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UNIT 3
DATA TRANSMISSION
AND NETWORKING
MEDIA
1
Prepared by : Zuraiti Bt Che Amat

Outcomes 1
By the end of this lesson, student should be able to :
 Explain 7 basic concept of data transmission:
1. Analog VS digital signaling
2. Data Modulation
3. Simplex VS half-duplex VS full-duplex transmission
4. Multiplexing
5. Point to point VS Broadcast Transmission
6. Throughput VS Bandwidth
7. Baseband VS Broadband

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1. SIGNAL

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SIGNAL

Analog Digital

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ANALOG SIGNAL
 Continuous signal
 Examples of analog data is the human voice
 When somebody speaks, a continuous wave is created in the air
 This can captured by a microphone an converted to and analog
signal.
 Example waveform :

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DIGITAL SIGNAL
 Discrete signal.
 Examples of digital data is data stored in memory
of a computer in the form of 0s and 1s.
Digital signal is more reliable than any other signal.
Example waveform:

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Differences between analog &digital

signal
ANALOG SIGNAL DIGITAL SIGNAL

Continuous signal Discrete signal

Examples of analog data is the human voice Examples of digital data is the data stored in
(when somebody speaks, a continuous wave is memory of a computer in the form of 0s and
created in the air). 1s or on-off.

Cannot perform high-quality data transmission Noise and distortions have little effect, making
(very difficult to remove noise and wave high-quality data transmission
distortions during the transmission).
No security/encryption implemented in Able to encrypt all 1s and 0s during
analog cordless products (analog cordless transmission so your conversation is safe from
phone). eavesdroppers (digital cordless phone).

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2. DATA MODULATION

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2. DATA MODULATION
 Data modulation is a technology used to modify analog signals
to make them suitable for carrying data over a communication
path.
 used to issue multiple signals to the same communications
channel and prevent the signals from interfering with one
another.
 used to make a signal conform to a specific pathway, as in the
case of FM radio, in which the data must travel along a
particular frequency.
 In FM, the frequency of the carrier signal is modified by the
application of the data signal.
 In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified by the
application of the data signal. Prepared by : Zuraiti Bt Che Amat

How data modulation works?

 In modulation, a simple wave, called a carrier wave, is
combined with another analog signal to produce a unique
signal that gets transmitted from one node to another.
 The carrier wave has preset properties (including frequency, amplitude, and
phase).
 Its purpose is to help convey information; in other words, it’s only a
messenger.
 Another signal, known as the information or data wave, is
added to the carrier wave.
 When the information wave is added, it modifies one property of the carrier
wave (for example, the frequency, amplitude, or phase).
 The result is a new, blended signal that contains properties
of both the carrier wave and added data.
 When the signal reaches its destination, the receiver
separates the data from the carrier wave.
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DATA MODULATION

Figure above depicts an unaltered carrier wave, a data wave, and the
11 Network+ Guide to Networks, 4e
combined wave as modified through frequency modulation.Prepared by : Zuraiti Bt Che Amat

3. TRANSMISSION

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TRANSMISSION

Simplex Half- Full-

duplex Duplex

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Simplex
 Simplex transmission: allows data to travel only in a
single direction.

 Example of simplex transmission: television broadcast.

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Simplex (cont)
 Another example of simplex communication is a
football coach calling out orders to his team
through a megaphone.
 In this example, the coach’s voice is the signal,
and it travels in only one direction—away from
the megaphone’s mouthpiece and toward the
team.
 Simplex is sometimes called one-way, or
unidirectional, communication.

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Half- Duplex
 Half-duplex transmission: messages can move
in either direction , but only one way at a time
(walkie-talkie)

 Example of half-duplex transmission: walkie-talkie

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For example :
 intercom system that requires you to press a “talk” button
to allow your voice to be transmitted uses half-duplex
transmission.
 If you visit a friend’s apartment building, you press the
“talk” button to send your voice signals to his apartment.
 When your friend responds, he presses the “talk” button in
his apartment to send his voice signal in the opposite
direction over the wire to the speaker in the lobby where
you wait.
 If you press the “talk” button while he’s talking, you will
not be able to hear his voice transmission.
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Full-Duplex
 Full-duplex: signals free to travel in both directions
simultaneously.

 Example of full-duplex: telephone conversations.

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 Full-duplex may also be called bidirectional transmission

or, sometimes, simply duplex.
 When you call a friend on the telephone, your
connection is an example of a full-duplex transmission
because your voice signals can be transmitted to your
friend at the same time your friend’s voice signals are
transmitted in the opposite direction to you.
 In other words, both of you can talk and hear each other
simultaneously.

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4. MULTIPLEXING

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4. Transmission Direction: Multiplexing

 A form of transmission that allows multiple signals to
travel simultaneously over one medium is known as
multiplexing.
 To carry multiple signals, the medium’s channel is logically
separated into multiple smaller channels, or subchannels.
 For each type of multiplexing, a device that can combine
many signals on a channel, a multiplexer (mux), is
required at the transmitting end of the channel.
 At the receiving end, a demultiplexer (demux) separates
the combined signals and regenerates them in their original
form.
 Networks rely on multiplexing to increase the
amount of data that can be transmitted in a given
time span over a given bandwidth.
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 Multiplexing is sending multiple signals or streams of

information on a carrier at the same time in the form of a
single, complex signal and then recovering the separate signals
at the receiving end.
 In analog transmission, signals are commonly multiplexed using
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), in which the carrier
bandwidth is divided into subchannels of different frequency
widths, each carrying a signal at the same time in parallel.
 In digital transmission, signals are commonly multiplexed using
time-division multiplexing (TDM), in which the multiple
signals are carried over the same channel in alternating time
slots.
 In some optical fiber networks, multiple signals are carried
together as separate wavelengths of light in a multiplexed signal
using dense wavelength division multiplexing(DWDM).
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5. RELATIONSHIP

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5.Relationships Between Nodes

Figure 3-10: Point-to-point VS broadcast transmission

Network+ Guide to Networks, 4e
Prepared by : Zuraiti Bt Che Amat

Point to Point Transmission

• When a data transmission involves only one transmitter and
one receiver, it is considered a point-to-point transmission.
• The sender only transmits data that is intended to be used by
a specific receiver.
Broadcast transmission
• involves one transmitter and multiple, undefined receivers.
For example, a TV station indiscriminately transmitting a
signal from its tower to thousands of homes with TV antennas
uses broadcast transmission.
• A broadcast transmission sends data to any and all receivers,
without regard for which receiver can use it. Broadcast
transmissions are frequently used on both wired and wireless
networks because they are simple and quick.
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6. THROUGHPUT
VS
BANDWIDTH

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THROUGHPUT
• Throughput: measure of amount of data transmitted during
given time period
• Also called as capacity
• Expressed as a quantity of bits transmitted per second, with
prefixes used to designate different throughput amounts.
• For example, the prefix kilo combined with the word bit (as
in kilobit) indicates 1000 bits per second.

BANDWIDTH
• Bandwidth : difference between highest and lowest
frequencies that a medium can transmit
• Range of frequencies is directly related to throughput.
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NEW TOPIC HAS BEEN ADDED!!

 Explain the basic concept of data transmission
 Describe Transmission Media in network

Prepared by : Zuraiti Bt Che Amat

Outcomes 2
By the end of this lesson, student should be able to :
 Describe Transmission Media in network

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What is transmission media?

 The means through which data is transmitted and
received.
 Transmission media may be physical, such as wire
or cable, or atmospheric (wireless),such as radio
waves.

Pic 1 several examples of transmission media.

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Transmission Media

Guided Unguided

Twisted Coaxial Fiber Optic

Pair Cable Cable Cable
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Guided Media VS Unguided ?

Guided
 Signals are passed through a solid medium, different types of
cables/wires.
 As the path traversed by the signals is guided by the size, shape and
length of the wire, this type of media is called guided media.
 The signals are confined within the wire and do not propagate outside of
the wire/media.

Unguided
 Information is transmitted by sending electromagnetic signals through
free space and hence the name unguided media, as the signals are not
guided in any specific direction or inside any specific medium.
 All unguided media transmission are classified as wireless transmission.

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NEW TOPIC HAS BEEN ADDED!!

By the end of this subtopic, student should be able to :
 Explain the basic concept of data transmission
 Describe Transmission Media in network

Explain physical characteristics of

guided media

Prepared by : Zuraiti Bt Che Amat

Outcomes 3
By the end of this subtopic, student should be able to :
 Explain physical characteristics of guided media:
1. UTP
2. STP
3. Coaxial Cable
4. Fiber-Optic.

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Twisted Pair

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Twisted pair cables

 Twisted pair cable consists of color-coded pairs of
insulated copper wires, each with a diameter of
0.4 to 0.8 mm (approximately the diameter of a
straight pin).
 Every two wires are twisted around each other to
form pairs, and all the pairs are encased in a
plastic sheath, as shown in Figure 3-19.

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Why “Twisted” Pair?

 The more twists per foot in a pair of wires, the
more resistant the pair will be to cross talk.
 Higher-quality and more expensive twisted pair
cable contains more twists per foot because
twisting the wire pairs more tightly requires
more cable.
 The number of twists per meter or foot is known
as the twist ratio.
 However, a high twist ratio can result in greater
attenuation.
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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

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Characteristics Of UTP
•UTP cable is inexpensive, offers a high bandwidth, and is easy to
1 install.

2 •Used to connect workstations, hosts and network devices.

•It can come with many different numbers of pairs inside the jacket,
3 but the most common number of pairs is four.

• Each pair is identified by a specific color code.

4

• All Categories of data grade UTP cable are traditionally terminated

5 into an RJ-45 connector.
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Types of Twisted Pair :

1. Straight-through - Connects dissimilar devices, such as
a switch and a computer, or a switch and a router.
2. Crossover - Connects similar devices, such as two
switches or two computers.
3. Console (or Rollover) - Connects a computer to the
console port of a router or switch to do initial
configuration.
4. Serial cable - Used to connect the router to an
Internet connection. This Internet connection may be
to the phone company, the cable company, or a private
ISP.
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Activity 1 :

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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

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SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR

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Characteristics Of STP
•Consists of twisted wire pairs that are not only individually
1 insulated, but also surrounded by a shielding made of a metallic
substance such as foil.

•Some STP use a braided copper shielding. The shielding acts as a

barrier to external electromagnetic forces, thus preventing them
2 from affecting the signals traveling over the wire inside the
shielding.

•It also contains the electrical energy of the signals inside. The
3 shielding may be grounded to enhance its protective effects.

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Cont.
•There are electrical environments in which EMI and RFI are so
strong that shielding is a requirement to make communication
4 possible, such as in a noisy factory.

•Unfortunately both STP and ScTP are very expensive, not as

5 flexible, and have additional requirements due to the shielding
that make them difficult to work with.

• The effectiveness of STP’s shield depends on the level and type

of environmental noise, the thickness and material used for
the shield, the grounding mechanism, and the symmetry and
6 consistency of the shielding.
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Coaxial Cable

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Coaxial cable

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Characteristics Of Coaxial Cable

1 •Carries data in the form of electrical signals.

•Provides improved shielding compared to UTP, so has a lower signal-

2 to-noise ratio and can therefore carry more data.

•Often used to connect a TV set to the signal source, be it a cable TV

3 outlet, satellite TV, or conventional antenna.

• It is also used at NOCs to connect to the cable modem termination

4 system (CMTS) and to connect to some high-speed interfaces.

• Physically harder to install, more expensive, and harder to

5 troubleshoot.
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Coaxial cable

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Detail parts of coaxial cable

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Coaxial Cable

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Fiber Optic

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Characteristics Of Fiber Optic

•Contains one or several glass or plastic fibers at its center, or
1 core.

•Data is transmitted via pulsing light sent from a laser or an LED

2 through the central fibers.

•Surrounding the fibers is a layer of glass or plastic called

cladding. The cladding has a different density from the glass or
3
plastic in the strands. It reflects light back to the core in patterns
that vary depending on the transmission mode.

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Cont.
•This reflection allows the fiber to bend around corners without
4 diminishing the integrity of the light-based signal.

•Outside the cladding, a plastic buffer protects the cladding and

core. Because the buffer is opaque, it also absorbs any light that
5 might escape.

•To prevent the cable from stretching, and to protect the inner
core further, strands of Kevlar (a polymeric fiber) surround the
6 plastic buffer. Finally, a plastic sheath covers the strands of
Kevlar.
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Advantages
1. Immune to EMI
2. Suitable for installation in environments where
interference is a problem.
3. Support a large amount of bandwidth making
them ideally suited for high-speed data
backbones.
4. Fiber optic backbones are found in many
corporations and are also used to connect ISPs
on the Internet.
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 Each fiber optic circuit is actually two fiber

cables. One is used to transmit data (Tx) and the
other is used to receive data (Rx).

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Details part of Fiber Optic Cable

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Multimode Fiber (MMF)

• It is referred to as multimode because there are multiple rays of light,
each carrying data, being transmitted through the cable simultaneously.
1 Each ray of light takes a separate path through the multimode core.

• Of the two forms of fiber optic, multimode is the less expensive and
more widely used. The light source that produces the pulses of light is
2 usually an LED.

• Multimode fiber optical cables are generally suitable for links of up to

2000 meters.
3

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Single Mode Fiber (SMF)

• Single mode fiber optic cables are constructed in such a way that
light can follow only a single path through the fiber.

• The light source for single mode fiber optic cables is usually a LED
laser, which is significantly more expensive and intense than
ordinary LEDs. Due to the intensity of the LED laser, much higher
data rates and longer ranges can be obtained.

• Single mode fibers can transmit data for approximately 3000

meters and are used for backbone cabling including the
interconnection of various NOCs. Again, improvements in
technology are continually improving this distance.

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Activity 2 :
FO UTP
A company must provide network connectivity between
three buildings on a single campus. The cables must be run
outside and there is a high probability of lighting storms in
the area.
A company must provide network connectivity between
two buildings located 1 km apart.
A company must provide 100Mbps connectivity to users
located in their main office by running cables from the
central switch to the individual desktops. The maximum
distance from the switch to a workstation is 60 meters.
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NEW TOPIC HAS BEEN ADDED!!

By the end of this subtopic, student should be able to :
 Explain the basic concept of data transmission
 Describe Transmission Media in network
 Explain physical characteristics of guided media

Describe benefit and limitation of

different networking media

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Outcomes 4
By the end of this lesson, student should be able to :
 Describe benefit and limitation of different
networking media in terms of :
1. Throughput
2. Noise Immunity
3. Size and Scalability
4. Cost

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1.Throughput
• Probably most significant factor in choosing transmission
method
• Limited by signaling and multiplexing techniques used in given
transmission method
• Transmission methods using fiber-optic cables achieve faster
throughput than those using copper or wireless connections
• Noise and devices connected to transmission medium can limit
throughput

84 Network+ Guide to Networks, 4e

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UTP STP Fiber Optic Coaxial Cable

STP and UTP can both transmit data Fiber has proved reliable Each type of coax is suited to a
at 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, in transmitting data at different purpose. When discussing
and 10 Gbps, depending on the rates that can reach 100 the size of the conducting core in a
grade of cabling and the gigabits (or 100,000 coaxial cable, we refer to its
transmission method in use. megabits) per second per American Wire Gauge (AWG) size.
channel. The larger the AWG size, the
smaller the diameter of a piece of
wire. RG-6 coaxial cables are used,
for example, to deliver broadband
cable Internet service and cable TV,
particularly over long distances.

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2.Noise Immunity
• Some types of media are more susceptible to noise than others
– Fiber-optic cable least susceptible
• Install cabling away from powerful electromagnetic forces
– May need to use metal conduit to contain and protect cabling
• Possible to use antinoise algorithms

86 Network+ Guide to Networks, 4e

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UTP STP Fiber Optic Coaxial Cable

signals transmitted over Because of its shielding, Because fiber does not Because of its shielding,
UTP may be subject to STP is more noise conduct electrical most coaxial cable has a
filtering and balancing resistant than UTP. current to transmit high resistance to noise.
techniques to offset the signals, It can also carry signals
effects of noise. it is unaffected by EMI. farther than twisted pair
Its impressive noise cabling before
resistance is one reason amplification of the
why fiber can span signals becomes
such long distances necessary (although not
before it requires as far as fiber-optic
repeaters to regenerate cabling). On the other
its signal. hand, coaxial cable is
more expensive than
twisted pair cable
because it requires
significantly more raw
materials to
manufacture.
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3.Size and Scalability

• Three specifications determine size and scalability of
networking media:
– Maximum nodes per segment
• Depends on attenuation and latency
– Maximum segment length
• Depends on attenuation, latency, and segment type
• Populated segment contains end nodes
– Maximum network length
• Sum of network’s segment lengths

88 Network+ Guide to Networks, 4e

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UTP STP Fiber Optic Coaxial Cable

The maximum segment length Depending on the type of The maximum

for both STP and UTP is 100 m, fiber-optic cable used, segment length of 185
or 328 feet, on Ethernet segment lengths vary meters (or roughly
networks that support data rates from 150 to 40,000 200).
from 1 Mbps to 10 Gbps. meters. This limit is due
These accommodate a maximum primarily to optical loss,
of 1024 nodes. (However, or the degradation of the
attaching so many nodes to a light signal after it travels
segment is very impractical, as it a certain distance away
would slow traffic and make from its source.
management nearly
impossible.)

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4.Cost
• Many variables can influence final cost of implementing specific
type of media:
– Cost of installation
– Cost of new infrastructure versus reusing existing infrastructure
– Cost of maintenance and support
– Cost of a lower transmission rate affecting productivity
– Cost of obsolescence

90 Network+ Guide to Networks, 4e

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UTP STP Fiber Optic Coaxial Cable

Inexpensive. Typically, STP is Fiber-optic cable is The sheath, which
High-grade UTP, can more expensive than the most expensive protects the cable
be expensive too, UTP because it transmission from physical
however. contains more medium. Because of damage, may be
For example, Cat 6e materials and it has a its cost, most PVC or a more
costs more per foot lower demand. It also organizations find it expensive, fire-
than Cat 5 cabling requires grounding, impractical to run resistant plastic.
which fiber to every
can lead to more desktop.
expensive In addition, hiring
installation. skilled fiber cable
installers costs more
than hiring twisted
pair cable
installers.
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5.Connectors and Media Converters

• Connectors:pieces of hardware connecting wire to network
device
– Every networking medium requires specific kind of connector
• Media converter: hardware enabling networks or segments
running on different media to interconnect and exchange
signals
– Type of transceiver
• Device that transmits and receives signals

92 Network+ Guide to Networks, 4e

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UTP STP Fiber Optic Coaxial Cable

STP and UTP use RJ-45 With fiber cabling, you can F-type connectors attach to coaxial
(Registered Jack 45) modular use any of 10 different types cable so that the pin in the center of
connectors and of connectors. the connector is the conducting
data jacks, which look similar Most common connector core of the cable. Therefore, F-type
to analog telephone connectors types: connectors require that the cable
and jacks. However, telephone the ST (straight tip), SC contain a solid
connections follow the RJ-11 (subscriber connector or metal core. A BNC connector is
(Registered Jack 11) standard. standard connector), LC crimped, compressed, or twisted
(local connector), and MT- onto a coaxial cable. It connects to
RJ (mechanical transfer another BNC connector via a turning
registered jack). and locking mechanism.

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Activity 3 :

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EXERCISES

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1.

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3
 Match with the suitable answer.

EMI Uses a BNC connector

Coax Cable Used inside fiber optic cabling to reflect light.
ScTP Noise created by an electrical environment
Fiber-optic Circuit Uses two fibers : one to transmit, one to
receive
Cladding Expensive type of teisted-pair cabling
Cross Talk Signal from one cable interferes with another.

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4
What are 3 characteristics of UTP cabling? (Choose
Three)
Uses light to transmit data.
Susceptible to EMI and RFI
Commonly used between buildings
Easiest type of networking cable to install
Most commonly used type of networking cable
Commonly used for internet connectivity by a
cable TV provider

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