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MATH

The document discusses probability and provides examples and formulas for calculating probabilities of events. It covers topics like certain and uncertain events, counting problems, probability problems, and permutations. Formulas for fundamental counting principle and permutations are provided along with examples of their use.

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Erich STAR LYRICS
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20 views4 pages

MATH

The document discusses probability and provides examples and formulas for calculating probabilities of events. It covers topics like certain and uncertain events, counting problems, probability problems, and permutations. Formulas for fundamental counting principle and permutations are provided along with examples of their use.

Uploaded by

Erich STAR LYRICS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability = (fraction)ang answer

PART 1: A REVIEW ON PROBABILITY

A. CERTAINTY AND UNCERTAINTY OF EVENTS


Certainty is the state of being completely confident or having no doubt about something.
However, uncertainty is when nothing is ever decided or sure.

Examples:
1. A man giving birth to a child.
 The given event is IMPOSSIBLE to happen; thus, its probability is 0%.
2. Remark on a Mathematics test.
 This event has two possible outcomes, either PASSED or FAILED, meaning passing the exam may
or may not occur or failing the exam may or may not occur. Therefore, the probability is 0.5 or ½ or
50%.

Examples of events with 0 probability (Impossible to happen)


1. A triangle with 2 sides
2. Pregnant man
3. Getting 0 in tossing a die.
Examples of events with 0.5 probability (50-50 chance of occurrence)
1. Getting a tail in tossing a coin
2. Getting the correct answer from a True-or-false question
Examples of events with 1 probability (certain)
1. A quadrilateral with 4 sides
2. Getting a number between 1 and 6 when rolling a standard 6-sided die
B. COUNTING PROBLEMS
1. Suppose an experiment consists of tossing a coin four times.
a. How many different outcomes are possible?
2* 2 * 2 * 2=16
b. How many outcomes have at least 1 head? 15

c. How many outcomes have at most 2 heads? 11


d. How many different outcomes have exactly 3 heads? 4
2. In a certain school, a president, a secretary, and a treasurer will form the executive body of the student
government. There are three candidates, A, B, and C for president, two candidates, D and E, for
secretary, and three candidates, F, G, and H, for treasurer. How many compositions of the executive body
are possible?

3 candidates for president * 2 candidates for secretary * 3 candidates for secretary =18
[ A, B, C] [ D, E ] [ F, G, H ]

C. PROBABILITY PROBLEMS
1. A family has three children. Find the probability of having:
a. Three boys? 1/8
b. 2 girls and 1 boy? 3/8

1st Child 2nd Child 3rd Child


B B BBB
B G BBG
G B BGB
G BGG
B B GBB
G G GBG
G B GGB
G GGG
2. A spinner with 6 equally likely outcomes is spinned. The possible outcomes are 1,2,3,4,5, and 6.
a. What is the probability of getting 5? 1/6
b. What is the probability of getting an odd number? 3/6 OR 1/2
c. What is the probability of getting an even number? 3/6 OR 1/2

3. A bag contains 5 red marbles, 3 yellow marbles, and 7 blue marbles. A marble is taken at random
from the bag. Find the probability of obtaining:
a. Red marble 5/15 or 1/3
b. Not a yellow marble 12/15 or 4/5
c. Yellow or blue marbles 10/15 or 2/3
d. White marble 0/15 or 0
e. Not a white marble 15/15 or 1

D. IDENTIFYING THE POSSIBLE OUTCOMES BY SYSTEMATIC LISTING


Two dice are rolled.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1,1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,1 6,1
2 1,2 2,2 3,2 4,2 5,2 6,2
3 1,3 2,3 3,3 4,3 5,3 6,3
4 1,4 2,4 3,4 4,4 5,4 6,4
5 1,5 2,5 3,5 4,5 5,5 6,5
6 1,6 2,6 3,6 4,6 5,6 6,6

a. How many different outcomes are possible? 36


b. How many outcomes have doubles (1,1) (2,2) (3,3) … (6,6)? 6
c. How many outcomes have a sum of 8? 5
d. How many outcomes have a sum of at least 9(A PAIR OF NUMBERS WHOSE SUM IS 9 AND
ABOVE)? 10 Probability: 10/36 or 5/18
e. How many outcomes have a sum of at most 5(a pair of number whose sum is 5 and below)? 10
Probability: 10/36 or 5/18

PART II: REVIEW ON PROBABILITY


A. The Fundamental Principle of Counting
1. New car license plate numbers will be issued consisting of three letters followed by four digits.
(XXXNNNN) How many different license plate numbers are possible if:
a. The first letter can only be one of the following: N, P, T, U, W, X, or Z?
Solution:
X X X N N N N
7 * 26 * 26 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 = 7*262*104=47,320,000

b. The three letters have to be different.


Solution:
X X X N N N N
26 * 25 * 24 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 =26*25*24*104=156,000,000 or 156000000

c. All four digits should be distinct?


Solution:
X X X N N N N
26 * 26 * 26 * 10 * 9 * 8 * 7=88,583,040

B. PERMUTATIONS (nPr)
1. How many different 3-digit numbers can be formed out of the digits 3,4,5,6,7,8 if:
a. Repetition is not allowed.
Solution:
P (6,3) =6P3=n! n-r! =6!6-3! =6*5*4*3!3! =6*5*4=120

b. Repetition is allowed.
Use the formula P (n, r) =n for permutation where repetition is allowed.
r

P (n, r) =P (6,3) =6 =6*6*6= 216


3

2. If a “word” is any finite arrangement of letters, how many ten-letter words can be formed out of the
letters of the word “STATISTICS” if:
a. There are no restrictions on the words to be formed.
Solution:
10!3!3!2! =10*9*8*7*5*2=50,400

b. Each word should begin with a vowel.


Solution:
The word may start with either A or I, so there are two choices. If it starts with an A, the other
nine letters can be arranged in 9!3!3!2! ways. If it starts with an I, the other 9 letters can be
arranged in 9!3!3! ways.
Using ADDITION PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING, we have this equation.
9!3!3!2! +9!3!3! =5,040+10,080=15,120 ways

c. Each word begins and ends with the letter “T”?


Solution:
If the words start and end with T, then the remaining eight letters can be arranged in 8!3!2!
=3360 ways.

3. How many ways can the first, second, and third prize winners of a song writing contest can be chosen
from among the 12 finalists?

Using the principle of counting


1 winner 2 winner
st nd
3 winner
rd

12 * 11 * 10 = 1,320

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