous development

14. Self education aim

15. International understanding

ECLECTISM IN NURSING

a) Aim of education is to prepare good citizens.

(b) Recommends broad and flexible curriculum.

(c) Emphasis co-ordination of various subjects.

(d) Importance to co-curricular activities.

(e) Ensuring availability of subject experts and better teachers.

(f) Suggest scientific teaching methods based on the principles of learning by doing,
learning by play and learning by observation.

(g) Consider education as a tool for social control.

(h) Recommends professional status for teaching job.

i) Highlight responsibility of governments in providing education, especially in the primary

level and for handicapped children, (j) Emphasis on adult and social education

FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

 To complete the socialisation process

 To transmit the cultural heritage
 Formation of social personality
 Reformation of attitude
 Education for occupational placement-an instrument of livelihood
 Conferring of status
 Education encourages the spirit of competition
 Education trains in skills that are required by the economy
 Fosters participant democracy
 Education imparts values
 Education act as an integrative force

PRAGMATISM IN NURSING EDUCATION

According to Ross, pragmatism is essentially a humanistic philosophy maintaining that man

creates his own values in course of activity, that reality is still in making and awaits its part of
completion from the future

(a) Man is considered as essentially a biological and social organism.

(b) Knowledge should be experimentally verified and it should be useful to the learner,
(c) Pragmatism has faith in man's capacity to shape his destiny,
(d) There are no absolute values. All values are relative. What works as useful becomes a
value,
(e) Only those theories which can work in practical situations are true,
(f) Pragmatist is more concerned with the present and immediate future,
(g) Pragmatism accepts only the knowledge which is empirical, i.e., which can be
experienced at sensory level

CURRENT TRENDS IN NURSING EDUCATION

 Preference to societal curriculam

  Innovations in teaching and learning
 Increased awareness of educational quality assurance
 Emergence of premium nursing institutions
 More reliance on technology
 Emphasis on high-tech high touch approach
 Global acceptance of Indian nursing education
 Preparing students for evolving roles
 Increased opportunities for higher studies
 Emphasis on research
 Dominant role of middle level faculty members
 Diminishing role of government
 Enhanced student status

AGENCIES OF EDUCATION

 Formal agencies,eg:schools,colleges
 Informal agencies,eg: home, family ,play group

Another classification

 Active agencies -Family ,school,religious organizations

 Passive agencies-Television,News papers

FACTORS INFLUENCING LEARNING

• Goals set before the learner

• Motivation
• Maturation
• Physical and mental development
• Teaching methods
• Academic ability of the teacher
• Meaningfulness of subject matter
• Boredom and fatigue
• Interest and attention
• Aptitude and attitude
• Emotional factors
• Guidance
• Individual differences
• Reasoning and thinking ability
• Personality and character
• Mental health
• Achievement tests
• Retention and recall
• Home conditions and learning environment

Principles of teaching
 1. The Principle of activity or learning by doing
2. The Principle of Interest or motivation

3. The Principle of sympathy and kindly atmosphere

4. The Principle of looking ahead
5. The Principle of creativity
6. The Principle of self education
7. The Principle of individual differences
8. The Principle of association
9. The Principle of readiness
10. The Principle of effect
11. The Principle of exercise or repetition
12. The Principle of change and rest.
Maxims of teaching
1. Proceed from the known to unknown
2. Proceed from easy to difficult
3. Proceed from simple to complex
4. Proceed from concrete to abstract
5. Proceed from particular to general
6. Proceed from analysis to synthesis
7. Proceed from whole to parts
8. Proceed from empirical to rational
9. Proceed from psychological to logical
10. Proceed from the actual to the representative
11. Proceed from indefinite to definite
12. Proceed from near to far
13. Proceed inductively
PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION
 Education is pervasive
 Education is goal oriented
 Education is continous process
 Education is modification of behaviour
 Education is flexible
 Education is for all age groups
 Education is a group activity
 Education is a social process
 Education is dynamic
 Education is a science and art
 Education is multidisciplinary
ROLE OF A TEACHER

 The information provider(The lecturer,The clinical or practice teacher)

 The role model(The on –the-job role model,The role model as a teacher)
 The facilitator(The learning facilitator,The mentor)
 The Assessor(The student assessor,The curriculum assessor)
 ThePlanner(The curriculum planner,The course planner)
 The Resource developer(The resource material creator,The study guide producer)
ANSWER BRIEFLY
FOUR CHARACTERESTICS OF LEARNING
 Learning is relatively permanent change in behaviour
 Learning is a progress or growth of the organism
 Learning is a lifelong process
 Learning is the result of experience
FOUR LAWS OF LEARNING
 Law of exercise
 Law of readiness
 Law of effect
 Law of purpose

FOUR QUALITIES OF A TEACHER

 Desirable personal traits
 Use of effective teaching learning methods
 Creator of a good classroom environment
 Mastery of competencies

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN

IDEALISM NATURALISM
 Idealism believes that man is a  Naturalism is concerned with natural self
combination of spiritual and material and believes that reality and nature are
aspect,of which spiritual aspect is more identical and beyond nature there is no
real and important reality
 As a spiritual being,man is the most  Nature is every thing and nothing exist
beautiful and superior creation of god superior than nature
 Idealism highlights the need for  Child grows and develops by himself as a
inculcating moral and cultural values in result of brain function and
human life contributions from the physical and
biological nature of the world.

EDUCATION TEACHING
 Education is the bringing up of the child  Teaching is an interaction process
in a desirable manner Between the teacher and student
 Education is a process through which a
child attains a knowledge,skills,attitudes  Teaching is the
and other abilities required for leading a stimulation,guidance,direction and
productive life in the society encouragement of learning
 Education is a lifelong process  Teaching is the means where by the
society trains the child in a specific or
selected environment to adjust
 themselves to the world

PHILOSOPHY EDUCATION
 Philosophy is the science of knowledge  Education is the bringing up of the child
 Philosophy is the mother of all arts in a desirable manner
 Philosophy deais with the abstract  Education is a process through which a
actions of life child attains a knowledge,skills,attitudes
and other abilities required for leading a
productive life in the society
 Education deals with active actions of life

PRAGMATISM ECLECTISM
 Pragmatism adopts a midway between  It is a new philosophy by pooling all the
idealism and naturalism good and relevant features from
 Pragmatism considers teacher as a different educational philosophies.
friend,philosopher and guide to the  Ensuring availability of subject experts
children and better teachers
 Impotance to social discipline  Importance to self descipline