Name: Shreyansh Jain Enrollment no : 21410026 Batch: M7

Question 1:

a) Ductility Viscocity
When a tensile force is applied, a material's The term "viscosity" describes a substance's
ductility its capacity to expand without breaking resistance to deformation or movement when
is measured. subjected to external stress.
The length (in centimetres) over which a normal The amount of time (in seconds) it takes for a
bitumen briquette can be stretched without standard volume of bitumen to pass through a
breaking is how ductility of bitumen is assessed. standard orifice at a given temperature and
This characteristic is crucial in deciding whether pressure is how viscous a substance is.
bitumen is suitable for use in asphalt pavements This property is important in determining the
since it shows how well the substance can workability of bitumen during construction and
withstand the stresses and strains it will in service, as it affects the ability of the
endure in usage. material to be pumped, sprayed, or mixed with
aggregates.

b) Softening Flash Point

Softening point refers to the temperature at The term "flash point" describes the
which a standard needle penetrates a sample of temperature at which a little sample of a
bitumen to a specified depth under specific substance emits enough vapour to ignite when
conditions of temperature and load. exposed to a flame under particular
temperature and pressure circumstances..
 The bitumen's softening point, which specifies Bitumen's flash point is a crucial characteristic
the temperature range across which the since it shows whether the substance has the
substance can be expected to preserve its shape ability to produce flammable vapours while being
and resist deformation, is a crucial feature. transported and stored.

Although bitumen has both a softening point and a flash point, both terms refer to separate elements of
the material's behaviour.

c) Emulsion cutback
Emulsion is a mixture of bitumen and water, Cutback is a mixture of bitumen and a
which is stabilized by an emulsifying agent. petroleum solvent.
the bitumen is finely dispersed in water to form The bitumen's viscosity is decreased by the
a stable colloidal suspension. solvent, making it simpler to handle and apply.
Depending on the emulsifying agent employed, The mixture that results can be categorised as
the final emulsion may be anionic (negatively either slow-curing (SC), medium-curing (MC), or
charged), cationic (positively charged), or non- rapid-curing (RC) (SC),
ionic (neutral). Cutbacks are frequently employed since they
Since they can be applied at lower are not based on water and do not freeze in
temperatures and have better workability and environments where emulsions are inappropriate,
handling properties than neat bitumen, such as in chilly climes.
emulsions are frequently employed in the
construction and maintenance of roads.

d) Air Voids Voids Filled with bitumen

 Air voids refer to the empty spaces or pockets Voids filled with bitumen, also known as
that exist within an asphalt mixture. effective asphalt content, refer to the spaces
These voids are created during the process of or pockets within the asphalt mixture that are
mixing and compacting the asphalt mixture. filled with bitumen.
The presence of air voids can negatively impact These voids are important because they affect
the performance of the asphalt pavement, as the overall performance of the asphalt mixture.
they can lead to decreased stability, reduced The proper amount of bitumen must be present
durability, and increased susceptibility to in the mixture to fill these voids and ensure
moisture damage. that the asphalt mixture has the required
strength, durability, and resistance to moisture
damage.

Question 2:

a) The requirements of paving bitumen are:

Consistency: Paving bitumen should have a consistent viscosity and consistency at different temperatures.

Penetration: It should have a penetration value in the range of 60-300 dmm, depending on the grade.

Softening point: The softening point should be in the range of 35-80°C, depending on the grade.

Ductility: Paving bitumen should have a ductility value of at least 100 cm at 25°C, indicating its ability to
withstand deformation.

Solubility: The bitumen should have a high solubility in trichloroethylene and carbon disulphide.

Flash point: The flash point should be above 200°C to ensure safe handling and storage.

Durability: Paving bitumen should be resistant to aging and oxidation, and should maintain its properties
over a long period of time.
 Criteria for the selection of a bitumen grade:

Climate: The climate and weather conditions of the area where the bitumen will be used should be
considered when selecting a grade. For example, in colder climates, a harder grade with a higher softening
point may be required.

Traffic volume: The volume and type of traffic that the pavement will experience should also be
considered. Heavier traffic loads may require a harder grade of bitumen to ensure durability and
resistance to deformation.

Type of pavement: The type of pavement and its intended use should also be considered when selecting a
bitumen grade. For example, a high-grade bitumen may be required for airport runways or high-speed
highways.

Cost: The cost of the bitumen should also be considered, as higher-grade bitumen may be more expensive.

Availability: The availability of the desired bitumen grade should also be considered, as some grades may be
more readily available than others.

b) The Marshall test, which is a technique for assessing the performance of asphalt mixtures, is used to estimate
the optimal bitumen content (OBC) of a bituminous mix. The processes taken to determine the OBC include:

Create a collection of cylindrical samples of the bituminous mixture with a range of bitumen contents,
from low to high values..

Determine the density and voids of each specimen using a bulk specific gravity test.

Each specimen should go through a Marshall stability test, which entails applying a load while maintaining
a constant rate of deformation until failure. For each specimen, the maximum load at failure, also known
as the Marshall stability, is noted.

Calculate the average Marshall stability value for each bitumen content
 Plot a graph of the Marshall stability versus the bitumen content.

The OBC is the bitumen concentration that corresponds to the graph's highest point, which designates the
point at which the bituminous mix is most stable.

Question 3:

a) Given,

The Graph between percentage passing vs Sieve size,

From Rothfuch’s equal distance method,

We first plot the diameters of the sieves on the X-axis and the percentage of material passing through each
sieve on the Y-axis. Next, starting at 0, we draw a line to the percentage through the largest sieve size. Then,
vertical lines are drawn to connect two consecutive aggregate type curves so that the distances between the top
curve and 100 and the bottom curve and 0 are roughly equal.
 The y-coordinate of these spots is then determined by locating the point where these vertical lines intersect
the line from 0 to % through maximum sieve size. The value proportion of the various aggregates is roughly
indicated by the y-coordinates.

Question 4:

Given,

A) Average specific gravity of aggregates

b)
C)