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5 - Structural Analysis

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364 views46 pages

5 - Structural Analysis

Uploaded by

Hawsar Omer Hama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Mechanics

Statics
Soran University
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Yousif J. Bas

(2022-2023)
Structural Analysis
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
 To show how to determine the forces in the members of a truss
using the method of joints and the method of sections.
 To analyze the forces acting on the members of frames and
machines composed of pin-connected members.

Expected Outcomes
 Able to analyze structures using the equations of equilibrium.

Hibbeler R. C., Engineering Mechanics , Statics, 13th edition, 2013


Chapter Outline

 Simple Trusses
 The Method of Joints
 Zero-Force Members
 The Method of Sections
 Space Trusses
 Frames
Truss Analysis
A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end
points. The members commonly used in construction consist of wooden struts or
metal bars. In particular, planar trusses lie in a single plane and are often used to
support roofs and bridges. The truss shown is an example of a typical roof-
supporting truss. In this figure, the roof load is transmitted to the truss at the
joints by means of a series of purlins . Since this loading acts in the same plane
as the truss, the analysis of the forces developed in the truss members will be
two-dimensional.
Assumptions for Design and Analysis
To design both the members and the connections of a truss, it is necessary first
to determine the force developed in each member when the truss is subjected to
a given loading. To do this we will make two important assumptions:
• All loadings are applied at the joints.
• The members are joined together by smooth pins.
• Each truss member will act as a two force member
Simple Truss.
If three members are pin connected at their ends, they
form a triangular truss that will be rigid. Attaching two
more members and connecting these members to a new
joint D forms a larger truss. This procedure can be
repeated as many times as desired to form an even larger
truss. If a truss can be constructed by expanding the
basic triangular truss in this way, it is called a simple
truss .
Truss Analysis - The Method of Joints
In order to analyze or design a truss, it is necessary to determine the force in each
of its members. One way to do this is to use the method of joints. This method is
based on the fact that if the entire truss is in equilibrium, then each of its joints is
also in equilibrium. Therefore, if the free-body diagram of each joint is drawn, the
force equilibrium equations can then be used to obtain the member forces acting
on each joint. Since the members of a plane truss are straight two-force members
lying in a single plane, each joint is subjected to a force system that is coplanar
and concurrent . As a result, only Fx = 0 and Fy = 0 need to be satisfied for
equilibrium.
Example:
Determine the force in each member of the truss shown below and indicate
whether the members are in tension or compression.
Solution:

Joint B:

Joint C:

Joint A
Example:
Determine the forces acting in all the members of the truss shown below.
Solution:

Joint C:

Joint D:

Joint A:
Example:
Determine the force in each member of the truss shown below. Indicate
whether the members are in tension or compression.
Solution:

Joint A:

Joint D:
Joint C:
Zero-Force Members:
Truss analysis using the method of joints is greatly simplified if we
can first identify those members which support no loading. These zero-force
members are used to increase the stability of the truss during construction and to
provide added support if the loading is changed.
The zero-force members of a truss can generally be found by inspection of each
of the joints. For example, consider the truss shown in the figure. If a free-body
diagram of the pin at joint A is drawn, it is seen that members AB and AF are
zero-force members.
Example:
Using the method of joints, determine all the zero-force members of the
Fink roof truss shown below. Assume all joints are pin connected.
Solution:

Joint G:

Joint D:

Joint F:
Example:
Determine the force in each member of the Pratt truss , and state
if the members are in tension or compression.
Truss Analysis - The Method of Sections
When we need to find the force in only a few members of a truss,
we can analyze the truss using the method of sections . It is based on the
principle that if the truss is in equilibrium then any segment of the truss is also in
equilibrium.
The method of sections can also be used to
“cut” or section the members of an entire
truss. If the section passes through the truss
and the free-body diagram of either of its two
parts is drawn, we can then apply the
equations of equilibrium to that part to
determine the member forces at the “cut
section.” Since only three independent
equilibrium equations ( Fx = 0, Fy = 0,
MO = 0 ) can be applied to the free-body
diagram of any segment, then we should try to
select a section that, in general, passes through
not more than three members in which the
forces are unknown.
Example:
Determine the force in members GE , GC , and BC of the truss shown below.
Indicate whether the members are in tension or compression.
Solution:
Example:
Determine the force in member CF of the truss shown below. Indicate whether the
member is in tension or compression. Assume each member is pin connected.
Solution:

From proportional triangles:


Example:
Determine the force in member EB of the roof truss shown below.
Indicate whether the member is in tension or compression.
Solution:
Example:
Determine the force in members JE and GF of the truss and state if these
members are in tension or compression. Also, indicate all zero-force members.
Space Trusses
A space truss consists of members joined together at their ends to form a
stable three-dimensional structure. The simplest form of a space truss is a
tetrahedron , formed by connecting six members together, as shown in figure
bellow. Any additional members added to this basic element would be
redundant in supporting the force P . A simple space truss can be built from
this basic tetrahedral element by adding three additional members
and a joint, and continuing
Frame Analysis
Frames and machines are two types of structures which are often composed of
pin-connected multiforce members , i.e., members that are subjected to more
than two forces. Frames are used to support loads, whereas machines contain
moving parts and are designed to transmit and alter the effect of forces. Provided
a frame or machine contains no more supports or members than are necessary to
prevent its collapse, the forces acting at the joints and supports can be
determined by applying the equations of equilibrium to each of its members.
Example:
For the frame shown below, draw the free-body diagram of (a) each member,
and (b) the two members connected together.
Solution:
Example:
For the frame shown below, draw the free-body diagrams of (a) the entire
frame including the pulleys and cords, (b) the frame without the pulleys and
cords, and (c) each of the pulleys.
Solution:
Example:
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force which the pin at C
exerts on member BC of the frame in the figure below.
Solution:
Example:
The compound beam shown below is pin connected at B . Determine the
components of reaction at its supports. Neglect its weight and thickness.
Solution:
Example:
The two planks in the figure are connected together by cable BC and a smooth
spacer DE . Determine the reactions at the smooth supports A and F , and also
find the force developed in the cable and spacer.
Solution:
Example:
The frame in the figure below supports the 50-kg cylinder. Determine the
horizontal and vertical components of reaction at A and the force at C .
Solution:

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