.~ ..

r:;;;..,:..-.;.:....--::=."'-.:.c,=~.
, __._.-
- '~
'H""O:==_O~"" -
-'.e-.
,-

4 Aids in selecting pipe, valves and fittings / 2

is also made by welding a spiral seam produced by the usual tabulation. Competent engineers who spe-
forming continuous steel skelp into circular shape. cialize in corrosion problems should be consulted for
recommendations whenever corrosive fluids are being
handled.
Common Materials and Sizes
After the possible choices that possess the necessary
Although approximately 260 different metallic ma- resistance to corrosion are known, the final selection of
terials are listed in the piping code, only about 40 are material can be made on the basis of temperature, pres-
readily obtainable. Others require special orders. The sure, and costo Figure 2.7 and Table 2.2 are helpful for
most commonly used are shown in the cost comparison this purpose. Figure 2.7 shows the relative price for
Fig. 2.7 on page 13. pipe, flanges, and fittings for various piping materials.
Table 2.1 gives a summary of common size practices. The ability of the pipe to withstand the anticipated
operating pressure and temperature varies with ma-
Selecting Pipe terials and is particularly marked at higher tempera-
tures. This variation is directly related to the allowable
The major variables in pipe selection are temperature, stress ("S") specified by the American Standards As-
pressure, corrosive influences, a.~d cost. The corrosion sociation Code (see Table 3.3} Thus a true measure of
Eroblem is complex and canrrofbe resolved by reference relative economy is the allowable stress at each tempera-
to some handy tables or charts presumably designed for -< ture divided by the relative- costo The index obtained
rapid selection of the correct material. The corrosion is essentially the amount of "S" you purchase for a dol-
resistance of materials often varies radically with changes lar. Other factors, such as corrosion resistance and
in conditions such as temperature and degree of turbu- availability, being equal, one selects the pipe among the
lence, and these conditions can never be anticipated in choices having the highest "S" per dollar rating. Table
2.2 presents these indecies for a number of common
piping materials. Tabulations such as these and Fig. 2.7
should be checked periodically and correctcd for signifi-
cant price changes.

NON-METALLlC PIPE AND TUBING

Tables 2.3, 2.4, and Fig. 2.8 (pages 14 to 16) compare

various plastic materials, glass, and graphite with well-
known metal piping, and should aid the designer in ori-
enting his thinking when dealing with these newer ma-
terials. In addition, a few cautious generalizations may
prove helpful.
1. In the low temperature and pressure range where
plastic pipe is applicable it has the advantages of light
weight, low installation cost, low first cost compared to
corrosion-resistant metal alloys, and good resistance to
many corrosive chemicals.
2. Major types of plasticpipe are shown in Table 2.3.
These plastics have varying degrees of resistance to at-
tack by acids, alkalis, and organic compounds. Fluoro-
carbon plastics are the most resistant to all types of
attack. In general it may be said that plastics supple-
FIG.2.1. Butt-welded pipe manufacture. Skelp (steel platel of proper
ment metals in the range where metals are most strongly
size and with beveled edges is heated to welding temperature (approxi- attacked. Dilute acids, for example, do not attack most
mately 2600'F) and drawn by tongs through funnel-shaped dies. The plastics but strongly attack metals. In contrast, strong
dies force the beveled edges to meet squarely and become welded. This acids and alkalis harm plastics but do not affect many
operation is followed by a series of rolling operations which compress and
metals. Organic compounds such as petroleum products,
elongate the pipe to uniform outside diameter. Continuous milis employ
continuous strips of skelp and operate at 300 to 500 ft/min. Range of aromatics, and chlorinated hydrocarbons are also
pipe sizesproduced: to 4 in. '1"
readily handled in metallic piping, but not in all plastics.
r-

Rolling
Hot-pierced billel is reduced
lo desired Ihickness ond
increased in length. Two or

Convenliona I Mandrel
Ihree passes ore· required lo
produce desired shope.
-+.
process

===========lD ~

~~
..
+-
Reeling
Piercing
Wall is braughl ta unilarm
Hot billel is pierced thickness and lube is
in roll-type mi 11. rounded up and given smooth
(Only bes! qualily surlace.
sleel can be used.)
For tubes
14" to 2611
(Reheated
alter leaving
rolling milI.)

::l
ID
'-'
o
o.

o"
'"

"
.s
Sizing

eo
Rehealed tubes pass Ihrough
sizing or lini shing rolls
'-'
which produce required
ID
,. accurale diamelers.
ID
Z

Continuous Process
1
Bar is inserled inlo pierced Final Sleps
shell, and Ihey move logelher When tubes are cooled, they
Ihrough a nine-strand special are senl lo a slraighlening
rolling mili which tokes Ihe Rolary Rolling machine, lollowed by
place 01 rolling, reeling Larger size lube 01 removal 01 removai 01 rough ends
ond sizing. Ihinner wall is oblained. and Ihen lesting.

FIG. 2.2. Seamless pipe and tube manufacture (maxium size 26"). (Drawings reproduced by per-
mission ofNational Tube Division, United States Steel Corporation.)

U1
~'"

Cross section of strip

at various stages of
forming operation

Pressure ro 11

FIG. 2.3. Manufacture of electric resistance-welded pipe and tubing. ing weld. Metal flash from the self-welding is removed in subsequent
Used for sizes4 in. OD and under. Flat steel plate ofrequired width is finishing. (Reproduced by permission ofNational Tube Division, United
shaped cold on six to nine pairs of forming rolls. Resistance to flow of States Steel Corporation.)
electric current across seam heats edges which are forced together, form-

Glass
pod

Stem

Liner

Container

(a)

Hot bíllet
Die holder.
Mondrel
FIG. 2.4. Extrusion process for seamless steel pipe and tubing. This
process is particularly adaptable for heavy-wall pipe and hard-to-pierce
alloys. (a) The hot billet is covered with molten glass for lubrication as
it enters extruder. A mandrel, also covered with glass,advances through
the billet. (b) The extrusion stem forces pierced billet against glass pad
and through the die. (Reproduced by permission of National Tube
Division, United States Steel Corporation.) (b)
 7

DiE POSITION - START OF STROKE DIE POSITION - END OF STROKE

DIE MOVES LATERALLY To RIGHT

ROTATlNG As INDICATED.

TAPERED GROOVE IN DIE.

MATCHED GROOVES IN PAIR OF
DIES FORM CONVERGING PASS
As DIES ROTATE AND MOVE
LATERALLY.

PATH OF DIE GROOVE DOTTED

WHEN NOT IN CONTACT WITH TUBE

" IRONING 5ECTION oF DIE (CONSTANT

\\ DIAMETER ESTABLlSHES D.n.)
TUBE FED INWARD IN SMALL
INCREMENTS BEFORE EACH

WORKING STROKE (WHEN DIES

IN POSITION SHOWN AY LEFT)

TUBE ROTATED ApPROXIMATELY

60° AFTER EACH WORKING STROKE

(WHEN DiES IN POSITION SHOWN

AT RIGHT)

DIE POSITlON - START OF STROKE DIE POSITlON - END OF 5TROKE

FIG. 2.5. Tube reducing by Rockrite process. A large reduction is made in a single pass. (Repro-
duced by permission ofNational Tube Division, United States Steel Corporation.)

TU BE GRIPPED 'AT
END AND PU LLED
CoLD DRAW BENCH THROUGH DIE
REDUCING DIE

CO LD DRAWING PROCE55

FIG. 2.6. Cold-drawing process. This process is used for producing ing and are final-annealed or heat-treated after the last pass.
pipe and tubing smaller than ¡'VI6 in. OD or walls thinner than 0.083 (Reproduced. by permission of National Tube Division, United States
in. and also for sizes requiring close tolerances and superior surface. Steel Corporation.)
Tubes are annealed, pickled, washed, and lubricated between each draw-
r

8 Aidsin selecting pipe, valves and fittings / 2

Many plastics al so deteriora te gradually when constantly the appearance and function of val ves and fittings.
exposed to sunlight. Manufacturers' recommendations There are, however, so many different types of val ves
and plant experience should be used as guides in select- and fittings that a reader is often bewildered when
ing plastic piping. attempting to evaluate each type objectively. What
3. Plastics can be used in high-pressure low-tempera- features should be compared? What are the advantages
ture service as liners for steel pipe. and disadvantages? The purpose of the tables and
4. Synthetic rubbers of various types have good resist- figures given on the remaining pages of this chapter
ance to organics and are frequently used as steel pipe is to aid in answering these questions in an unbiased
liners or as hose or pipe at low pressures. manner.
5. Glass resists attack of more acids and acidic ma- Designers should always be receptive to new develop-
terial than any other pipe. It cannot, however, be used ments. Large operating companies have planned pro-
for hydrofluoric aCld, fluoride containing phosphoric grams for testing new designs of val ves and other piping
acid, or alkaline solutions over 100°F. For most other materials. Such a practice assures that the dependable
materials glass is useable up to 4500P and has the ad- new developments are used as soon as feasible.
vantage of easy visibility of flowing contents which may
be necessary in some processes. (See Table 3.12 for
more data.)
SELECTING FOR ECONOMY

VALVES AND FITTINGS As the process industries inevitably be come more

competitive, economy in design of a plant is an absolute
In compiling the following tables and figures it was necessity. Because of the large proportion of plant costs
assumed that the reader is familiar in a general way with attributable to piping, the piping designer plays a key

TABLE 2.1
PIPE AND TUBING SIZE PRACTICES

PIPE
(See ASA Standard pipe sizes in Table 3.2, page 48.)

Sizes Thicknesses
Process Plant Practice
with carbon steel Ya,11,4, 21/2,31/2,and 5" pipe not commonly used Schedule 40,80,160 standard, extra strong and
double extra strong are common thicknesses.
with stainless steel Va,11,4,21/2,31/2,and 5" pipe not commonly used Schedule 5,10, and 40 most common (Schedule
80 also produced).
Manufacturer's Practice Pipe manufacturers produce and sell pipe in The following schedule numbers are not cur-
tonnage lots and will make any size within their rently supplied by the milis except in certain
capabilities. Smalllots must be purchased from minimum tonnages.
jobbers, and their stock is most likely to reflect Schedule 60 in 12" and 14"
common practice. Jobbers publish stock lists Schedule 80 in 18" and 24"
regularly to aid in selecting available pipe. Schedule 100 in 10",20" and 24"
Schedule 120 in 14", 18",20" and 24"
Schedule 140 in 10", 12", 14", 16", 18",20"
and 24"
Schedule 160 in 14", 16", 18", 20" and 24"
TUBING
The following tables gives typical tubing sizes and manufacturing capabilities for stainless steel.
Large quantities of tubing should be procured directly fram milis. Any desired thickness within the
limitations of the mili can be produced without penalty. Common outside diameters in inches are:
1,4,Va,'lÍ6, 1/2,%, %, Va, 11/a, 11,4,1Va,11/2, 1%, 1Va, 2 (larger sizes are also produced).

Smalllots of tllbing must be purchased from jobbers whose stocks reflect the tubing sizes and thick-
nesses commonly used in the area. Request jobber's stock lists.
 Metallic pipe and tubing 13.

Pipe ASTM Cost

Pipe Material Sched. Spec. Ratio 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10
Carbon steel, welded 40 A-53 0.94
Carbon steel, seamless 40 A-53 1.00
I _Pipe1 I I I
I
Legend ~ Fittings & flanges I
Carbon steel, seamless 40 A-106 1.03 i
c:=:=J Shop' fabri~ation
Wrought iron 40 A-72 1.84 I

Albtminum 3003 or 6063 40 8-241 I ¡

2.08
Aluminum 6061 40 8-241 2.24
85 red brass 40 8-43 4.06
Copper 40 8-42 4.19
70-30 cupro-nickel
Nickel steel
Stainless steel, Type 304, welded
40
40
10
8-165
A-333
A-312
6.06
2.31
3.33
-: =::J
304, seamless 10 A-312 3.47 ~
304L, welded 10 A-312 3.44 I
304L, seamless 10 A-312 3.86
T
r:r
321, welded 10 A-312 3.88
321, seamless 10 A-312 3.94
347, welded 10 A-312 4.37
347, seamless 10 A-312 4.19
316, welded 10 A-312 4.38
316, seamless 10 A-312 4.76
316L, welded 10 A-312 4.66
316L, seamless 10 A-312 5.27
304, welded 40 A-312 4.60
40 A-312 i
304, seamless 4.78
304L, welded 40 A-312 5.20
304L, seamless 40 A-312 5.38
321, welded 40 A-312 5.32
321, seamless 40 A-312 5.49
347, welded 40 A-312 5.71
347, seamless 40 A-312 5.90
316, welded 40 A-312 6.49
316, seamless 40 A-312 6.79
316L, welded 40 A 312 6.92
316L, seamless 40 A-312 7.57
Carpenter 20 10 7.88 i
Monel 10 8-165 4.99
Nickel 10 8-161 5.68
Inconel 10 8-167 6.66
Monel 40 8-165 6.89
Nickel 40 8-161 8.01
Inconel 40 8-167 9.63
Carbon-moly 40 A-335 P-1 3.11
Chrome-moly, ~ Cr-~ Mo 40 A-335 P-2 3.25
Chrome-moly, 1 Cr-~ Mo 40 A-335 P-12 3.29 I
Chrome-moly, 174 Cr-~ Mo 40 A-335 P-11 3.43
Chrome-moly, 1~ Cr-% Mo 40 A-335 P-3 3.64
Chrome-moly, 2 Cr-~ Mo 40 A-335 P-3b 3.72
Chrome-moly, 274 Cr-1 Mo 40 A-335 P-22 3.92
Chrome-moly,3 Cr-1 Mo 40 A-335 P-21 4.09
Chrome-moly, 5 Cr-~ Mo 40 A-335 P-5 4.07
Chrome-moly, 5 Cr-~ Mo, Si 40 A-335 P-5b 4.18 I
Chrome-moly, 5 Cr-~ Mo, Ti 40 A-335 P-5c 4.45 :r
Chrome-moly, 5 Cr-~ Mo, Cb 40 A-335 P-5c 6.42 T
FIG. 2.7. Cost ratios for shop-fabricated metallic pipe. Basis: 100 ft of accordance with ASA Code. [Reproduced by permission from atto
3 in. pipe, ten 3-in. weld ells, one 3-in. weld tee, four 3-in. weld neck Mendel, Chemical Engineering, 68, No. 5,190 (1961).]
f1anges, and twenty-four 3-in. butt welds. Heat treatment done in
16 Aids in selecting pipe, val ves and fittings / 2

Cost
Pipe Material Connection Ratio 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

Carbon Steel (C. S.), A-53, seamless

Carbon steel, A-53, welded, galvanized
Wrought
Unplasticized
iron, galvanized
polyvinyl chloride
-
Welded
. Legend
Screwed
Screwed
Sock. weld
1.00
0.84
1.61
1.79
:L
••
~Fittings
Pi~e ~ II & IIflanges
I I I

Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride Screwed 2.09

I
ABS copolymer (acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene) Screwed 1.83
Styrene copolymer Screwed 2.31
Acrylon itrile-butad iene Screwed 4.54
Epoxy resin, glass reinforr.ed Flanged 3.26
Furane resin, glass reinforced Flanged 3.74
Phenolic resin, asbestos reinforced Flanged 5.08
Furane resin, asbestos reinforced Flanged 5.08
Carbon steel, lead lined Flanged 4.11
Carbon steel, PVC lined Flanged 4.76
C.S., polyvinylidene-chloride lined Flanged 4.83 ,.
Carbon steel, rubber lined Flanged 4.99
Carbon steel, chlorinated-polyether lined Flanged 9.84
Carbon steel, glass lined Flanged 13.72
Carbon steel, TFE-fluorocarbon lined Flanged 14.69
Carbon steel, phenolic-resin coated Flanged 2.83
Cast iron, class 150 Flanged 2.03
Silicon iron Flanged 7.47
Porcelain Flanged 3.71
Glass (armored) Flanged 5.36
Graphite (impervious) Flanged 9.06

FIG. 2.8. Cost ratios for representative non-metallic pipe. Basis: 3-in. ells, one 3-in. tee, four 3-in. flanges. Valves are not inc1uded.
Flanged-lOO ft of3-in. pipe, ten 3-in. flanged ells, one 3-in. flanged tee, [Reproduced by permission from atto Mendel, Chemical Engineering, 68,
ten pairs of 3-in. flanges. Screwed or welded-IOO ft of 3-in. pipe, ten No. 5, 190 (1961).]
 26 Aids in selecting pipe, valves and fittings / 2

/ /

(o) Handwheel remains statianary (b) Handwheel rises with stem

Rising stem-aulside serew and yake (O S S. Y)

. I il
, ,
1" !

(e) Rising stem Inside serew (d) Non-rising stem Inside serew

FIG.2.13. Camparisan af stem types far gate, grabe, and angle valves. most eommon stem eonstruetion in val ves 2 in. and smaller. It is used
Valves (a) and (b) are recommended for sizes 2\-2 in. and larger by the in proeess plants for f1uids whieh will not damage the thread, sueh as
ASA "Code for Pressure Piping." They are eommonly used for sizes 2 hydroearbons, steam, and water. In (d) the stem does not rise; instead
to 3 in. and larger in proeess plants. Position of stem indieates degree of the dise rises on the stem. Good when clearanee for valve is restrieted.
valve opening. Sinee threaded portion is never in eontaet with fluid Not generally used in proeess plants. Most manufaeturers do not offer
f1owing, it is not subjeet to eorrosion or erosion. Threads are readily this arrangement in steel valves for proeess serviee.
lubrieated. Used in all sizes for severe serviees. Rising stem (e) is the
ValVilS ~7

(a) SOLIO WEDGE (b) DOUBLE DISC

Simplest and most common type. Good fatigue resist-

Charaeteristies: Used for moderate temperatures and eommon only in
Charaeteristies:
ance and no trapping of f1uidin bonnet. Can be installed in any position iron and bronze valves of all sizes.
without jamming. Deseription: Discs with parallel faces are foreed against the seats by a
DeseriPtion: Solid wedge of one-piece construction. The wedge is spreader. A double-wedge disc type (not shown) employs a tapered
accurately maehined on eaeh faee and slotted to reeeive the "T" head of seat and thus does not require a separate spreader.
the stem. Some manufacturers offer either T-slot or hinged eonneetion
for the stem.

FIG. 2.14. Dise variations in gate valves.

Specially designed miseellanous discs are offered by various manu- dise of eone shape for eorrosive serviee and a flexible dise which offers
faeturers for unusual serviee eonditions. These designs include a plug good operability at high pressures and in large valves.

(o) (b) (e)

FIG.2.15. Dise variations in globe valves.

(a) PLUG-TYPE (e) COMPOSITION-TYPE

Wide bearing surfaee with long taper resists erosion and provides Dise is eomposed of a holder, composition dise, and nut. The dises
exeellent f10weharaeteristies for throttling serviee. are made of various eompositions of laminated asbestos or resins. Dises
(b) CONVENTIONAL-TYPE are seleeted for the material f10wingthrough the valve. This valve is
Taper not as great and seating surface eontact less than on plug-type. used at moderate pressures and temperatures and is eonstrueted of brass
Not so good for throttling, but provides tighter shtlt-offbeeause ofnarrow or iron. It is not good for throttling.
bearing surfaee. It is effeetive even when deposits form on seat.
 \

Gaskets 33
\
\

TABLE 2.10
\
COMMON GASKET TYPES
[Gasket drawings reprodueed by permission: Tube Turns Division, Chemetron Corporation (Copyright 1958)]

3.75I in.3700
18000
5.5
7600
Serrated 0-1100
Use
y* Re-
thk) limit m*2.75 lVery
I 0.5-1.75 Reeommended
Serrated
I Flange smooth (for \!¡ 6
I
mum
ket
thanlimit
inflat 750'F
temperature
proeess
metal plants
gasketsuse
Most eommon flat gas-
Surfaee Deseription
Finish plaeing300flat
Applieation itself
whiehever
to metal
400'F
metal
flanges
Good
will
surfaees.
effieient
and
gaskets
(see gasket
and
Satisfaetory
Requires for
withstand
isman
joint.
produces
Tablefor
less
lower
2.11).
ormore
rough
for
yflange
uses.
maxi-
bolt
glass-lined load
\
Up to 250'F

\
Flat Ring I Paper, cloth, and rubber.
Compressed asbestos. \

c __ \
Woven asbestos. \
Flat Non-Metallie Gasket

Many metals-
Seleetion made to suit
serviee (see Table 2.11).

Flat Metallie Gasket

Flat metal gaskets with

eoneen trie grooves
maehined into faces.

Serrated Gasket

te
ues.tabu\at~on.
For use up to 850'F.
Laminated 7jpe

k~ eushioned
stainless steels, low
strip carbon
monel,
niekel, with
spirally
and
eorrugations.
preformed steel,
wound.
eopper.
metal,
Corrugated metal with
Jaeketed Type
severe
asbestos
SUTeexpands
Metal
most serviee
tions.
Not
3.75
3.0
18000
5.5
4500
7600
2900
Smooth
2.5
For
Very
ehemieals.
common.
sueh
Good
sealing.
Require
creates
to as
Preferred
for
IOctagonal
jaeketed
1 eondi-
for
ring
eompresshot
a
I
Internal
use
smooth
severe
and
less
hot
up
oil
degree
Very smooth I
bolt
than
r:
Most
to
to
andof
for
I oi!.
pres-
ringI
850°F
850°F,
asbestos.
serviee
load
self-
solid
Data
II
I
mendations.
See
III I Very
for Table
metallic
gasket.
effieient
temperature
but
psi.
and
pressure
more
temperature 2.11
and
smooth
not
highexeeeding
joints.
effieient See
for
gaskets
for
high are
eostly
recom-
pressure. Table
600
high 3.36iron
for soft for or steel.

Metal Corrugated
rings eommonly metal, J m,""" ••"" ""' '" ••,

Spiral Wound Type

Corrugated 7jpe

Asbestos Filled Type

Asbestos Inserted Type

RingJoint

Oetagonal Type

Oval Type