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5.CPU - Data Representation

The document discusses how a computer processor works. It describes the main components of a processor including the motherboard and microprocessor. It explains how processor performance is determined by factors like the number of registers, word size, bus speed, and cache size. It also discusses how computers represent and process data using binary numbers, bits, bytes, and words.

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Abror md Fayiaz
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27 views18 pages

5.CPU - Data Representation

The document discusses how a computer processor works. It describes the main components of a processor including the motherboard and microprocessor. It explains how processor performance is determined by factors like the number of registers, word size, bus speed, and cache size. It also discusses how computers represent and process data using binary numbers, bits, bytes, and words.

Uploaded by

Abror md Fayiaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inside the Ultimate

Machine
Inside The Computer

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Processor

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Processor
• Computer uses two components : Memory, Processor .

• Processor is like the brain of the computer. Processor’s power-

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How many Transistors it has.

• Processor usually consists of one or more special chips called


microprocessor.

• Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that


accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions
stored in its memory, and provides results as output.
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Processor
• Mother board is the master circuit board.

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• Term CPU (Central Processing Unit) refers Processor .

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Processor

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Processors can be identified by two main parameters: how wide they are
and how fast they are. The speed of a processor is a fairly simple
concept.
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Speed is counted in megahertz (MHz), which means millions of cycles
per second—and faster is better!
Processor : Performances of a Processor depends
• Number of registers : A special, high-speed storage area within
the CPU. The number of registers that a CPU has and the size of
each number of bits help determine the power and speed of a CPU.

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• Word size : Word size refers to the number of bits processed by a
computer's CPU at one time one time(these days, typically 32 bits or
64 bits).

• Bus speed: The speed of a CPU is measured by how many instructions


it can perform in one second. The buses of a computer are the routes in
which data is transmitted in the computer.
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• Cache size: To reduce the average time to access memory
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Core i5 and i7 series 700/800 processor die
774 million transistors
How to process Processor

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How Computers Represent Data
• A single cycle is the smallest element of time for the processor.
Every action requires at least one cycle and usually multiple cycles

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• Computer processing is performed by transistors, which are
switches with only two possible states: on and off.

• All computer data is converted to a series of binary numbers– 1


and 0. For example, you see a sentence as a collection of letters,
but the computer sees each letter as a collection of 1s and 0s.

• If a transistor is assigned a value of 1, it is on. If it has a value of 10


0, it is off. A computer's transistors can be switched on and off
millions of times each second.
How Computers Represent Data

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How Computers Represent Data
To convert data into strings of
numbers, computers use the binary

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number system.

Humans use the decimal system (“deci”


stands for “ten”).

The binary number system works the


same way as the decimal system, but
has only two available symbols (0 and
1) rather than ten (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, and 9). 12
How Computers Represent Data
Bit byte Word
• A single unit of data is called a bit, having a value of 1 or 0.

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• Computers work with collections of bits, grouping them to
represent larger pieces of data, such as letters of the alphabet.

• Eight bits make up one byte. A byte is the amount of memory


needed to store one alphanumeric character.

• With one byte, the computer can represent one of 256


• different symbols or characters.
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How Computers Represent Data
Bit byte Word
• A word is a unit of data of a defined bit length that can be
addressed and moved between storage and the computer processor.

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• Usually, the defined bit length of a word is equivalent to the
width of the computer's data bus so that a word can be moved in a
single operation from storage to a processor register.

• For any computer architecture with an eight-bit byte, the word


will be some multiple of eight bits.
• In IBM's evolutionary System/360 architecture, a word is 32
bits, or four contiguous eight-bit bytes.
• In Intel's PC processor architecture, a word is 16 bits, or two 14
contiguous eight-bit bytes.
How Computers Represent Data

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How Computers Represent Data
• A text code is a system that uses binary numbers (1s and 0s) to
represent characters understood by humans (letters and numerals).

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• An early text code system, called EBCDIC uses eight bit codes,
but is used primarily in older mainframe systems.

• In the most common text-code set, ASCII, each character consists


of eight bits (one byte) of data. ASCII is used in nearly all
personal computers.

• In the Unicode text-code set, each character consists of 16 bits 16


(two bytes) of data.
How Computers Represent Data
• EBCDIC-Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
8 bits, 0-256 Character

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• ASCII-American Standard Code for Information Interchange
8 bits, 0-127 Character
• Extended ASCII
8 bits, 128-256 Character
• Unicode- Unicode World Wide Character Standard
32 bits, 4 Billion Character

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Example of ASCII Text Code

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