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38 views8 pages

Math Formula Sheets

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vsreeramb
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REVISION CAPSULE - MATHEMATICS, © Avrelation R froma set A to. set Bis subset of the cartesian product A * B obtained by describing a relationship between the first element x and the second clement yof the ordered pairs in A = B. © Function: A function fffoma set Ato a°set B is a specific type of relation for ‘hich every element x of set A has one and only one image y in set B. We write £: AB, where O9=y. RELATIONS ‘AND. FUNCTIONS © A fiunetion £: X > Y is one-one (or injective) if £K)=O)XjAK Y Hy EX. © A fianction f: X > Y is onto (or surjective) if given any. yeY,3 xe X such that f(x)=y. © Many-One Function ‘A function f: AB is called many- one, if wo or more different elements of A have the same F image in B. © Into function : ‘Afimction f: A> Bis ito if there exist at least ane element in B which isnot the f-image of any clement in A. © _ Many One-Onto function A function [: A Ris said (o be many one- onto if Fis onto but not one-one. © Many One-Into function: ‘A function is said to be many one-into fit is neither one-one nor onto. © A fnetion £: X— Y is invertible ifand onty fis one-one and onto © General Solution of the equation sin0 = 0: when sind =0 O=nx:ne Tie. n=0,+ 1,42. ‘General solution ofthe equation 0x0 ‘when cos6=0 O=@n+ Dr2.neLien General solution ofthe equation tan0 = 0: General solution oftan0=0is @=n;n =I © General solution ofthe equati (@) sind=sina: O=nx+CI)a:n el ind =k, where-10y>0 and xy>1 itx<0y1 stan! x—tany { ert *=9) on ls) » ifxy>-1 + ifx>0,y-0and xy<-1 REVISION CAPSULE - MATHEMATICS, ssi! x+sinty swt SSS ELMS I ES 9 | ani ei sw Steet |-a-sia"afimyF yin), it 15, <0 and xP sy? >t soos? x + cost y [oostay-Vineyey7 if-1smy stand xsy20 fv, it-tenysland x+y 50 neo "ay Viv stanine) . it-tesxst v2 2 2sinr'x= | x-sin@xVi-x?) , ifLexsi -n-sinQxVinw), if -1sx<— 2tan-tx= SS), itxca i) © Roots ofa Quadratic Equation : The roots of the quadratic equation are given by eacbtvbt dae 2a Nature of roots: In Quadratic equation ax?+bx-+¢=0. The term b?—4ac is called discriminant ofthe equation. tis denoted by A or D. (A) Suppose a,b,c Randa 0 © 1D>O > Rootsare Real and unequal Gi) 1fD=0 = Rootsare Real and equal and each equal 10 —bi2a ) HD<0 = Roots are imaginary and unequal or ‘complex conjugate. (B) Suppose a,b,c € Qanda 0 (i IED > Oand D is perfect square = Roots are unequal and Rational Gi 1FD> Oand D isnot perfect square = Rootsare irrational ‘and unequal. ‘QUADRATIC EQUATIONS, ‘AND INEQUALITES ‘Condition for Common Root(s) Letax’+bx += Oand dx’ ex +f=Ohavea common root, axsay), Condition for both the roots to be com a@et Ifp + iq (pand q being real is aroot of the quadratic equation, where j=VTT, then p ~ig is also a root of the quadratic equation. Every equation of degree (n 1) has exactly n roots and. ifthe equation has more than n roots, it isan identity © Exponential Form: Ifz =x + iyis a complex number then its exponential form is z= re where r is modulus and 0 is amplitude of complex number. OW 4 1+12 (214, +22 shere equality holds when arg(z,/7,)= 0 ie. z, and 7, are paral ° ° Gi [Iz 1-179 llsiz, 2a 5 here equality holds when Die. z, and, are parallel P=2(12,P+12)|2) COMPLEX NUMBERS arg(z/z,)=0ie Gi) |z,+2,P+]2,-2, O are(4z2) = 0, +0 = arg(z;) + arg(z2) ° arg(2) ~arg(2) © Foranyintegerk, i= 1, §*1 =i, i? =—1, 09 = © [2-2 + [2-7 |= 2. represents an ellipse if | 7,-7,| <2, having the points , and z,asits foci. And if 7, ~72 |=%, then z lies on a line segment connecting 7, and7,. © _Propertiesof Cube Roots of Uni wo @1+0 +0?=0 Gi) L+@" +02" =3 (ifnismultipleof3) (iy) 140" +02" 0 (ifnisnotamultiple of 3), The number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, where repetition is allowed, ism. © Selection of Objects with Repetition : The total number of selections of r things from n different things when each thing may be repeated any number of times sic. Selection from distinct objects: ‘The number of ways (or combinations) of n different things selecting at least one of them is *C, +"C, +*C,+.....+°C, 1. This can also be stated as the total number of com> bination of n different things Selection from identical objects : The number of ways to select some or all out oftp+q-+1) things where pare alike offirstkind, q arealike of second kind and rare alike of third kind is @*DQtDer)-1 Selection when both identical and distinct objects are reser Tout of p+ 9 +1~+1) things,p are alike one kind, q are alike of second kind, r are alike of third kind and tare different, ‘then the total number of combinations is (+ DKq* Die 1) 2-1 Circular permutations: (a) Arrangements round a circular table: ‘The number of circular permutations of n different things PERMUTA- TIONS AND ‘COMBINA- TIONS taken all at a time is fn — 1) |, if clockwise and anticlockwise orders are taken as different. REVISION CAPSULE - MATHEMATICS, (©) Arrangements of beads or flowers (all different) around. acireular necklace or garland: ‘The number of circular permutations of ‘n’ different things 1 taken all ata time is (01), ifclockwise and anticlockwise orders are taken to be some. Sum of numbers: (@) Forgiven n different digits a,a,,4, ...a, the sum ofthe digits in the unit place ofall numbers formed (if numbers are not repeated) is (a, tay tay + cha) (0-1)! () Sumof the total numbers which can be formed with given ndifferent digits, a, @tatat nals +a)(a-D! (111 ...times) © Greatest binomial coefficients: Ina binomial expansion binomial coefficients of the middle terms are called as greatest binomial coefficients BINOMIAL THEOREM (a) Irmiseven : When r= i.e."C,, takes Important Expansions : If|x|<1andn € Qbutn €N, then (@) (1+x))=1+mx+ MOD dB“EHD) rt “ 4 MM=D ,_nla=Iin=2 2 3 4 D yt Properties related to A.P.: (Common difference of AP is given by d=S,—28, where S, is sum of first too terms and S, is sum of first term, Ifforan APsum ofp termsisq, sum of qtr isp, then sum of(p+q) termis ora. (Gif) In an A.P.thesum of terms equidistant from the beginning and end is constant and equal to sum of first and las terms. (Gs) Tfterms ay, yyy yyy, FCM AP, then sum of these terms will be equal to (21+ 1)a,., Iffor an A.P. sum ofp terms is equal to sum of q terms then sum of (p+q) terms is zero SEQUENCE AND SERIES ) (4) Sum of n AMS inserted between a and b is equal to 0 times the single AM between a and bie. A, = nA herent? whereA= "> 2 ‘The geometric mean (GM) of any two positive numbers a and bis given by Jab ic. the sequence a, G bis GP, n GM's between two given numbers: If in between two: rnumbers'a' and’, we have toinsertn GM G, Gyno G, then a,,G, G,,bwill be in GP ‘The series consist of (n +2) terms and the last term is band. firstterm isa. Use of inequ: rogression : (@) Arithmetic Mean 2 Geometric Mean (b) Geometric Mean > Harmonie Mean A2G2H © Anacute angle (say 6) between lines and L, with slopes m, and m, is given by ma = Ma) hsm, #0 1+ mm, : © Threepoints A, Band Care collinear, ifand only ifslope of AB = slope of BC. ‘Theequation ofthe line having normal distance from origin isp andangle between normal and the positive x-axis is, is given by x cos.«+ysin =p. Co-ordinate of some particular points Let A(%,.¥), BOs.) and C(x,.¥5) are vertices of any triangle ABC, then Incentre : Co-ordinates of incentre ano = (# +x, +x ayy + bys Heys) atb+e ° atbte / wherea, b,c are the sides of triangle ABC Area ofa triangle: Let (x,y). y,)and (X.Y) respectively be the coordinates of the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC. Then the area of triangle ABC, is IH “I *% OY] Oo REVISION CAPSULE - MATHEMATICS, m of Tangency : Circle will touch the line = avi+m* © Pair of Tangents : Froma given point PC x,y,) two tangents PQ and PR can be drawn tothecircle S=x?+ ¥°+2ex+ 21+ c= 0. Their combined equation is SS, = © Condition of Orthogonalty : Ifthe angle ofintersection of | the two circle a right angle (0 = 90°) then such cirele are called Orthogonal circle and conditions for their orthogonality is 2g,¢, + 26,6, =¢, +c, © Tangent tothe parabola : Condition of Tangeney : Ifthe line y= mx + ¢ touches a parabola y?=4ax then ¢=a'm © Tangenttothe Ellipse: Condition of angency and point of contact : ‘The condition for the line y= mx +c to be a tangent to the v ene of the points of contact are | +" ‘Normal tothe ellipse i) Point Form : The equation of the normal to the ellipse x OM (ii) Parametric Form : The equation of the normal to the Lat the point (x,,9,)is ellipse 1 at the point (a cos6, b sind) is v ax seed — by cose =a ‘Tangent tothe hyperbola ‘Condition for tangency and points of contact : The condition for the line y = mx * ¢ to be a tangent to the hyperbola mm? band the coordinates of the Chord of contact: The equation of chord of contact of tangent drawn from a ea point P(x,.y;) tothe hyperbola >— >> = WL eb Equation of normal indifferent forms: Point Form : The equation ofthe normal tothe hyperbola where 2 x be x mare oe pE 7 atthepoint (x,y is oF |Q Slope Form : The equation of normal to THREE ‘DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY in terms ofslope © Conditions of Parallelism and Perpendicularity of Two Lines: Case-I : When de's of two lines AB and CD, say f,,,.1, and are known, AB)|CD& f= f,m,=mn, ABLCD 2 /,(,+mm,+n,n,=0 (Case-II: When drs of two lines ABand CD, saya,,b, ¢, and a,b, €, are known . ABI|CDe 4 ABLCD aa, +bb, +¢,¢, Iff,,m,,n, and é,, m,n, are the direction cosines of two lines; and 0 is the acute angle between the two lines; then cos 0=| Ff, +m,m, +n,ny| © Equation ofa line through a point (x, y,,z,) and having direction cosines /,m,n is ** = 78s = #4 © Shortest distance between 7 =a, +b, and F¥= 4, + pb, Let the wo lines be x=) _ y=By 2-11 4m om mt ‘These lines will coplanar if B2-By 4m oy — thy 6m ‘The plane containing the two lines is xa y-B) z-1y hom on ueuman tay ‘The equation of a plane through a point whose position vector is and perpendicular to the vector XY is. (@-a.N=0 REVISION CAPSULE - MATHEMATICS, © Vector equation of a plane that passes through the dy is intersection of planes 7. = d, and Faiz 1 +i) = d) + 2d), where dis any nonzero constant. © Twoplanes 7-3, +75, and T=a, +pby are coplanar if @-8)) +, xb,)=0 uw © Existence of Limit: im fexyexiss = 1. texy= Ti, f= 0 ‘Where #iscalled the limit ofthe function ° nbdofa, then lim fx) lim g) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS ( IfRx) < g) for every xin the deleted Gi) LEAs) < 6%) Contin Continuity => derivability Not derivibaility => discontinuous ; But discontinuity => Non derivability Differentiation of infinite series: @ If y= te) + JfO0+ FG) +... = y= \foty = =footy yf) dx 2y-1 Gorty= £6" tneny=£099. *» logy=ylog[fx)] 18 220 gene yar tq) Pe gy y'f'@) “dx TOO ylog OO] . pea cap tty F004 then fet dy __ yf) dx 2y-f@) © Interpretation of the Derivative : If Y= f(s) then, m= f* (a) is the slope of the tangent line to y=f(%) at Increasiny/Decreasing © IE" ()>0 forall x in an interval I then (6) is increasing on the interval L GFE" (%) <0 for all xin an interval I then f(x) is decreasing on the interval I. ) IEF" ()=0 forall x in an interval [then f(x) isconstant on the interval © _Testof Local Maxima and Minima— First Derivative Test-Letfbea differentiable fmction defined ‘nian open interval [and ¢ € Tbe anypoint. has local maxima oralocalminimaatx=,t"(€)=0, DIFFERENTIA- TION AND APPLICATION, rt 2-0 ands son BL be the roots ofthis 1 & changes sign fiom +e to -ve asx inreases through ¢, then the function attains a local max atx=e, 12 hangs itsign fom se ye noe through c, then the fimetion attains. local minimum at x= then x= ¢, isneither a point of local max" nor a point of local ‘min. In this case x isa point ofinflexion, REVISION CAPSULE - MATHEMATICS, © _ Rateofchange of variable: dy romana cea (2) soem ont dx Sy of change of y with respect to x atx dy _ dy/at Ix=9(Dandy=w(Q,then = Fg Thu: the rate of change of y with respect to x can be calculated by using the rate of change of y and that of x ‘each with respect (0 ax providedthat 20 © _Leneth of Sub-tangent by fli | Leng ofiangnt= Pf!" Gy) wy (& bfu(e © Equations of tangent and norm: tangent at P(,,¥,) fo the curve Length of normal = The equation of the xis vain ($4) o-ay ‘The equation of the normal at P(x,,y,) to thecurve y= f(x)is (x) © Twostandard forms ofintegral : Jer oo +P) dx=ef(x) +e INTEGRAL CALCULUS = Je* (foo + Feo] dx= fe foods+ Je Ponds £00) Jet renax+ fet 20) (ox ntegrting bypars) =e) +e @ _ Table shows the partial fractions corresponding to different ‘ppeoftatonl fictions 3] Formofrational | Formof partial No.| function fraction Pera ae (=a) " (x=b) po saxtr (x-ay’ (x-b) x pe saxte Bac “| (xa)? +bx +0) x? +bx+C a) J Fa dt=2'G0F(e00) = f’COFEOO) ty Ita series can be putin the form ea ¥ (5) oe SE 1 a a Leibnitznute: Gy () + then ts iit as n>00 1 is P00 dx Area between curves » y= f(x) = A= [upper function] ~[lower function] dx 4 and X=f(y)=> A= [[right function] ~[left function] dy Ifthe curves intersect then the area ofeach portion must be found individually. Symmetrical area : If the curve is symmetrical about a coordinate axis (ora line o origin), then we find the area of ‘one symmetrical portion and multiply it by the number of symmetrical portion to get the required area. © Probability of an event: For a finite sample space with equally likely outcomes Probability of an event is PROBABILITY a (A) =" (gy > Where m (A) = number of elements in the set A, n (S) = number of elements in the set S. © Theorem of otal probability : Let (E,.E,,..E,} beaparition ‘ofa sample space and suppose that each of Ey, E,,..E, has nonzero probability. Let A be any event associated with S, E,) PA|E))+PE)P(AIE,) +... PE) °o © Bayes’ theorem: _ E,areevents which constitute a partition of sample space S,i.¢.E,,E,,.. E, are pairwise disjoint and E, UE, U.. OE, = Sand Abe any event with nonzero probability then P(E) P(AIE,) DPE PALE at PUE;|A) © LetX bea random variable whose possible values x,,x,,%;, . X, occur with probabilities P, P> Ps. P, Fespectively. ‘The mean of X, denoted by 1, is thenumber 2.%:Pi ‘The mean of a random variable X is also called the expectation of X, denoted by E (X). REVISION CAPSULE - MATHEMATICS, ‘Trials ofa random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if they satisfy the following conditions (a) There should be a finite number of trials. (b) The trials should be independent. (c) Each trial has exactly two ‘outcomes : success or failure, (d) The probability of success remains the same in each trial ° For Binomial distribution B (np), PK=x)="C, qs nq © Properties of Transpose AT =A (iid AB= (IE =1e raya? i) (A Aga y cutaciatial Avsquare matrix A Symmetric Matrix symmetric matrix if a,=a, forall, jor AT=A Skew-Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A- skew-symmetric matrix if 4, =a, forall i, jorAT=—A Also every Square matrix A can be uniquely expressed as a sum ofa symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix. . [is “0 oo hoo 4x), a] is called Jiscalled Differentiation of a matrix : If A aA [PH ee) dx [nx) F'C0) © Properties of adjoint matrix: fA, B are square matrices of order n and I, is corresponding unit matrix, then @ Aad. A)=|A/1,= (adj AVA Gi) |adjA| = | AP" (Thus A (adj A) is lays scalar matix) Gi) adj(ad) )=|AP 2A Gi) |agjcad y= |A(” () ada =esiay™ (vi) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) (vii) adj (A™) = (adj A)",m © N (sip adj cA) =I "ad. A), eR @ adid=1, Properties of Inverse Matrix : Let Aand B aretwo invertible matrices of the same order, then. @ (ty =r Gi) (ABy'~BIAs Gi) (A= EN then diag (a, "a, a) (oii) A is symmetric matrix => Ais symmetric matrix, © Rank ofa Matrix: Anumberris said tobe the rankofa mxnmatrix Ait (a) Every square sub matrix of order (r+ 1) or mores singular and (b) There exists. at least one square submatrix of order r which is non-singular. Thus, the rank of matrix is the order of the highest order non-singular sub matt © _ Using Crammer'srule of determinant we get Ree aeae ve AL Bay ay a bexe ye Cased :1f a20 AL Then x= —'y aa :. The system is consistent and has unique solutions. Case Hit =0and @ fat least one of A, A.A, isnot zero then the system of equations a inconsistent ie. has no solution Gi) fd, =d,=4,=00rd,, 4,, A, are all zero then the system of equations has infinitely many solutions. © Given vectors xaryb+ye, VECTOR \ X24 +¥2b+726. xsatysb +756, where ALGEBRA }.E are non-coplanar vectors, will be yom a coplanar ifandonlyif|*2 ¥2 2] =0 wy 2 © Scalar triple product: G@) If F=ayi+ayj+agk, b= bi +by}+ byk and siteyi+esb then ray () [a bel coterminous edges are formed by 4, volume of the parallelopiped whose (© ,b,€ arecoplanar ifand only if fa 6 ¢| =0 (@ FourpointsA, B,C,D with postion vectors 4, 6, respectively are coplanar ifand only if [AB AC AD] -Qie. ifandonlyif (©) Volume of tetrahedron with three coterminous edges wee eee aba-4a 6 a] (0 Volume of prism on a triangular base with three coterminous edges i,b.6= 1a 6 él) REVISION CAPSULE - MATHEMATICS, © Lagrange’sidentity (axb).(exd) = © Reciprocal system of vectors : If 3,5, beany three non coplanar vectors so that [abé] #0 then the three vectors a’ 'e" defined by the a. arecalled [abe] the reciprocal system of vectors othe given vectors 4,6, ¢ © _Relatonbetween A.M, GM.and HLM. AM.2GM.2HM. Equality sign holds only when all the observations inthe series are same © _ Relationship between mean, mode and median: @ Insymmetrical distribution ‘Mean = Mode = Median i) Inskew (moderately symmetrical) distribution ‘Mode=3 median~2 mean ‘Mean deviation for ungrouped data Dixi-¥l _ZIxi-M/ MD.&)= MDM) ‘Mean deviation for grouped data Zils DAlx-3 MD.@)= MDA where N= Df ‘Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data Loi 9, = Yo ‘Variance and standard deviation of a discrete frequency distribution Dio -w, 0= EY hin ‘Variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency distribution 1S §05 9, = | ED Gx? CE fix: n an Coeflcient of variation (C:V;)= 2 «100, ¥ +0 For series with equal means, the series with lesser standard deviation is more consistent or less scattered. (© Methods of solving a first order first degree differential equation (a) Differential equation of the form DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS =f) f(x) = dy=f00 dx ax Integrating both sides we obtain Jey =J tendx +e ory= f f(aydx +e (op itferentat equation ofteform ® “far ) = 10) 8 = [00 a+e (x) ay) fs f(0) a (oitienia oqo attra = Fax sby+0) To solve this type of differential equations, we put 11 (#4) axtbyte=vand f=5(S-a) ev mre ew So solation isbyintegrating [2 — = fas (@) Differential Equation of homogeneous type : An equation in x and y is said to be homogeneous if it dy _ f(y) can be putin the form yyy yy Mere f(xy) andg (x.y) are both homogeneous functions of the same degree inx & y. So to solve the homogeneous differential equation ay fey) yay Begeeyy substitute y= vx and so vex a x __ dv ws vixtaryyo Thu & x Tew=v Therefore solution is J £ +e Fo Linear differential equations: wv Sipy= o & Where P and Q ate either constants or functions of x Multiplying both sides of (1) by ¢/PS*, we get

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