Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

ISSN: 0920-5071 (Print) 1569-3937 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tewa20

X-band Γ-shaped anisotropic metasurface-based

perfect cross-polarizer for RCS reduction

Priyanka Tiwari, Surya Kumar Pathak, Anitha V. p., Varsha Siju & Abhishek
Sinha

To cite this article: Priyanka Tiwari, Surya Kumar Pathak, Anitha V. p., Varsha Siju &
Abhishek Sinha (2020): X-band Γ-shaped anisotropic metasurface-based perfect cross-
polarizer for RCS reduction, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, DOI:
10.1080/09205071.2020.1759462

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2020.1759462

Published online: 13 May 2020.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 7

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tewa20
JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS
https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2020.1759462

X-band -shaped anisotropic metasurface-based perfect

cross-polarizer for RCS reduction

Priyanka Tiwaria,b , Surya Kumar Pathaka,b , Anitha V. P.a,b , Varsha Sijua,b and
Abhishek Sinhaa,b
a Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India; b Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In this paper, an X-band perfect cross-polarization convertor (CPC) Received 23 January 2020
that consists of -shaped metal patch imprinted on a metal-backed Accepted 14 April 2020
FR-4 dielectric substrate is designed, analyzed, and characterized. KEYWORDS
The unit cell dimensions of the developed structure are optimized Metasurface; anisotropy; RCS
to achieve more than 99.9% polarization conversion ratio (PCR) for reduction; cross polarizer
a frequency range of 8–12 GHz (X-band) at normal incidence angle.
The performance of device exhibits 80% PCR value as a function of
angle of incidence up to 40°. The analytical finding and experimental
characteristics of the designed structure agree well with the simu-
lated results. In addition, the developed device has been thoroughly
analyzed numerically for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction using
phase cancellation techniques which exhibits 10-dB mono-static RCS
reduction over a frequency band 7.7 GHz to 13.7 GHz. The developed
device is highly suitable for radar stealth applications.

1. Introduction
Planar metamaterials, also called metasurfaces, are 2D equivalent of bulk metamaterials
which are used to control and manipulate light, sound, and many other physical phe-
nomena [1]. Metasurface-based devices are the best alternative for traditional optical and
microwave devices where ultrathin, ultra-compact, and lightweight properties are required.
They have been used effectively to realize high-impedance surfaces [2], cloaks [3], lens
[4], absorbers [5], and surface plasmon-polariton couplers [6,7]. Polarization converters
have been designed using the anisotropic or chiral metasurface properties that control the
polarization state of electromagnetic waves [8,9].
Conventional polarization converter uses optical activity crystals or Faraday effects
which typically need long propagation distance for acquiring the phase accumulation and
it is impractical to implement it due to its bulky volume [10]. Hence, there is a need to
develop miniaturized polarization converters, which should be light and thin. Recently
many attempts have been made to develop metasurface-based miniaturized polarization
converters [11–22]. Usually polarization conversion is achieved either in transmission mode

CONTACT Priyanka Tiwari [email protected] Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India;
Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India

© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

2 P. TIWARI ET AL.

or in reflection mode. Transmission mode polarization convertor is generally used in polar-

ization beam splitters [23], while reflection mode polarization convertor is used in radar
cross-section (RCS) reduction [24]. Our studies evolve around designing a standard X-band
polarization convertor required for RCS reduction applications like radar stealth; therefore,
we focused on reflection mode polarization convertor. -shaped surfaces are used usu-
ally in transmission mode by various authors [25–27]. However, in reflection mode nobody
has achieved polarization conversion ratio (PCR) near unity with this -shaped surface
in X-band for radar stealth application. However, different other shapes have been used
in reflection mode polarization conversion. Feng obtained a PCR of 0.56 for a very small
bandwidth 2–3.5 GHz [14]. A PCR of 0.5 was achieved by Chen [15] in the frequency range
of 6.2–24.3 GHz and by Yin [20] in the frequency range of 6–23 GHz. For a bandwidth of
5–10.8 GHz, a PCR value of 0.5 was achieved by Khan [21]. In another recent study, Khan
[23] proposed a multifunctional CPC device having a linear to linear PCR value 0.95 within
8–11 GHz which does not cover complete X-band frequency. All these studies have limi-
tation either in terms of PCR values or in terms of the operating frequency regime. Also, to
the best of our knowledge, nobody has analyzed CPC for RCS reduction based on the phase
cancellation technique in detail using -shaped surface.
To overcome these limitations, for the first time, we have developed a wideband per-
fect cross-polarization convertor which produces a PCR value near to 1 for complete
X-band (8–12 GHz) frequency. As microwave instrumentation is band-specific, the devel-
oped device can be used as a standard component as CPC for RCS reduction experiments
in laboratory.
In this paper, Section 2 describes the design, simulated, and optimized results using
CST Microwave Studio, while Section 3 analyzes the theoretical formulation and calcula-
tions of the developed polarization convertor which explains the underlying physics of
polarization conversion device [10]. In Section 4, we have investigated the characteristics
of developed CPC as a function of varying oblique angle of incidence. The structure holds
its cross-polarization conversion characteristics up to an oblique angle of incidence of 40°
with a PCR value higher than 80% in the given frequency band. Section 5 is devoted for
experimental arrangements for characterizing the developed device. In Section 6, we have
arranged a unit cell of CPC in different quadrant orientations by keeping all the dimensions
intact in such a way that phase cancellation occurs after reflection in order to understand
the RCS reduction capability of the developed device.

2. Design and simulation results using CST MWS STUDIO

The unit cell geometry of the proposed wideband cross-polarization convertor metasur-
face is shown in Figure 1(a) along with the direction of electric field, magnetic field, and
wave propagation. In order to investigate the performance of the proposed design of
CPC, numerical simulation has been performed using frequency domain solver in CST
MICROWAVE STUDIO 2018. Here, to imitate infinite periodic array, Unit cell boundary condi-
tions have been used in x and y directions and open boundary conditions were used along
z direction. Metallic -shaped patch imprinted on a metal-backed FR-4 dielectric substrate
(εr = 4.3 and tanδ = 0.025) having a thickness of 3.2 mm. Both top metallic patch and bot-
tom ground plane are made up of copper having a thickness of 0.035 mm and conductivity
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 3

of 5.8 × 107 S/m. The optimized geometrical dimensions of unit cell, shown in Figure 1(a),
are a = 10.5 mm, l = 5.5 mm, d = 3.25 mm, and w = 1.2 mm.
Because of anisotropy in the unit cell, generally both x- and y-polarized components
will be present in reflected wave even if the incident wave is either x-polarized or y-
|E |
polarized. If the incident wave is y-polarized, then ryy = |Eyryi | represents y-to-y reflection
|Exr |
ratio known as co-polarized reflection and rxy = |Eyi | represents y-to-x reflection ratio called
2
rxy
cross-polarized reflection. For this case, we define PCR as PCR = 2 +r 2 ) . Simulated results
(rxy yy
of co-polarized reflection, cross-polarized reflection, and PCR for the proposed CPC, have
been shown in Figure 1(b–d). For a band of 8–12 GHz the PCR value is nearly unity, as seen
from the curve. For this frequency band, the incident y-polarized wave is completely con-
verted to the x-polarized wave. Figure 1(b) shows the co-polarized reflection ratio ryy of
less than −10 dB for a frequency range of 8−13.5 GHz. Similarly, Figure 1(c) suggests that a
strong and wideband cross-polarized reflection occurs for both x-polarized and y-polarized
incident waves under normal incidence. From Figure 1(d) it is evident that PCR is 99.9% in
the band of 8–13.5 GHz for both x-polarized and y-polarized incident waves.

3. Analytical characteristics of developed polarization convertor

To get the insight into the principle of polarization conversion, the proposed structure
can be modeled as anisotropic homogenous metasurface, with a thickness of t + tm with
dispersive relative permeability tensor μ̄ and a relative permittivity ε, on the top of metal-
backed dielectric substrate, as shown in Figure 1(a). The proposed unit cell is symmetric
about axis named v-axis which is 45° with respect to y direction. Therefore, considering u,
v, and z as orthogonal system, μuu, μvv, μzz are diagonal elements of tensor μ.
Considering normal incident y-polarized EM wave and decomposing Electric field vec-
−
→
tor Ei into two mutually independent u-component and v-component, which are equal in
magnitude. From Figure 2(a) we can represent incident electric field vector as [10]
Ei = Eyi ŷ = Eui û + Evi v̂ = Eyi cos(45◦ )(û + v̂) (1)
and reflected electric field vector as [10]
Er = Eur û + Evr v̂ = ru Eui û + rv Evi v̂ = Eyi cos(45◦ )(ru û + rv v̂) (2)
where ru and rv represent reflected coefficients for u-polarized and v-polarized incident
electric field vector, û and v̂ are unit vectors along u- and v-axis, respectively. Since the unit
cell structure is anisotropic, the reflections coefficients ru and rv are mutually independent.
Also, the dielectric losses are negligible because of the small loss tangent of dielectric sub-
strate. These will result in unit magnitude of ru and rv under no cross-polarized reflection
for u-polarized and v-polarized incident EM wave. Assuming ∅ as the phase difference
between ru and rv , co-polarized and cross-polarized reflections coefficient ryy and rxy can
be calculated as follows [10]
|Eyr | |E y ||Ex =0 
ryy = = = (1 + cos∅)/2 (3a)
|Eyi | |Eyi |

|Exr | |E x ||Ey =0 
rxy = = = (1 − cos∅)/2 (3b)
|Eyi | |Eyi |
 4
P. TIWARI ET AL.
Figure 1. (a) Front view of the proposed CPC metasurface unit cell with geometrical parameters as a = 10.5 mm, l = 5.5 mm, d = 3.25 mm and w = 1.2 mm, (b)
simulated co-polarized reflection response, (c) cross-polarized reflection response and (d) simulated PCR response.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 5

Figure 2. (a) Front view and (b) mirror Images of CPC unit cell with x- and y-axis denote the EM wave
incidence direction, while anisotropy is defined by u- and v-axes.

Therefore, for ∅ = ±180°, ryy = 0 and rxy = 1 from Equations (3a) and (3b), and using this
concept, a 90° polarization conversion can be achieved, as shown in Figure 2(a).
For validation of the above theory, plasmon resonance eigen mode of -shaped struc-
ture has been studied using numerical simulation in CST Microwave Studio 2018. We
know that Electric field components along v and u axis generate “symmetric” and “anti-
symmetric” modes, respectively in -shaped resonator [19]. Figure 1(b) shows co-polarized
reflection under normal incidence of y-polarized wave. It is evident from the figure that
there are five plasmon resonances eigen modes generated when a y-polarized incident
wave is launched. Now to further analyze the reason of these five resonances we consider
two separate cases under normal incidence.
In the first case we consider a u-polarized incident wave Eu and in the second case we
consider v-polarized incident wave Ev . Figure 3 shows two cases of co-polarization reflec-
tion under normal incidence. It is evident from the figure that there are total five dips for
two cases of co-polarization reflection. For u-polarized case as shown in Figure 3(a) three
eigen modes (i), (iii), and (v) are excited, similarly for v-polarized case two eigen modes (ii)
and (iv) are excited, as shown in Figure 3(b). For y-polarized incident wave both u- and
v-components are present simultaneously and therefore all five plasmon resonances are
excited. The phase of u-polarized (ruu ) and v-polarized (rvv ) incident wave is shown in Figure
3(c). Co-polarized and cross-polarized reflections coefficient ryy and rxy can be calculated by
putting phase difference(∅) between ruu and rvv , respectively, in Equation (3). Figure 3(d)
suggests that the calculated results and simulated results are in good agreement with each
other.
To further understand whether it is an electric resonance or magnetic resonance, we
analyzed the surface currents on -shaped resonator as well as on metallic ground plane.
For this, we launched a y-polarized incident wave and the surface current has been moni-
tored at all resonant frequencies viz. 7.64, 10.78, 13.931, 15.664, and 17.446 GHZ, as shown in
Figure 4. We know that if the direction of current on top metallic patch and bottom metallic
ground plate of dielectric is the same, then electric resonance is generated, while mag-
netic resonance is generated if the current is in opposite direction. As shown in Figure 4, for
u-polarized incident wave “anti-symmetric” modes are generated and for v-polarized inci-
dent wave “symmetric” modes are generated.
6 P. TIWARI ET AL.

Figure 3. (a) Three eigen-modes of -shaped CPC for u-polarized case, (b) two eigen-modes of
-shaped CPC for v-polarized case, (c) phase of u-polarized (ruu ) and v-polarized (rvv ) incident wave and
(d) comparison between calculated result from Equation (3) and simulated result.

For eigen modes (i) and (iv), induced surface currents on -shaped patch on the top
of dielectric are anti-parallel to those on metallic ground, which proves the existence of
magnetic resonance at these eigen modes as shown in Figure 4(a) and (e), respectively.
Whereas for other eigen modes (ii),(iii), and (v), as shown in Figure 4(b–d), induced surface
currents on -shaped patch on top of dielectric are parallel to those on metallic ground,
which confirms the occurrence of electric resonance at these eigen modes. Hence, five
resonances are excited from both electric and magnetic resonance. By changing the geo-
metrical parameters of -shaped patch, resonance frequencies can be changed. Therefore,
by optimizing the geometrical parameters wideband PCR can be achieved. It is interesting
to note that same structure can be used to convert x to y polarization reflection with the
same PCR.

4. Characteristics of developed CPC with varying oblique angle of incidence

We studied the performance of the proposed CPC structure under an oblique angle of
incidence, as shown in Figure 5. The angle of incidence was varied from 0° to 40° and corre-
sponding data were recorded. It has been found that proposed CPC maintains more than
0.9 PCR value up to an incidence angle of 30°. Even at 40°angle of incidence the proposed
CPC holds its cross-polarization conversion characteristics with PCR more than 80% in the
given frequency band.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 7

Figure 4. Induced surface current distribution on -shaped metallic patch and bottom metallic layer of
unit cell at five resonance frequencies for (a) eigen mode (i), (b) eigen mode (iii), (c) eigen mode (v), (d)
eigen mode (ii), (e) eigen mode (iv).

Figure 5. Response of (a) co-polarized reflection, (b) cross-polarized reflection and (c) PCR under the
variation of incident angle (θ ).

5. Experimental characteristics of developed CPC device

In order to validate the simulated results, we fabricated a sample of the proposed design of
CPC using PCB design techniques. As shown in Figure 6(a), the fabricated sample consists of
24 × 24-unit cell having an area of 252 mm × 252 mm. We measured the co-polarized and
cross-polarized reflections using two linearly polarized standard gain horn antennae and a
Keysight Microwave Vector Network Analyser N9926A. Measurement setup consists of two
8 P. TIWARI ET AL.

Figure 6. (a) Fabricated sample, (b) setup for the measurement of co-polarized reflection, (c) setup for
the measurement of cross-polarized reflection in the anechoic chamber, (d) simulated and Measured
result of co-polarized reflection and (e) simulated and measured result of cross-polarized reflection.

similar horn antennae of gain around 23 dBi, wherein one antenna is used as a transmitter
and the other is used to receive the transmitted radiation. The experimental
setup is shown in Figure 6(b,c). For normal incidence measurement, transmitter and
receiver should be separated by an angle of 6° in order to avoid cross-talk between them
and finite size limitation of the sample. For co-polarized reflection measurements, both the
transmitter and receiver horn antenna are kept in either TE or TM mode. For cross-polarized
reflection measurements, the transmitter is kept in either TE or TM mode, while the receiver
is kept in TM/TE mode, respectively. From Figure 6(d,e) one can clearly see that the simu-
lated and measured results of co-polarized reflection and cross-polarized reflection are in
good agreement. We obtain same 10 dB bandwidth of 8–12 GHz in simulation as well as in
measurement.

6. Application of the proposed CPC for wideband RCS reduction

In this section, we have tried to play with different geometrical orientations of -shaped
unit cells of the developed metasurface structure to understand its RCS reduction capabil-
ity. The originally developed CPC (configuration I) had 24 × 24-unit cell (252 mm × 252 mm)
in which -shaped unit cell was printed in the same orientations or arrangements, as shown
in Figure 7(a). Now we split the metasurface into four sub-metasurfaces and in each sub-
section, orientation of -shaped unit cell has been rotated by 90° clockwise, as shown in
Figure 7(b) (configuration II). In Figure 7(c) (configuration III), the original metasurfaces have
been further split into 9 sub-metasurfaces and again the unit cell has been rearranged in
90° rotation.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 9

Figure 7. Three different configurations of CPC unit cell. (a) Configuration I – cross-polarization con-
vertor (CPC), (b) configuration II – polarization convertor-based metasurface (PCM), (c) configuration III
–polarization convertor-based metasurface (PCM) version 2, (d) geometry of the proposed PCM and (e)
simulated monostatic RCS reduction under normal incidence for perfect electric conductor (PEC), CPC,
PCM and PCM version 2.

The RCS, σ , of a target can be written as [28]

|Es|2
σ = 4πlimR→∞ R2 (4)
|Ei|2

where Ei and Es are the electric field intensity of the incident and scattered waves at the tar-
get (in our case developed CPC metasurfaces), respectively; and R is the distance between
the target and the detection radar. Equation (4) is used to calculate RCS of different config-
urations of unit cell arrangements which results in a single metasurface, as shown in Figure
7(e), by using incident and reflected electric fields monitoring system in CST Microwave
Studio. For calibration purpose we have used perfect electric conductor (PEC) sheet of the
same size as developed metasurface which provides 100% reflection.
Figure 7(e) shows the simulated monostatic RCS values, as a function of frequency, of
developed CPC in different metasurface configurations, as described above, along with
perfect metal surface (PEC) of the same size to bring out the reduction values. In configura-
tion I, when y-polarized EM wave impinges on CPC, which exhibits anisotropy properties, as
discussed in Section 3 analytically, then its reflected component will be along x direction,
while its amplitude will remain almost constant. Therefore in this configuration (as shown
 10
P. TIWARI ET AL.
Figure 8. Scattering patterns of metal plate (PEC) and developed PCM at (a) 8.6 GHz, (b) 10.3 GHz, (c) 10.8 GHz and (d) 12.2 GHz.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 11

Figure 9. 3D RCS patterns of (a) metal plate and (b) designed PCM at 10.8 GHz under normal incidence.

by red line) of unit cell arrangement there will not be much RCS reduction as compared to
reference which is PEC as shown by a black line.
In configuration II, as shown in Figure 7(b) and described above, the unit cell has been
arranged in four orthogonal directions. In this scenario, unit cell and its mirror image will
have out-of-phase cross-polarization reflection with respect to each other and they will can-
cel out each other. Therefore, due to this kind of orthogonal arrangement of unit cell, RCS
gets reduced significantly (almost 10-dB down in X-Band) which is shown by a blue curve.
We also tried different configurations of a CPC unit cell, as shown in Figure 7(c), but the
proposed Configuration II has the best RCS reduction capability.
Figure 8 shows the scattering patterns of the metal plate and developed polarization
convertor-based metasurface (PCM) at (a) 8.6 GHz,(b) 10.3 GHz, (c) 10.8 GHz, (d) 12.2 GHz,
while Figure 9 demonstrates 3D scattering patterns of the metal plate and proposed PCM
at 10.8 GHz under normal incidence. It can be observed from the figure that as compared
to the metal plate (PEC) the proposed PCM has the ability to greatly suppress the main lobe
energy.

7. Conclusions
We have successfully developed -shaped anisotropic metasurface which exhibits wide-
band cross-polarization conversion characteristics with 99.9% PCR under normal incidence
and under an oblique angle of incidence it holds its cross-polarization conversion charac-
teristics up to 40° with PCR value more than 80% in complete X-band frequency spectrum.
These unique characteristics of the developed device make it a best candidate for applica-
tions where standard X-band polarization-controlled devices are needed. In addition, we
have arranged the unit cell of CPC in different quadrant arrangements by rotating the unit
cells to understand their effect on RCS reduction and reported a 10-dB mono-static RCS
reduction over a frequency band 7.7 GHz to 13.7 GHz which finds great potential to be used
in RCS reduction applications like radar stealth and antenna systems.

Acknowledgements
The authors thank Rajanbabu N, RF-Plasma Application Division (RPAD), IPR for providing experimen-
tal facility.
12 P. TIWARI ET AL.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes on contributors
Priyanka Tiwari received the MTech degree in Electronics and Communications from Malaviya
National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur in 2013 and BE degree in Electronics and Telecommu-
nications from Institute of Engineering and Technology(IET), DAVV, Indore in 2011. She is currently
pursuing PhD under the aegis of Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) at Institute for Plasma
Research, Gandhinagar, India. Her research interest focuses on design and realization of Metasurface
based devices for stealth application.
Surya Kumar Pathak did his PhD in Electromagnetics and Microwave Engineering from Depart-
ment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IIT, BHU, Varanasi, India. He joined Institute for
Plasma Research, Gandhinagar Gujarat as an engineering faculty, where his studies mainly evolved
around Teaching of Electromagnetics of Plasma and doing Microwave Engineering Instrumentations
and Developments. He has successfully developed a Millimeter wave Laboratory and various mea-
surement devices and systems such as Interferometers, Reflectometer, Radiometer and Fast Scan
Fourier-Transform Interferometer Systems from microwave to THz spectrum. He is actively involved
in teaching as well as academics programmes where he does research on EM wave propagation in
Bio-media, Plasma & Metamaterials, Microwave & Optical Waveguides and Antenna Engineering. He
has published more than 75 papers in various International Journals and holds one US patent. He is
senior member of IEEE Antenna and Propagation.
Anitha V. P. received her Master’s degree in Physics from IIT Madras, Chennai, India, and PhD degree
in physics from IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India, in 1995. She started her research career as an experimen-
talist in fundamental plasma physics and has contributed to the development of the Large Volume
Plasma Device (LVPD) and experiments on electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in plasma. She is
currently a Senior Scientific Officer with the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, India,
and is the Head of one of the Fundamental Plasma Research Sections. She is also a Recognized Aca-
demician with the Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, and Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad, India. Her current research interests include EM wave excitation/propagation in plasma
and wave–plasma interactions. In addition to her academic responsibilities, Anitha is also serving as
the Chief Vigilance Officer (CVO) of IPR.
Varsha Siju has received her MSc degree in Physics from Annamalai University, Annamalainagar,
India in 2008. She has joined the Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, India as a diagnosti-
cian in 2004. Since then she has been working on the design and development of various Microwave
plasma diagnostics like Interferometer, Reflectometer and Radiometer. Her present research interests
are working on receiver systems that can used for societal benefits, understanding the electromag-
netic wave propagation in plasma, and experimental characterization of materials used for different
microwave applications, and antenna measurements.
Abhishek Sinha received his BTech degree in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering with dis-
tinction from Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha in 2008. He received his MS (Engg) degree
in Fusion Science & Technology from Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai in 2019. Presently
he is working at Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar. His research interest include plasma
diagnostics, receiver systems, antennas, signal processing & high frequency measurements. In the
past he has served DRDO, Bangalore and worked on radar system & slotted array antenna. He also
acquired research experience on plasma temperature diagnostic at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy,
Abingdon, UK. He has authored multiple research papers & technical reports.

References
[1] Glybovski SB, Tretyakov SA, Belov PA, et al. Metasurfaces: from microwaves to visible. Phys Rep.
2016;634:1–72.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 13

[2] Contopanagos HF, Kyriazidou CA, Merrill WM, et al. Effective response functions for photonic
bandgap materials. J Opt Soc Am A. 1999;16(7):1682–1699.
[3] Chen PY, Alu A. Mantle cloaking using thin patterned metasurfaces. Phys Rev B. 2011;84:205110.
[4] Wan X, Jiang WX, Ma HF, et al. A broadband transformation-optics metasurface lens. Appl Phys
Lett. 2014;104:151601.
[5] Landy NI, Smith DR, Padilla WJ, et al. Perfect metamaterial absorber. Phys Rev Lett.
2008;100:207402.
[6] Wang JF, Qu SB, Ma H, et al. High-efficiency spoof plasmon polariton coupler mediated by
gradient metasurfaces. Appl Phys Lett. 2002;101:201104.
[7] Sun SL, He Q, Xiao SY, et al. Gradient-index meta-surfaces as a bridge linking propagating waves
and surface waves. Nat Mater. 2012;11:426.
[8] Hao JM, Yuan Y, Ran LX, et al. Manipulating electromagnetic wave polarizations by anisotropic
metamaterials. Phys Rev Lett. 2007;99:063908.
[9] Ye YQ, He SL. 90° polarization rotator using a bilayered chiral metamaterial with giant optical
activity. Appl Phys Lett. 2010;96:203501.
[10] Lin B, Wang B, Meng W, et al. Dual-band high-efficiency polarization converter using an
anisotropic metasurface. J Appl Phys. 2016;119:183103.
[11] Shi JH, Liu XC, Yu SW, et al. Dual-band asymmetric transmission of linear polarization in bilayered
chiral metamaterial. Appl Phys Lett. 2013;102:191905.
[12] Wei ZY, Cao Y, Fan YC, et al. Broadband polarization transformation via enhanced asymmet-
ric transmission through arrays of twisted complementary split-ring resonators. Appl Phys Lett.
2011;99(22):221907.
[13] Zhao Y, Belkin MA, Alu A. Twisted optical metamaterials for planarized ultrathin broadband
circular polarizers. Nat Commun. 2012;3:870.
[14] Feng MD, Wang JF, Ma H, et al. Broadband polarization rotator based on multi-order plasmon
resonances and high impedance surfaces. J Appl Phys. 2013;114:074508.
[15] Chen HY, Wang JF, Ma H, et al. Ultra-wideband polarization conversion metasurfaces based on
multiple plasmon resonances. J Appl Phys. 2014;115:154504.
[16] Zhang L, Zhou P, Lu H, et al. Ultra-thin reflective metamaterial polarization rotator based on
multiple plasmon resonances. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett. 2015;14:1157.
[17] Li Y, Zhang J, Qu S, et al. Achieving wide-band linear-to-circular polarization conversion using
ultra-thin bi-layered metasurfaces. J Appl Phys. 2015;117(4):044501.
[18] Zhang L, Zhou P, Chen H, et al. Broadband and wide-angle reflective polarization converter based
on metasurface at microwave frequencies. Appl Phys B. 2015;120(4):617–622.
[19] Yu NF, Genevet P, Kats MA, et al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws
of reflection and refraction. Science. 2011 Oct 21;334(6054):333–337.
[20] Yin JY, Wan Y, Zhang Q, et al. Ultra wideband polarization-selective conversions of electromag-
netic waves by metasurface under large-range incident angles. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):12476.
[21] Khan MI, Fraz Q, Tahir FA. Ultra-wideband cross polarization conversion metasurface insensitive
to incident angle. J Appl Phys. 2017;121(4):045103.
[22] Grady NK, Heyes JE, Chowdhury DR, et al. Terahertz metamaterials for linear polarization conver-
sion and anomalous refraction. Science. 2013;340(6138):1304–1307.
[23] Khan MI, Khalid Z, Tahir FA. Linear and circular-polarization conversion in X-band using
anisotropic metasurface. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):4552.
[24] Zheng Q, Guo C, Li H, et al. Broadband radar cross-section reduction using polarization conver-
sion metasurface. Int J Microw Wirel Technol. 2018;10(2):197–206.
[25] Sung J, Sukharev M, Hicks EM, et al. Nanoparticle spectroscopy: birefringence in two-dimensional
arrays of L-shaped silver nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C. 2008;112(9):3252–3260.
[26] Li T, Liu H, Wang SM, et al. Manipulating optical rotation in extraordinary transmission by hybrid
plasmonic excitations. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;93(2):021110.
[27] Liao YL, Zhao Y, Lu HP. A near-transparent 90° polarization rotator with an array of L-shaped holes
inside a glass cube. Mod Phys Lett B. 2016;30(20):1650259–792.
[28] Knott EF, Tuley MT, Shaeffer JF. Radar cross section. 2nd ed. Raleigh (NC): SciTech Publishing;
2004.