ASSIGNMENT 4: GEOMETRCI DESIGN

CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

All questions need to be replied. Total marks awarded are 20. Weightage will be assigned to arrive at
component weightage as defined in Lecture Plan. Write your reply in your own language. The replies will be
checked for similarity as per institute policy. Reply with similarity will be rejected without any further
consideration.

Marking Key: 3 + 4 + 7 + (3x2) = 20 (weightage to be implemented)

1. a) We have a two-lane two-way road.

SSD = Lag Distance + Braking Distance

Lag distance = Speed of vehicle * reaction time

= 22.222 m/s * 2.5s = 55.555 m
Brake distance (up the slope) = v2 / (2g* (f + n))
= (22.222)2 / (2 * 9.81* (0.35 + 0.025)) = 67.117 m
SSD = 55.555 m + 67.117 m = 122.672 m.

OSD = d1 + d2 + d3
d1 = distance followed before overtaking
= Velocity of slow-moving vehicle * hesitation period
= (v – 4.5) m/s * 2 sec
= (22.222 – 4.5) * 2 m
= 35.444 m
d2 = overtaking distance
= b + 2s
= (v – 4.5) m/s * 12 sec + 2 * (0.2V + 6)
= (22.222 – 4.5) * 12 + 2 * (0.2 * 80 + 6)
= 212.664 m + 22 m
= 234.664 m
d3 = distance travelled by incoming vehicle from the opposite direction
=v*T
= 22.222 m/s * 12 s
= 266.664 m
Hence, overtaking distance = (35.444 + 234.664 + 266.664) m
= 536.772 m
Or
OSD = design speed * 1.67 * OMT
= 0.278 * 80 * 1.67 * 12
= 445.689 m

b) Width of 2-lane 2-way road = 7m

Radius of horizontal curve = 90m
Speed of traffic = 60kmph = 16.667 m/s
 ASSIGNMENT 4: GEOMETRCI DESIGN
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

PRT of drivers = 2.5s

Length of horizontal curve = 125m

Since it is a 2-lane 2-way road, it is a divided road.

Therefore,
Lag distance = Speed of vehicle * reaction time
= 16.667 m/s * 2.5s = 41.6675 m
Brake distance = v2 / (2g* (f + n))
= (16.667)2 / (2 * 9.81* (0.35 + 0)) = 40.453 m (Assuming gradient, n=0)

Stopping Sight Distance = Lag Distance + Brake Distance

= 41.6675+40.453 = 82.1205 m

Length of horizontal curve, Lc = 125m

Here, Lc> SSD,

Thus, Set-Back Distance, m = R – (R-d) cos(α/2)

α = Arc length / Radius

= SSD * 360 / (R * 2π)
= 82.1205 * 360 / (90 * 2π)
=52.279˚

Thus,
Set-Back Distance, m = R – (R-d) cos(α/2)
= 90-(90-1.75) cos(26.67)
=90 - 88.25*0.893
=90 - 78.80 =11.2m

c) Vehicle are moving on a 4-lane divided road constructed in plain terrain.

Design Speed of traffic, v = 100kmph = 27.778m/s
Radius of horizontal curve, R= 250m
Design rate of superelevation = 7%
Coefficient of lateral friction = 0.15
Rate of camber = 2.5%
Length of vehicle base, l = 6m
Assuming the pavement is rotated about outer edge,
𝑛𝑙 2
Mechanical Widening = = 4 * 62 / 2*250 = 0.288m
2𝑅
𝑣
Psychological Widening = = 27.778 / 2.64*√250= 0.665m
2.64√𝑅
Extra widening = Mechanical Widening + Psychological Widening = (0.288 + 0.665) m= 0.953 m
Now, the minimum radius for the horizontal curve is the ruling radius.
 ASSIGNMENT 4: GEOMETRCI DESIGN
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

Rruling = V2/127(e+f)
= 1002/127 * (0.07 + 0.15)
= 357.91 m.
2.
•Functions of a shoulder
● Shoulders provide structural stability and support to the borders of flexible pavements,
especially the granular pavement layers.
● Shoulders increase the carriageway's capacity and vehicle operating speed.
● Shoulders act as an emergency lane for vehicles that must be removed from the main
carriageway or roadway.
• Functions of a transition curve
● A transition curve makes it possible for traffic to change more gradually from a straight
segment of road to a curved one. This lessens sudden changes in direction, which can be
uncomfortable for drivers and passengers, especially when moving quickly.
● Drivers have a clearer view of the road ahead due to the gradual bend of a transition curve.
Although drivers may not be able to see what is in front of them until it is too late, this is
especially important when travelling on curved stretches of road.
● When driving on a section of road that is curved, lateral forces could cause a car to lose
control or run off the road. A transition is made by moving the vehicle gradually from a
straight segment of road to a curved section of road.
• Design elements of a footpath
● The absolute minimum width of footpath is 1.5m and the desirable minimum width is 2m.
● The cross fall of footpath may be 2.5 to 3 percent.
● Barrier type Kerb is provided in built-up areas adjacent to footpaths with considerable
pedestrian traffic. Height of Kerb stone is about 200 mm above the pavement edge with a
steep batter of 1.0 vertical , 0.25 horizontal.
● Preventing puddles from forming. Guard rails and tiles should also be installed.
● It should be continuous to provide better use of footpath.
d) .
There are three types of gradients provided on a road namely :

• Ruling gradient : This is primarily utilized to determine the lengths of resistance. Vehicles can
navigate the longitudinal gradient without experiencing any performance degradation.
• Limiting gradient : This is to be used where topography causes use of higher gradient and ruling
gradient may increase the length and cost of the project. The traversing on such gradient may
cause performance issue.
• Exceptional gradient : These are applied in unique topographical situations and are given for a
short distance, not exceeding 100 m at a time. Following stretches should be separated by at least
100 m, each with a milder slope.

3. a) Assuming the pavement is rotated about outer edge,

𝑛𝑙 2
Mechanical Widening = = 2 * 5.852 / 2 * 350 = 0.098 m
2𝑅
 ASSIGNMENT 4: GEOMETRCI DESIGN
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

𝑣
Psychological Widening = = 22.222 / 2.64*√350= 0.499 m
2.64√𝑅
Extra widening = Mechanical Widening + Psychological Widening = (0.098 + 0.499) m= 0.5479 m
Length of transition curve = e * N *( W + We)
= 0.07 * 150 * (7 + 0.548)
= 79.1 m
Considering Centrifugal Force Method:
C = 80/(75 + 80) = 0.516
Ls = v3/cR
= (0.2782 * 80) / (0.516 * 350)
= 60.763 m
Considering IRC Conditions:
Ls = 2.7 * 802 / 350
= 49.37 m
Hence, considering the highest value, Ls = 79.1 m.
Tangent Runoff = N * c * W / 2
= 150 * 0.025 * 7 / 2
= 13.125 m
Superelevation Runoff = N * c * W / 2 + (W + We) * (e – c) * A * N
= 13.125 + (7.548) (0.025) * 1 * 150
= 63.918 m

b) V = 65 kmph
SSD = 100m
ISD = 2 * SSD = 200 m
N = n1 – n2 = 1/60 = 0.0167
If L > SSD,
L = N (S2) / 4.4
= 38 m ( < SSD; hence wrong)
If L < SSD,
L = 2 * 100 – 4.4/0.0167 = -63.473 m ( Hence, Vertical Curve is not needed as per SSD)

Now, calculating Length as per ISD,

 ASSIGNMENT 4: GEOMETRCI DESIGN
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering

Assuming L > ISD, L = 0.0167 * 2002 / 9.6 = 69.583 m ( < ISD )

Assuming L < ISD, L = 2 * 200 - 9.6/0.0167 = -174.85m
( Hence, Vertical Curve is not needed as per ISD)

Now, we know that a small length is to be provided varying from 15 to 60m for a design speed of 35
kmph to 100 kmph.
Hence, linearly interpolating for 65 kmph,
L = 15 + (100 – 35) *(65 – 35) / (60 – 15) = 58.33m
RL = 100 + (1/100)(58.33/0.0167) * ( 1/100) – (0.0167 * 58.33 / 8)
= 100.22 m

c) The vertical curve will be a valley curve. It will have a deviation curve angle N :
N = 1/50 – 1/30
= -0.0133
V = 50 kmph, SSD = 60m. OSD = 250m.
Let the length of the valley curve be L
For comfortable condition: L = 2 * (Nv3/c)0.5
L = 2 * ((0.0133 * (0.278 * 50)3 / 0.6 )0.5
L = 15.413 m ( < SSD)
Using HLSD or SSD (min) :
Assuming L > SSD
L = NS2/(1.5 + (5 * 0.035))
= 13.3 m (< SSD)
Assuming L < SSD
L = 2 * S – (1.5 + 0.035 * S) / N
= - 150.67 m
Hence, the assumptions are wrong.
Since the values are negative in both the cases, it indicates that
there is no requirement to provide a vertical curve. This may be due to very small
angle of intersection. In this case also a small length is to be provided varying
between 15 m and 60 m for a design speed of 35 km/h to 100 km/h . On linear interpolation,
L = 15 + (100 – 35) *(50 – 35) / (60 – 15) = 36.67 m.
ASSIGNMENT 4: GEOMETRCI DESIGN
CEN: 210 Highway Engineering