ENGLISH 1ST -3RD

PERSUASIVE
CONTEXT CLUES ●convinces the readers about the author's stance
●tries to present a point of view and aims to sway the opinion of the
TYPES readers.
● DEFINITION-writer provides a clear and direct definition of the
challenging word/s
Signal words: is/are, is/are called, is/are known as, is defined as, means, LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE
refers to
● SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS- writer us words that have either same or ● LITERAL- exactly what is written
opposite meaning ● FIGURATIVE- different from the literal interpretation
Signal words: ● HYPERBOLE- extreme exaggeration of a situation used
● but, however, although, otherwise
for emphasis
● like, as, similar to, in the same way
● EXAMPLE- writer gives example ● IRONY - the opposite of its literal meaning
Signal words: for example, for instance, including, such as, specifically ● LITOTES
● uses a negative (double most of the time) statement
● CAUSE AND EFFECT- cause of an action in the unfamiliar word and the
to express positive meaning
effect is stated using a familiar word or vice-versa.
● it is written with the use of ‘not’ followed by the
Signal words: as a result, accordingly, because, since
opposite of the adjective.
● INFERENCE- looks at several surrounding sentences and infers or draws
a conclusion about the meaning of an unfamiliar word.

TOPIC SENTENCE
POETRY AND PROSE START- inverted triangle
-Written works that provide insight into the human experience and can be used as a MIDDLE - diamond
way to explore ideas, express emotions, and tell stories.
END- triangle
GENRES
START & END - Hour-glass
● POETRY
-rhythmic language to express an idea, evoke emotion, or tell a story
IMPLIED - Rectangle
-figurative language, rhythm, and imagery
● NARRATIVE
tells a story and usually follows a plot with characters, a setting, and a SENSORY IMAGES
climax.
● VISUAL- engages the sense of sight
● SONGS & BALLADS
set of rhythm, musical instruments ● AUDITORY- engages the sense of hearing
● EPICS ● OLFACTORY- engages the sense of smell
long narrative poem, long narrative poem,
● GUSTATORY- engages the sense of taste
● PROSE
● TACTILE- what you can feel.
-ordinary language Includes textures and the human experience
-consists of sentences and paragraphs
● LEGENDS
explains the origin of something PARALLELISM- When phrases in a sentence have similar or
● SHORT STORY the same grammatical structure
short prose narrative -balance and clarity.
● SHORT STORY -same level of importance
short prose narrative, and conflict that imitates real life 1. Use parallel structures with elements joined by the
coordinating conjunctions
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
2. Use parallel structures with elements in a list or in a
TEXT TYPES series. Put a comma between three or more items.
3. Use parallel structures with elements being compared.
PARAGRAPH- a paragraph is a composition intended to describe, 4. Use parallel structure with elements joined by a linking
explain, entertain, or persuade verb or a verb of being.
-expand and explain the topic 5. Use parallel structure with elements joined by correlative
● DESCRIPTIVE conjunctions.
●expresses in detail how a topic looks like (either...or, neither...nor, both...and,
●describe the topic as if the readers have not seen or know it not only...but also)
●uses words to appeal to the senses 6. Use parallel structure to maintain the pattern of the
sentence or voice of the verb.
● NARRATIVE
(active voice and passive voice
●tells a story or an event
●written to explain what, when, and who ● ANAPHORA- The same word or phrase is repeated at
●it should bring to life a moral, lesson, or idea the beginning of succeeding sentences.
● EXPOSITORY ● EPISTROPHE- The same word or phrase is repeated
●explains the details at the end of succeeding sentences.
●used when the writer wishes to explain or clarify a topic to the reader
BIASES 7 PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
an author’s expression of their opinion on an issue without 1. BANDWAGON
examining enough evidence. This may be influenced by persuades people to do something by telling them
personal beliefs, culture, attitudes, preferences, and past that others are doing it
experiences. 2. GLITTERING GENERALITIES
● BIASED uses emotional appeal or vague statements to
● Subjective influence the audience
● Unfair presentation of the issueq ● stir up favorable emotions
● Focuses on one side ● slogans or simple catchphrases
● UNBIASED 3. NAME-CALLING
● Objective derogatory phrases to create a negative opinion
● Fair presentation of the issue another brand or an idea
● Focuses on both sides 4. CARD-STACKING
persuades the reader to believe their stand by giving ● deliberate omission of facts to fool the target
inaccurate information
audience by unfair comparison or omitting facts.
To determine the author’s biases you must look at
● manipulating information to make a product appear
Evidence
better than it is
facts and information, testimonies and direct
5. PLAIN FOLKS
observations, scientific and legal findings, and
demonstrates how the product is meant for
anecdotes and philosophical pieces of evidence.
everybody and will provide value to everyone
Diction
6. TESTIMONIALS
words or expressions that help convey the stand of
● uses celebrities to endorse the quality of
the author towards an issue. These words and
products/services
expressions may indicate a positive or negative
● or figures like doctors and engineers (basically
connotation or meaning.
experts)
The author uses words that are too sensational,
dramatic, emotional, or strong. 7. TRANSFER

TYPES OF BIASES carry over the authority and approval of something

we respect to something the propagandist would
● Overgeneralization- stereotyping
have us accept
● False dichotomy- giving only two sides out of many
● Appeals to emotion- appealing to their emotions, AFFIXES
rather than presenting rational arguments -is a set of letters generally added to the beginning

● Omission bias- leaves out important information that or end of a root word

would change the reader's understanding of a group or ROOT WORD (base form)

idea. -a word that does not have a prefix or suffix attached to it

● Ad hominem attacks- attacks the person making an but can have one added to modify the meaning of the word.

argument, rather than the argument itself. PREFIX- start

SUFFIX- end
PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
● A tool that uses emotional and persuasive means to MODALS
derive desired outcomes. -is an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility.

● A piece of writing tries to persuade you to think or AUXILIARY- used along with a main verb to express tense,

feel a certain way. mood, or voice

USED FOR: 7. All entries must be arranged alphabetically (author's
1. Expressing Possibility last name).
2. Expressing Obligation 8. Each entry should begin with the author's last name,
3. Expressing Ability followed by the first and middle initials.
4. Asking for/Giving Permission 9. Give the author's last name and first/middle initial/s for
the first 20 authors. For multiple authors, use an

POSSIBILITY OBLIGATION ABILITY PERMISSION

ampersand (&) before the last author's name.
ELECTRONIC
Might Should Can Can
● Streaming Videos
(Not likely) (advice) (strong) (strong)
Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date).
May Must Could Could
(likely) (strong (weak) (weak) Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL
will advice) May ● Online Dictionaries
(certain) Have to (formal) Institution or organization name. (Year). Word
defined. In Name of online dictionary. URL
● Blog Post
CITATION Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post.
Plagiarism: Publisher. URL
● to steal and pass off as one's own; ● Graphic Data
● to use (another's production) without crediting Name of organization. (Year). Title of the graphic
the source data [Form of graphic data]. Website. URL
● to commit literary theft; and,
● to present as new and original an idea or product
● Webpage or Piece of Online Content
● derived from an existing source
Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page.
Site name. URL
● Online News Article
REFERENCE LIST Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of
-provides the information necessary for a reader to locate article. Name of Publication. URL
and retrieve any source you cite in the body of your paper
● Online Periodical
Last name, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of
BASIC RULES IN FORMATTING REFERENCE LISTS:
Periodical. Date accessed, from URL
1. REFERENCE LIST must appear at the end of the paper
● Online Lecture Notes
(essay).
Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of
2. Each SOURCE must appear both in the paper and in the
presentation [Format of lecture notes]. Publisher.
reference list.
URL
3. References should begin on a new page separate from
PRINT
the text.
● BOOKS
4. REFERENCE PAGE should be labeled “References” in
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:
bold, centered at the top of the page.
Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
5. All entries should be double-spaced just like the text in
the essay. ● PERIODICALS
6. All entries must follow hanging indentation.
 Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). 1. Single Author
Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number Narrative: Yu (1996)
(issue number), pages. Parenthetical: (Yu, 1996)
2. Two Authors
Narrative: Go and Wait (1996)
● MAGAZINE Parenthetical: (Go & Watt, 1996)
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of 3. Three or more Authors
Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. First Citation
● NEWSPAPER Narrative: Ong, Lav, Mack……. (1998)
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Parenthetical: (Ong et al., 1998)
Periodical, pages. Subsequent citation:
● ENCYCLOPEDIA & DICTIONARY Narrative: Ong et al. (1998)
Author, A. (Year). Title of Entry. In Editor (Ed.), Parenthetical: (Ong et al., 1998)
Title of Encyclopedia (Edition, Volume number,
Pages). Publisher.
IN-TEXT CITATION 4. Group Authors
TYPES First Text Citation
1. According to how the sentence(s) or a paragraph of Narrative: American Psychological
cited information is written Association [APA] (1998)
1-a. Direct Quotations. Parenthetical: (American Psychological
1-b. Paraphrasing. Association [APA], 1998)
2. According to how the citation is presented within
Subsequent Citation
the sentence/paragraph
Narrative: APA (1998)
2-a. Narrative/In-text citations
Parenthetical:(APA, 1998)
2-b. Parenthetical citations.
5. No author or editor:
Introduce quotations:
Choose the first few words from the source
Remarked Advocate
(usually the title).
Maintained Mentioned
Narratve: “Women education...” (1990)
Pointed out Reasoned
Parenthetical: (“Women education...”, 1990)
Revealed
6. Authors with the same Surname
General format for In-text Citation:
Cite in the text the initials of the authors.
(Author’s name, Year of Publication) Narrative: P. Paterno and L.J. Paterno (2000)
Narrative: Cruz (1990) Parenthetical: (P. Paterno & L.J. Paterno, 2000)
Parenthetical: (Cruz, 1990)
7. Authors with the same Surname but different
In-text Citation for quoted text:
Year Cite in the text the initials of the Author
(Author’s surname, Year of publication, Page
every time, even if publication years differ. Use
number of source text)
semicolon to separate the citations with different
Narrative: Cruz (1991)... (p. 10)
years.
Parenthetical: (Cruz, 1991, p. 10)
Narrative: P. Paterno (1998) and L.J. Paterno (1996)
In-text Citation for quoted/parahrased text:
Parenthetical: (P. Paterno,1998; L.J. Paterno 1996)