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Quiz 2 - Abstract Algebra

The document discusses properties of binary operations including closure, commutativity, associativity, and identities. It provides proofs that multiplication of integers is closed, commutative and has an identity element of 0, but gives a counterexample showing it is not associative. It also considers whether other operations define binary operations on sets and solves examples involving binary operation tables.

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20 views6 pages

Quiz 2 - Abstract Algebra

The document discusses properties of binary operations including closure, commutativity, associativity, and identities. It provides proofs that multiplication of integers is closed, commutative and has an identity element of 0, but gives a counterexample showing it is not associative. It also considers whether other operations define binary operations on sets and solves examples involving binary operation tables.

Uploaded by

ACCESS PH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

is closed,
Answer

Proof:

Let 𝑎,𝑏∈ℤa,b∈Z. Then consider, 𝑎⊗𝑏=(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎+𝑏).a⊗b=(a+b)(a+b).

since · is commutative on ℤZ, (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎+𝑏)=𝑎2+2𝑎𝑏+𝑏2(a+b)(a+b)=a2+2ab+b2.


Since ·, + are closed on ℤZ, 𝑎2,2𝑎𝑏,𝑏2,𝑎2+2𝑎𝑏,𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝑎2+2𝑎𝑏)
+𝑏2∈ℤa2,2ab,b2,a2+2ab,and(a2+2ab)+b2∈Z.

Hence, 𝑎2+2𝑎𝑏+𝑏2∈ℤa2+2ab+b2∈Z. Thus 𝑎⊗𝑏∈ℤa⊗b∈Z.

Therefore, the binary operation ⊗⊗ is closed on ℤZ.⬜

2. is commutative,

Answer

Proof:

Let 𝑎,𝑏∈ℤa,b∈Z. Then consider, 𝑎⊗𝑏=(𝑎+𝑏)


(𝑎+𝑏)=𝑎2+2𝑎𝑏+𝑏2=𝑏2+2𝑏𝑎+𝑎2=(𝑏+𝑎)(𝑏+𝑎)=𝑏⊗𝑎.a⊗b=(a+b)
(a+b)=a2+2ab+b2=b2+2ba+a2=(b+a)(b+a)=b⊗a.

Therefore, the binary operation ⊗⊗ is commutative on ℤZ.⬜

3. is associative,

Answer

Counterexample:

Choose 𝑎=2,𝑏=3,𝑐=4.a=2,b=3,c=4.

Then consider, (𝑎⊗𝑏)⊗𝑐=((2+3)(2+3))⊗4=25⊗4=(25+4)


(25+4)=841(a⊗b)⊗c=((2+3)(2+3))⊗4=25⊗4=(25+4)(25+4)=841.
Now consider 𝑎⊗(𝑏⊗𝑐)=2⊗(3+4)(3+4)=2⊗49=(2+49)
(2+49)=2601.a⊗(b⊗c)=2⊗(3+4)(3+4)=2⊗49=(2+49)(2+49)=2601.

Since 841≠2601841≠2601, the binary operation ⊗⊗ is not associative on ℤZ. ⬜

4. has an identity.

Answer

Let 𝑒e be the identity on (ℤ,⊗(Z,⊗.

Then consider, 𝑎⊗𝑒=𝑒⊗𝑎=𝑎,∀ℤ.a⊗e=e⊗a=a,∀Z.

Now, 𝑎=𝑒⊗𝑎=(𝑒+𝑎)(𝑒+𝑎)=𝑒(𝑒+𝑎)+𝑎(𝑒+𝑎)a=e⊗a=(e+a)(e+a)=e(e+a)+a(e+a),
since · is associative on ℤ.Z.

𝑎=𝑒2+𝑒𝑎+𝑎𝑒+𝑎2=𝑒2+2𝑎𝑒+𝑎2.a=e2+ea+ae+a2=e2+2ae+a2. Then
choose 𝑎=0.a=0.

Thus, 𝑒2=0e2=0, which implies 𝑒=0.e=0.

Hence 𝑎2=𝑎,∀ℤ.a2=a,∀Z. This is a contradiction.

Thus,(ℤ,⊗(Z,⊗ has no identity. ⬜


Example:Determine whether or not * given below gives a binary operation.

(i) On Z+, * : a*b = a-b

(ii) On Z+, * : a*b = ab2

(iii) On R, * : a*b = a2b

(iv) On Z+, * :a*b=|a-b|

Here, Z+ denotes the set of all non-negative integers and R denotes the set of real numbers.

Solution:

(i) Given: On Z+, * : a*b = a-b

If a = 1 and b = 2 in Z+, then

a * b = a – b=1-2=-1

-1 ∉ Z+ (as Z+ is the set of non-negative integers)

For a=1 and b=2, a*b ∉ Z+

Thus, * is not a binary operation on Z+.

(ii) Given: On Z+, * : a*b = ab2

Let a, b ∈ Z+

⇒ a*b=ab2 ∈ Z+ (as the square of a non-negative integer is a non-negative integer and the product of two
integers is also an integer)

Thus, * is a binary operation on R.

(iii) Given: On R, * : a*b = a^2b

Let a, b ∈ R
⇒ a2, b ∈ R

⇒ a2b ∈ R

⇒a*b∈R

Thus, * is a binary operation on R.

(iv) Given: On Z+, * :a*b=|a-b|

Let a, b ∈ Z+

⇒ | a – b | ∈ Z+(as modulus function always gives positive output)

⇒ a*b ∈ Z+

Therefore,a*b ∈ Z+, ∀ a, b ∈ Z+

Thus, * is a binary operation on Z+.

Example : Show that the binary operation * on Z defined by a*b=a+b+1 a,bZ satisfies (i)associative law
(ii)commutative law (iii)Find the identity element (iv)Inverse of an element a Z

Solution:

(i)For all a,b,cZ, we have

(a*b)*c=(a+b+1)*c

=(a+b+1)+c+1

= a+b+c+2

a*(b*c)=a*(b+c+1)

=a+(b+c+1)+1

= a+b+c+2

Therefore, (a*b)*c=a*(b*c)
(ii)For all a,bZ, we have

a*b=a+b+1

=b+a+1

=b*a

(iii)Let e be te identity element in Z.

Then, a*e=aa+e+1=a e=-1

Thus -1Z is the identity element for *

(iv)Let aZ and it’s inverse be b. Then,

a*b=-1a+b+1=-1

b=-(2+a)

Also, b=-(2+a)Z. Hence the inverse is -(2+a)

Example : Consider a binary operation * on the set {1,2,3,4,5} given by the binary operation table:

* 1 2 3 4

1 1 1 1 1

2 1 2 1 2

3 1 1 3 1
4 1 2 1 4

5 1 1 1 1

(i) Compute (2 *3)*4 and 2*(3* 4)

(ii) Is * commutative

(iii) Compute ( 2*3)*(4*5)

Solution :

(i) 2*3 =1 and 3*4=1

Now, (2*3)*4=1*4=1 and 2*(3*4)=2*1=1

(ii) 2*3=1 and 3*2=1

Hence, 2*3=3*2 and this is true for all other elements also.Hence, the operation * is commutative.

(iii) (2*3)*(4*5)=1*1=1

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