Phytochemicals (Lab)

PHARMACOGNOCY & PLANT CHEMISTRY
PHR 118 | 2ND SEMESTER 2023-2024
• When injected into the blood stream, they are toxic,

PHYTOCHEMICAL
produce an hemolytic action on RBC
• It is confined to the detection of important plant - (+) Hemolytic halos- clear zones of hemolysis
constituents that usually exhibit biological & therapeutic - Liebermann-Burchard Test
activities • Aglycone (Sapogenins)
• Steroidal - neutral saponins
PLANT MATERIAL • Triterpenoid - acid saponins
o For materials which cannot be worked on at once the plant - (+) produce characteristic color reaction (blue, green, red,
material, must be then thoroughly air dried without the use pink, purple, or violet) indication of sterol and triterpenes
of heat.
o The plant material can then be stored for a reasonable CARDENOLIDES & BUFADIENOLIDES
length of time. o Cardiac glycosides, contains deoxy sugars & unsaturated
lactone ring
o Bufadenolides- "bufo" (toad)
PHYTOCHEMICAL TEST RESULTS
o Cardiac glycosides; contains deoxy sugars & unsaturated
lactone ring
ALKALOIDS
Identification Test
o Basic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin having
numerous physiologic action Keller - Killant Test
- Test for deoxysugars
SOLUBILITY - (+) reddish brown color which may turn blue or purple
indicates presence of 2 – deoxysugars
o Soluble in ethyl alcohol but insoluble in water
o Free are slightly soluble in water: readily soluble in dilute
acids, alcohol & organic solvents Liebermann Buchard Test
o Alkaloids + Acid-Alkaloidal Salts are readily soluble in - Aglycone steroidal group
water; sparingly soluble or insoluble in organic solvents
Kedde Test
Precipitating Agents - Unsaturated lactone ring
Mayer's Reagents
- Potassium Mercuric lodide FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES
- (+) White Precipitate
FLAVANOIDS
Wagner's Reagents o Used in the treatment of capillary bleeding and increased
- lodine in Potassium lodide capillary fragility
o Anti- Viral, Anti- Fungal, Anti-inflammatory & cytotoxic
Dragendorff's Reagents o Anthocyanins---hydrolysis--- Anthocyanidin
- Potassium Bismusth lodide o (colored aglycone)
- (+) Orange Precipitate o Leucoanthocyanins --- hydrolysis---Leucoanthocyanidin
(aglycone)
GLYCOSIDES
Identification Test
o Are compounds that yield one or more sugars among the
products of hydrolysis. Bote-Smith & Metcalf Test
o Glycone-sugar component - Indication of leucocyanins
o Aglycone-non sugar component (genins) - Flavonoids + Acids -development of strong red violet color
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES Wilslater "Cyanidin" Test

o Have long been used for their detergent properties - (+) gives definite colors from orange to red, crimson to
magenta or green to blue
Identification Test ANTHRAQUINONES

Froth Test o Stimulant cathartics
- Saponins have the ability to form honeycomb froth when
aqueous alcoholic extract is agitated Identification Test
- (+) honeycomb froth greater than 3cm from the surface of Borntrager Test
the liquid persist after 30 mins
- (+) Red coloration in the lower alkaline layer
- For extracts with poor frothing effects, Add little Sodium
Carbonate solution to the extract
Modified Borntrager Test
- (+) formation of a stable & dense frothindicates presence
of free fatty acid. - (+) Characteristic red, violet, green, or purple color with
base
Hemolysis Test
• Saponins when taken orally it is relatively harmless
PHARMACOGNOCY & PLANT CHEMISTRY
PHR 118 | 2ND SEMESTER 2023-2024
CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES
o Cyanogenic Glycosides (with hydrolytic enzymes)
o + ethanol-minimizes hydrolysis
Identification Test
Guignard Test
- Cyanogenic glycoside + EMULSIN (ensures hydrolysis
takes place)
- Hydrocyanic Acid (+) appearance of various shades of red
within 15 minutes.
TANNINS
o Used in leather, cytotoxic, antineoplastic
HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
o Pyrogallol Tannins
o Phenolic compounds united to glucose
CONDENSED TANNINS
o Cathechol
o Polymers of phenolic compounds united to CHO &
proteins
Identification Test
Gelatin Salt
- (+) Precipitation of Gelatin
- (-) Indicates the presence of polyphenolic compounds
Ferric Chloride Test

- (+) Hydrolyzable Tannins --Blue-Black color of Sol'n
- (+) Condensed tannins--- Brownish green color of Sol’n
VOLATILE OILS, FIXED OILS AND FATS

o Petroleum Ether is used as the menstrum
VOLATILE OILS
- Ethereal Oils, Essential Oils & Essences
- Odoriferous principles found in various plants.
- On exposure to light & air, oxidized & resinity thus
darkening in color
- Should be stored in cool dry place, tightly stoppered,
amber glass container
FIXED OILS
- Liquid at room temperature obtained vegetable oil except
for COCOA BUTTER
- On exposure to light and air, they become rancid
- Leaves permanent grease mark on paper
- Used for food and energy source
FATS
- Semi-solid obtained from animals except COD LIVER OIL

Phytochemicals (Lab)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phytochemicals (Lab)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phytochemicals (Lab)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHARMACOGNOCY & PLANT CHEMISTRY

PHR 118 | 2ND SEMESTER 2023-2024

• When injected into the blood stream, they are toxic,

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES Wilslater "Cyanidin" Test

Identification Test ANTHRAQUINONES

Ferric Chloride Test

VOLATILE OILS, FIXED OILS AND FATS

You might also like