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Per Unit System – Practice Problem Solved
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Let’s understand the concept of per unit system by solving an example. In the
one-line diagram below, the impedance of various components in a power
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system, typically derived from their nameplates, are presented. The task now is

to normalize these values using a common base.

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Per Unit
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Solved For
Easy
 Understanding

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Figure 2: Impedance Diagram Of A Power System
Mean?

Resistive impedance for most components have been ignored. Rotating machines Direct

have been replaced with a voltage source behind their internal reactance. Transfer Trip
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Capacitive effects between lines and to ground are ignored as well.

Power Cable
To obtain the new normalized per unit impedances, first we need to figure out
Neutral and
the base values (Sbase, Vbase, Zbase) in the power system. Following steps will
System
lead you through the process. Grounding

Step 1: Assume a system base

Assume a system wide of 100MVA. This is a random assumption and chosen

to make calculations easy when calculating the per unit impedances.

So, = 100MVA

Step 2: Identify the voltage base

Voltage base in the system is determined by the transformer. For example, with a

22/220kV voltage rating of T1 transformer, the on the primary side of T1 is

22kV while the secondary side is 220kV. It does not matter what the voltage

rating of the other components are that are encompassed by the zone.

See figure below for the voltage bases in the system.

 Figure 3: Voltage Base In The Power System

Step 3: Calculate the base impedance

The base impedance is calculated using the following formula:

Ohms…………………………………………………………………..(1)

For T-Line 1: = 484 Ohms

For T-Line 2: = 121 Ohms

For 3-phase load: = 1.21 Ohms

Step 4: Calculate the per unit impedance

The per unit impedance is calculated using the following formulas:

……………………………………………………………………………..(2)

……………………………….(3)

The voltage ratio in equation (3) is not equivalent to transformers voltage ratio.
It is the ratio of the transformer’s voltage rating on the primary or secondary

side to the system nominal voltage on the same side.

For T-line 1 using equation (2): = 0.1 pu

For T-line 2 using equation (2): = 0.5 pu

For 3-Phase load:

Power Factor:

Thus,

= 1.1495+j1.53267 Ohms
Per unit impedance of 3-phase load using equation (2)= =

0.95+j1.2667 pu

For generator, the new per unit reactance using equation (3)

= 0.2 pu

For transformer T1: = 0.2 pu

For transformer T2: = 0.15 pu

For transformer T3: = 0.16 pu

For transformer T4: = 0.2 pu

For Motor, = 0.25 pu

The equivalent impedance network with all the impedances normalized to a

common system base and the appropriate voltage base is provided below.

Per Unit Impedance Diagram

Summary:

1. Assume a Sbase for the entire system.

2. The Vbase is defined by the transformer and any off-nominal tap setting it

may have.

3. Zbase is derived from the Sbase and Vbase.

4. The new per unit impedance is obtained by converting the old per unit

impedance on old base values to new ones. See equations (2) and (3).

*****

TAGGED WITH → base values • per unit • per unit impedances • per unit system • per unit value • Power
transformers

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33 Responses to Per Unit System – Practice Problem Solved For

Easy Understanding

pht says:
October 24, 2014 at 10:58 am

It is an useful method. Check out this link for further examples

on power system analysis http://www.psa-

outline.com/solutions/load-flow-calculation/

IJAJ says:
September 20, 2014 at 6:37 am

what do you mean by….. s*-??

an says:
September 10, 2014 at 1:51 am

Can we find the short circuit current at each end?

samuel says:
August 31, 2014 at 11:57 am

A load of 50mw at 0.8 power factor lagging is taken from the 33kv.

( taking a base MVA of 100mva), calculate the terminal voltage of

the synchronous machine? (Please help me solve this question)

thanks

Nikhil says:
July 12, 2014 at 12:07 pm

very useful thanks

alshaia says:
April 1, 2014 at 8:22 am
How can we determine the voltage on the bus 1

BRian says:
March 26, 2014 at 12:33 am

Do you know how to find the voltage at the bus?

Thanks

tahseen says:
March 25, 2014 at 1:46 am

Hi

how we can find the voltage in bus1 in PU and in volte

noa says:
February 8, 2014 at 9:59 pm

tanks alot save me alot of stress

abi says:
January 10, 2014 at 10:56 am

. Obtain the per unit impedance(reactance) diagram of the power

system shown in the fig

G1 : 30MVA , 10.5KV, X?=1.6 ?

G2 : 15MVA , 6.6KV, X?=1.2 ?

G3 : 25MVA , 6.6KV, X?=0.56 ?

T1 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/11KV , X= 15.2 ? per phase on the high

tension side

T2 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/6.2KV , X= 16 ? per phase on the high

tension side

Transmission line : 20.5 ohm per phase

Load A : 15MW , 11KV , 0.9 p.f lagging

Load B : 40MW , 6.6KV , 0.85 p.f lagging

abi says:
January 10, 2014 at 10:50 am

how to convert ohms value to per unit value

Lee Taylor says:

November 19, 2013 at 1:29 pm

Hi, great article – thanks very much! I have a similar problem to

solve but I am struggling with the Zact calculation. My inputs are

Vrated = 4.16kV, S = 2MVA <-36.87. Can you help?!

bhanu says:
October 10, 2013 at 7:49 am

awesome

kaushik vastarpara says:

September 15, 2013 at 12:42 pm

its really bcoz by reading this my confusion abut selection of base

nd other is very clear…sommust read it frend /…thank u

Admin says:
September 14, 2013 at 9:21 am

@Pavan @Mike: That’s a typo. Correct values are now shown in

the calculations. Since the ratio of Vbase_old/Vbase_new is the

same, the end result, therefore, does not change. Appreciate the

feedback.

Pavan says:
September 13, 2013 at 2:57 am

This is really helpful. I didn’t really got it when reading through

this, but when I saw the below comment by Mike, it seems like a

question worth answering. However the content is really clear

and understandable. Keep up the good work!

Thanks,

mike says:
May 25, 2013 at 5:35 pm

I don’t understand one part: When calculating Xtl2 you are using
(22/22) which is reflected from where? Vbase in T2 is 220 primary

and 11 secondary, so where does 22 come from?

The same for Xtl4.

mark says:
June 25, 2012 at 7:30 am

will the impedance or p.u impedance in each line will be like in

series? will the current for the PRIMARY AND SECONDARY of the

transformer now be equal??? how will i find the actual line

current for each line and for the whole system…

chris says:
April 9, 2012 at 11:42 am
A single phase ,350 kva, 1380v generator has an internal

impedance Zg of j6 ohms. The generator is used to supply a load

of 250kva/440v at power factor 0.78 lagging. determine: the turns

ratio of the transfomer, the impedance per km if the line between

the generator and the transformer is 5km, the voltage regulation

of the system.

Using the ratings of the generator as base values determine the

generated per unit voltage that is required to produce a full load

current under short circuit condition.

CAN SOMEONE HELP ME WIT THESE CALCULATION PLZ!!!

Admin says:
March 19, 2012 at 10:28 am

Kam,

Once you have the impedance network, use the current division

rule to determine the current flowing each line. I am not sure I

understand “voltage at 3″, if bus 3 is faulted (3ph) then it is zero

otherwise it should be the same as nominal voltage as seen on the

secondary side of the transformer.

I will solve one for the currents in the future but for now, you will
have to learn how to reduce a circuit (using KVL and KCL) to

determine the currents.

kam says:
March 19, 2012 at 10:19 am

sorry but i didnt get my reply yet, so could you pls help me

out???????? thanks a lot

karthik says:
March 19, 2012 at 5:57 am

very well explained but could you pls show me how to calculate

voltage and current in both lines, will be very greatful , thanks a

lot……….

kam says:
March 17, 2012 at 10:10 am

It is really well explained but could you pls show me how to

calculate voltage at but 3 and current in both lines, will be very

greatful , thanks a lot

manish says:
March 16, 2012 at 8:19 am

what if transformers are connected in star and delta connection?

Anayat says:
March 7, 2012 at 6:13 pm

i am very new to Power side , so i really dont know abt all these

concepts , what we only have T1 and T2 , and all the rating given

are three phase line to line ? how we ll solve it then?

richa says:
February 11, 2012 at 3:14 am

very nicely explained….to the point and complete..thanks a lot

Sanket says:
February 8, 2012 at 12:21 am

VERY NICELY EXPLAINED THANK-YOU ………

I WILL VISIT WEBSITE AGAIN FOR FURTHER REFERENCES.

BABULS RAJ says:

January 30, 2012 at 2:10 am

Thank u so much…..after searching for a proper explanation for

the same in so many sites, i got it finally from your site. Clear

explanation with proper diagrams with multi colour…….very nice

…..

Admin says:
December 15, 2011 at 11:09 am

Nice catch. Fixed it. Thanks.

Renjith M says:
December 15, 2011 at 8:14 am

Commendable work. But there is a small error. The per-unit

system is the ratio of two quantities of the same units. Therefore

it is unitless. Well that is what I know. So accordingly we specify

the per-unit quatities as just ‘P.U’. So you need to remove the

‘Ohms’ from the text and insert ‘p.u’

Alfredo says:
December 10, 2011 at 8:41 am

It was very useful, but it is short because is necessary to get the

complete solution, any way I liked.

Abdul Rauff says:

November 12, 2011 at 5:52 am

Very Good Info About PSA.Thanks Alot

 Hilary says:
September 1, 2011 at 4:22 am

Protection engieering, i have been give the reactance as Xd’ to

calculate faults on a system do i convert to Xd” how do i do this

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