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EEC121 Lec3

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30 views40 pages

EEC121 Lec3

Uploaded by

7amdy17amdy2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SECOND-ORDER

CIRCUITS

Lec. (3)
OBJECTIVE

➢ Introduction on second order circuits


➢ Finding Initial and Final Values
➢ Natural response of series RLC circuit
Introduction
➢ In this lecture, we will consider circuits containing two
storage elements. These are known as second-order
circuits because their responses are described by
differential equations that contain second derivatives.
➢ A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-order
differential equation. It consists of resistors and the
equivalent of two energy storage elements.
❖ Finding Initial and Final Values
➢ There are two key points to keep in mind in
determining the initial conditions.
1. As always in circuit analysis—we must carefully
handle the polarity of voltage v(t) across the capacitor
and the direction of the current i(t) through the
inductor. Keep in mind that v and i are defined strictly
according to the passive sign convention.
2. Second, keep in mind that the capacitor voltage and
inductor current are always continuous so that
EXAMPLE (1)
Solution
❖ Natural response of series RLC circuit

➢ The circuit is being excited by the energy initially stored


in the capacitor and inductor.
➢ The energy is represented by the initial capacitor
voltage V0 and initial inductor current I0. Thus, at t = 0,
To solve such a second-order differential equation requires
that we have two initial conditions, such as the initial
value of i and its first derivative or initial values of some i
and v.
Our experience in the preceding chapter on first-order
circuits suggests that the solution is of exponential form.
So we let
Substitute in
x = [-b±√(b2 – 4ac)]/2a

This quadratic equation is known as the characteristic equation of


the RLC differential equation
Natural frequency: is the frequency at which a system tends to oscillate in the
absence of any driving force.
The natural frequency is what occurs when some system is left without a forcing
function
Damping ratio: is a parameter used in mostly second order linear ordinary
differential equations and higher. It is the ratio between the resistance and the
reactance. It is the level of resistance provided and a path to dissipate energy.
No damping means the system will continue to oscillate forever.
Why is damping present only in the second-order system and not in the first-
order system?
In a second order system:
❑ Energy gets stored/transferred in two different forms which causes oscillations.
But it faces resistance by the system which we call damping.
❑ Higher the resistance, sooner the oscillations will die out.
❑ No resistance will make the system oscillate forever (theoretically)
In first Order System
❑ There is only one variable which varies with time, unlike in a second order
system.
❑ We don’t have damping in first order system, we rather have time constant.
In a first order system, energy will be flowing into the system or flowing out of
the system
Why does damping occur ?
Because of the presence of resistance which opposes the flow of energy from one
form to another form.
The two values of s indicate that there are two possible solutions
for i, each of which is of the form of the assumed solution; that is,
The natural response of the series RLC circuit is

There are three types of solutions:


1. Overdamped Case (α > ω0)

➢ α > ω0 when C > 4L/R2. When this happens, both


roots s1 and s2 are negative and real. The response is

which decays and approaches


zero as t increases.
2. Critically Damped Case (α = ω0)
3. Underdamped Case (α < ω0)
CONCLUSION
EXAMPLE (3)
➢ In figure shown, R = 40 , L = 4 H, and C = 1/4 F.
Calculate the characteristic roots of the circuit. Is the
natural response overdamped, underdamped, or
critically damped?
Solution
EXAMPLE (4)

➢ Find i(t) in the circuit in figure shown. Assume that


the circuit has reached steady state at t = 0−.
Solution
For t > 0, the switch is opened and the voltage source is
disconnected. Notice that the 3- and 6- resistors, which are in series
when the switch is opened, have been combined to give R = 9. The
roots are calculated as follows:
Note that v(0) = V0 = −6 V is used, because the
polarity of v in this case is opposite to v the normal
case.
EXAMPLE (5)
Solution

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