JR MATHS-14 "Cm ATERAL 1 Ser FUNCTIONS EUNCTIONS : Awell 2. FUNCTION defined collection of objects is called a set. ae B are two non-empty sets. Then a relation “f from A to B, which associates every clement of A to a unique clement of B is called a unction 3. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN. - MAGE. PRe. J: A B isa function. Then A= Domain and B = Co-domain » PRE-IMAGE = hen J: A— Bisa functionif f(a) =b for ae A,be B, then *h' is im ‘ a __ SBE Of Ya'and ‘ais presage ofp! The set of all images of the elements of A in B is called a Range. Rat 6. INJECTION (oR) ge of f Ceodomain of f ONE ONE FUNCTION F:A->B is one-one <> 4,4, € 4, (a,)= f(a) 4=4, 7) SURIECTION (08) SAB isontoif V be B Jae A> f(a)=b or ONTO FUNCTION f:A-B isonto eo Range of f= codomain of f ( Mar-2017) ( May-2016) (TS Mar-2016) (TS Mar-2017) 8. BIJECTION (OR) ONE-ONE ONTO If [AB is both one-one and onto, then fis called a Bijecton. FUNCTION 9, IDENTITY + Afunction {A —> A is defined by f(x)=x,Vxe A is called FUNCTION Identity function and is denoted by 1, 10. INVERSE FUNCTION If f:A>B is @ bijection, then f':B->A defined as f"'(b) =a <2 f(a)=6,¥b € B is called inverse function. 1. CONSTANT FUNCTION : function f : A B is said to be constant if f(x)=e (a constant ) " €@ wed 12. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS Let f:A— R be a function " pif f(x) =F), A then fis called an even fucntion pit f(-x)=—f(8), x A then is called an odd fenton UNCTION For any real number x, we denote by [x] the greatest integer less than or equal to x je, [xJom if mSx-< r+], where mis integer. ‘phe function f:R—> Z defined by flx)=(x, Vx e R is called greatest eo NARAYANA 13. GREATEST INTEGER FICDF MATERIAL JR MATHS-1A integer function.(Eamcet-2006) | Composition function : . “ 1) Let (:4 > B,g:B > C be functions then (gof):4—>C is a function and (gof)(a)=8(F(4)) for all ae A- 15. I f:4>B,g:B >C are bijections so is (of): A> Cand (sof) = fog" 16. ALGEBRA OF REAL VALUED FUNCTIONS : PROPERTIES : If fand g are real valued functions with domain A & B respectively. Then both fand gare defined on 4, when ANB xg Dhet f:AR and g:BR then f+, f—g and fy are defined on AB 2s (F8)(x)=S(2)+8(x) and (f2)(x)= £(x) g(x) ohana ice i! el whem ee ion (F+k)(x)=S (2) +4 and (47)(x)=k f(x) for alt x A. The function (—1) f is defined by -f iii) Let f:A>R,g:B>R, c= {xeAnB/g(x)e0heg, then a defined on ¢ as (sheaves I(x) Note :- If g(x)=0, then g(x) #8 not defined. Wy) Let £:A—R and ne N then |f|, #7 are defined on A as I(*)=|7(2)] ana S"(x)=(F(x))" for all xe 4 v) Let f:A SR, c= {xe A/f(x)20} 40, then Vf defined on ¢ as VF (x)= F(a) V vec (Mar 2017) MATHEMATICALINDUCTION ¥- 1 - Steps to prove a statement using the Principle of mathematical induction (i) Basis of induction show that P(1) is true Git 8) Inductive hypothesis For & >1 assume that P(k)is true (ii) Inductive step show that P(k +1) is true on the basis of the inductive hypothesis 2 Drees 3s gg Mlntl)JRMATHS.14 Lr CDF MATERIAL +1)(2n+1) 6 (IPE Mareb-09,12, May.09) 4 P4243 4 agp lms DPPH a yore March-05,07) PAP ae 143454..4Qn-l=n 6 244464... +(2n) =n(n4l) 7 AR series: a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+ i) Wf term= a+(n=1)a 4,=5,-3,.4 ii) sum of frst m terms of an A.P is the first term, “dis common difference of an A.P 8 (H<1) MATRICES & DETERMINANTS. 1, Order: (@) A matrix having ‘ma’ rows and ‘n’ columns then its order ism xn (Eameet-94) My AQ? Ay Gi) A general 3x3 matrixis As; =] dy) @y, ayy Ay 433 |,5 2, Trace: ‘The sum of the principal diagonal elements of a square matrix is called the trace of a matrix denoted by Tr(A). (Eameet-92) NOTE: Trace of the above matrix isJr(A)=a,, + @,, + a5, \ 3. Different types of matrices: Pp (DA square matrix A is said to be a diagonal matrix if every non diagonal element is zero. (4. % JRMATHS-1A CDF MATERIAL diagonal element is equal eg: A.3 = oow ouo woo Be (iii) A square matrix A is said to be an unit matrix or identity matrix if every non diagonal element is zero and every diagonal element is unity. It is denoted by 1 1 0 0 ee Iy3=/0 1 0 0-01 ha Transpose of a matrix ( 4"): Ina square matrix interchanging of elements of rows and columns is known as transpose of a matrix. A is symmetric matrix if 47 _ 4 (IPE March-05 Jun-05, May-07) A. is skew-symmetric matrix if 47 _ 4 (IPE March-05,09, Jun-05, May-07,11) NOTE: In a skew-symmetric matrix, every principal diagonal element is zero. Determinants: @ |A|= 042 A is singular (Eamcet-95,07) |4]#0< 4 is non-singular (i) kA] =? |] if Ais a matrix of order 33 Properties of determinants: (i) The sign of the determinant changes sign when any two rows (or columns) are interchanged (ii) Two rows (or columns) are identical or proportional the value of the determinant is zero (iii) If each element of a row (or column) is the sum of two terms then its determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants of the same order. (iv) The sum of the products of the elements of any row (or column) with the cofactors of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column) is zero. Adjoint of a matrix: The transpose of square matrix obtained by replacing the elements by their corresponding cofactors. It is denoted by Adj A. (IPE March-2009, 2013) Inverse of a Matrix: For the matrix A and identity matrix | if 4B = BA = [then that matrix B is inverse matrix and A is invertable. ( (4By'= Be aaa [4] “here |4|#0 (Eameet-90) (IPE March-2013, May-11,12,Mar-17) (ii) 4 Rank of matrix: (Eameet-04) (IPE Mareh-08,12, Jun-10) NARAYANA, Page.No.4JR MATHS-14 CDF MATERIAL Let A be a non zero matrix. The rank of Als defined as the ‘maximum of the orders of the non singular ‘square sub matrices of A. NOTE: 1. If Ais anon zero matrix of order 3x3, ( The rank of A is 3, if A is non - singular. (ii) The rank of A is 2, if Ais singular and at least one of the 2x2 sub matrix is non singular. (ii) The rank of A is 1, if every 2x2 sub matrices are singular. 2. The rank of mull matrix is zero. 10. Triangular matrix : In a square matrix A = [aij] CTS Mar 2016) @ If i> 7 and aij = 0 then that matrix A is an upper triangular matrix (If i< 7 and aij =0 then that matrix A is a lower triangular matrix 11. Consistent and Inconsistent systems: (IPE March-05, May-02,11) (Eameet-94,03) A.system of linear equations is said to be consistent if it has a solution, Otherwise the system is said to be inconsistent. NOTI 1. Anon homogenous system of 3 equations in three unknowns AX = D has (@) unique solution if Rank(A) = Rank (AD) =3 (ii) infinitely many solutions if Rank (A) = Rank (AD) <3 (iii) no solution if Rank (4) # Rank (AD) 2. A homogenous system of 3 equations with 3 unknowns AX=O has (unique solution (trivial solution) if Rank(A) =3 or det A +0 (i) infintely many solutions if Rank A <3 or det A =0. 12. (i) Matrix Inversion method: (IPE March-2013, May-11,12) AX =D X=A'D (ii) Cramer’s Rule: (IPE March-12) A A a bc a a 4, a bd, where, 2=[4 4 «|, a=]4, b& «|. a 4, » d, ° an bance d, bc, a, dy b ds (iii) Gauss - Jordan method: (IPE March-09,10, May-10) Transform the augument matrix aha a 1004 % be) sy tnetom|° 1 9 Fl then x=a,y=p,z=y a b cy ds ool, v Gauss Jordan Method working rule: i) Write Augumented matrix [AD] Page.No.5 (ARAYANAJRMATHS-IA COP MATERIAL, re ii) To bring unit matrix fn ii) By using first row we have to bring two zeros in frst column iv) By using second row we have to bring two zeros in second column )By using third row we have to bring two zeros in third column vi) Augumented matrix we get @) Vectors @,5 are collinear (linearly dependent) <> a= 15,1 is scalar. (Eameet-07) b) Vectors @ = ai+a,j+a,k and 5 bi+b,}+bk are collinear oF Sail (IS Mar-17), (May-16) ©) A,B,C are collinear <> AB (AC), tis scalar Wr=ai+y}+zk and a,f,y are the angles made by 7 with OX,O¥,OZ respectively, then Moduius of 7 is | and fr] = J+ yp? 42? Unit vector i) along >: A ii) opposite to 7 Fy i il) parallel to F= 05 (TS Mar-2016) I} af The vector equation of the line passing through the point whose positon vector is Zand pralelto the vector 5 is\7 = 3415 .teR ‘The vector equation ofthe line joining points whose position vectors are Qj and Oi is ¥ (l= ‘a+ where 1 R ( 04=7,0B =b) The vector equation of the plane passing through the points whose position vectts (Mar 2017) 04,0B,0C ig Ios-t)a+sb +0 where steR 0d =a,0B=5,00=2 Te estat ft le psig ah te i A() and parallel to the vector and isr=a. a+tb+sc, tseR ‘Terouatin ofthe plane passing through he points A(a), B(b) and parallel tothe vector ¢ is -1)a+ib+s, WER PRODUCT: OF VECTORS 9 Manaitaj+ok and b= 4145545 then a5 18, + ayhy + a,b 2,5 are two veetors, then Page.No.6JR MATHS-IA CDF MATERIAL b) ab=0a=0 (or) b=0 oral 2 i oy k 3 Waqaitajtak. b- bith) + hk, then axb : A (IPEMar-13) 4 (> i,j. arein right handed system) 5 a) T= artaptak, B-bT+bj +k T= ei +e,) +eyk then la a a [abol=|h A, Af ( Mar 2017) b) |AB AC AD 04> the points A, B,C. D are coplanar (TS Mar 2016) ba 6 The shortest distance between (wo skew lines 7 = T+ and F=T+sd 18 feeb ay (May-16) lox | VECTOR PRODUC : q 7 yn (axbjre=(calb-te bla ivax(bxc)=(ac)b-(a.b)e Rg ts perpendicular to both fr and then @ 1s parallel to f xe ve (a,b «T)=0" oF 180° 4. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points P, Q and R is POxPR (Mfar-17) [POx PRI 10 Volume of parallelopyped having costermunous edges GB and os P=] 4 5 zy lee 5 Volume of the tetrahedron having coterminous edges @,b,2 18 V a2 6 z] (Mar-16) ._lea3454p b) Volume of the tetr 1 harving vertices A. B.C. Dis ==] AB AC aD | Page.No.7 NARAYANAJR MATHS-IA 13 14 15. CDF MATERIAL, 1; The vector area of AABC is a (48~ AC Area of AABC is The vector area of any plane quadrilateral la ') ABCD interms of the diagonals AC and BD is 5(4C x BD) 1 ii) The area of the quadrilateral ABCD is 3/4 x BD| iii) The vector area of a parallelogram with g and J as adjacentsides is GJ and the area is [axa (TS May-2016) The vector equation of plane passing through the intersectio of the planes r.m =<, and r.n, = dy is r(n,+An,)=d,+Ady,A is scalar . The equation of plane passing through the points A,B and C is [AP AB AC | =0, here P=(x,y,2) * TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS UPTO TRANSFORMATIONS A sing=2PP. sideto® 4C yp A cepieicee = AG Hyp AB ia B“Raleds ¢ 5, Cosp-Adiside to 8 BC ¢ Tang=OPPt9 AC Hyp AB : Adj to 6” BC sin® cos0 tan @ = ——— t 8 = ——— cos0 bore ind 1 c. Cosec® = —— = sin cos ec =1 a. seco=— = [email protected]=1 sin® cos6 1 > = cot 8.7an6 =1 e. Tan® corJRMATHS.-1A CDF MATERIAI 8 a0 *@ 1601 wo, Silver Too ‘Quadrant Angles (Sin, Cosec)tve | ‘Alli tve on 9-8, 30046 a 908, 130-6 3. i ¥ | 03 18048, 20-8 at tea | Cups — (Tan, Cot)tve | Cos, Secrtve oF eine + 4. a. For 90” £6,270" +0, Trigonometric functions Changes as sin € cos, tan € cot,sec + cosec b. For 180° +0,360° +6 no changes 5. a Sin(-6)=-sin0 b — cosec(-8) =—cosecd © eas(-8)=+0080 d,—se0(~0) = +5006 e. Tan(-0) =-Tan® f Cot(-8) =-cot 8 6 a sin? 0+cos? @ = 1 => sin? 8 =1—cos? @=9 cos? @=1~sin? 6 b. sec* @-Tan?6 = 1=> sec? 8= 1+ Tan*0 => Tan*@ = sec? 0-1 1 ~Tan®) = 6-tang =—_1__ = (sec + Tan8)(sec®~ Tan) = | = sec —tan eT) © cosec*®—cot” = 1 => cosec’O = 1+ cot? @ => cot? @=cosec’0-1 1 ~cot @) = 1 => cose @—cot @ = ——__ = (cosec® + cot 8)(cosecB—cot ®) = 1 => cosecd —ci aes one Angle 0° 30° 45”. 60--90”—180° 270" 360° sin 0 ; $ el 1 0 - 0 7 os a z ; o + 0 1 tn 0 $ 1 8 2 0 w 0 PERIODICITY AND EXTREME VALUES 8 If f(x+k)=/(x) then f(x) is called a periodic function with period k . (where k is the least +ve real value)CDF MATERI, JR MATHS-IA 9. a.(i) The period of Sin ax,Cos ax, Sec ax,cosecax is 2x/|a|_( Mar 2016) (ii) The period of sinx, cos x, sec x, cosec x is 2x (IPE Mareh-2013) b. (i) The period of Tan ax,Cot ax is x/|a| (Eamcet-97) ( May -2016) (ii) The period of tanx, cotx is = band n is +ve even x is = 10. a. Theperiod of acos"x + bsin"x is > if b. The period of acos"x + bsin"x is x igfa #b and nis +ve even c. The period of acos" x+bsin" x is 2n ifn is odd x 1, The period of S(*)#8(x) a is the L.C.M. of the periods of fx) and g(x) (Eameet-03) 12, a, Maximum value of acosa+bsina+c is c+ Ja? +5? (Eamcet-06) ( Mar-2017) b. Minimum value of gcosa+bsina+c is c~Ja? +b? COMPOUND ANGLES 13. a. sin(A+B)=sin AcosB + cos Asin B b. sin(A—B) =siri Acos B — cos Asin B c. cos( A+B) = cos Acos B sin Asin B 4. cos(A—B)=cos Acos B +sin Asin B tan A+tanB tan A—tanB tan(A+B) =A —B) = asian 0 Om OT atanB Le tad tanh CotB.CotA-1 CotB.CotA +1 Cot( A+B) =—————_ Cot( A-B)=————_ a Cot(4+B)= Ce Cond NCO A- B= CB Cold iTon( Era] = LTand Cots Sind jca(En4 _CotA=1 _ Cosd~Sind 4 1-Tand CosA-Sind Cotd+1 CosA+ Sind 14a. sin(A+ B)sin(A- B) =sin? A~sin? B= cos? B—cos? A bcos (4+ B)cos(4—B)=cos* A~sin? B= eos? B- gin? 4 Angle 15° 75° sin B=) B41 22 22 is eae B41 3-1 2 2wWa Tan 2-VB 243 cot 24/3 2_ 317. 18, 19. 2. n CDF MATERIAL MULTIPLE & SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES a, sin2A=2sinA cosA=—21anA_ 1+Tan?A 2 b. cos2A=cos! Asin? A= cos! A-1=1-2sin® 4 =1— ard 1+ Tan A 2TanA cot”A-1 _ Tan2A= 12A= . “Tanta fA cot A 2tan sin A= 2sin4cos4 a 1+¢0824=2c0s? A © 1-cos2A=2sin* 4 Forany 4eR, a. sin A= @. sin3A=3sin A—4sin’ A 3TanA-Tan‘A c. Tan3A= 1-3Tan?A ©. cos A=4c0s' A/3—3co: _ 3cot A/3—cot’ 4/3 g. cota L 1-3eot? 4/3 ‘Compodendo - Dividendo Rule : If ots ath a-b ale 1+c08 A = 200s? 4 100s 4 = 2sin? 4 2 “Vitcos A b. cos34 = 4c0s' A—3cos A sin A= 3sin A/3-4sin’ A/3 3tan A/3-tan’ 4/3 tan A= 1-3tan? 4/3 c+d then this principle is called compodendo ee Pave No ltIR MATE ~ gividendo rule when 0,d #0 e sa n Agile 18" 3 1 Vo-ws et J ho+2vs5 sin 4 a 4 2 forns «+1 0-25 5-1 cos 4 4 4 TRANSFORMATIONS 24, a. sin(A+B)sin(A-B)=2sin 4.cos B b. _ sin(A+B)-sin(A-B) =2c0s 4.sin B c. 08(A+B)+cos( 4—B) = 2cos A.cos B (Eameet-95,02) 4. cos(A+B)-cos(A-B)=-2sin A.sinB e. c0s(A—B)-cos(4+B)=2sin Asin B Ba sincssind=2sin( =?) co?) 2 2 b. sin¢-sind=2o{ $2) oo( 2) +D c-D -cos| > (Eamcet-95,03) d casC-ensD =-2sn( “22 in =?) -in( SP ea 2 2 2 2 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 1. a, The general solution of sin =0,tan6=0 is O=nn,VneZ (Eameet-89,90,97) c eosC reas =2es{ & b. cosd=0 then GS. is P=(2n+1)7,WneZ (Bameet-83,03) L 2) LJ 2 b. If cos®=cosa. thn GS.[0=2nn ta,WneZ,0Sa0,y>0 and xy<1_ &4M.98,99) @ tan x+tan™ afty Fe tan aay [if > 0,y>0 and ay>1 “1 4,8 e tan etiam! y=, ifsy=l lis Tan" 2) Tan (y)+Tar'(2)=Ton'{ Ata) tan" tan y= tan (Eameet-92) I= 1 ai(_2: -i(_2 a(l-x 2tan’ xetan'( 2) =si(25) = co8 (3) (Eameet-83) ERBOLIC FI TI ) tanh x= cosh? x=sinh? x=1 NARAYANA, EseeNe:~~ CDF MATERIA, SRMATHSYA 4. a) sinh(x+ y)=sinh xcosh y + cosh xsinh 9 b) sinh (xy) =sinh xcosh y—cosh xsinh y =~) ¢) cosh(x+y) =cosh.xcosh y+sinh xsinh y 4d) cosh(x-y) = cosh xcosh y—sinh xsinh y (IPE March-06,07) " “a -09, Mar-17) )_sinh2x=2sinhx eosh= = (IPE March-12, May-09, Mar-17) 2 2 h? x= 1+ tanh? x f) _ cosh2x=cosh?x + sinh? x= 2cosh? x—1=1+ 2sinl a a (IPE March-10,11, May-06,11) tanh 2+ tanh y _) _ tanh ~ tanh y 5a taht) Toh tanh y b. tanh(—y) 1 tanh x. tanh y ©. sinh3x =3sinhx+4sinh’ x 6 a. sinh =o, (3+ V1) (TS Mar-2016) (May-2016) 1+ (2 Jeamesyee Mar-.05,07,17, May- 05,07 hax-1 tanh? <= SST) 2 coshx+l PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES sows 8 a c +b+ 1, Let BC=a,, CA=b, AB=e then the perimeter 2S=atbte=> S = — ab ¢ 2 si re — =? =_© Lop imal A sin vain 72% (Eamee-69,90) > a= 2Rsin 4,b=2RsinB,c=2RsinC ind= inp > 4c Psindmopsin => sina ‘Where ‘R’ is the circum radius 3. Cosine Rule: ag? =B +e? 26008 Aco 4= tena? c (Eameet-85,87,97,01) (ATEEE-02) ac +a—2accosB = cog p =o += 6? 2ac tidap 2 Cod +8 Dubosc cosa wt et ab NARAVANAIR MATHS-1A 4. Tangent Rule: a. Tan( 452) -(28 5 AL = 4 i A os F/7 ae ate 8 Te Nya IQ 2 4. Projection Rule: =beosC+ecosB (ii) b= ccos A +acosC acosB+bcos A (Eameet-01,05) 5. Area of triangle: (Eamcet-86,88,90,02) casin B= 3 absinC = 2R' sin Asin B sinc b A= s(s—a)(s—b)(s—c) abe abe =F, n-abe = aR 7 R= Gy = abe =4RA d Area of triangle ABC(A)= 3} base height 6. Half-Angle formulae. (Eamcet-94,2000, 03,04) -eNuno, cos? 7 =2020 en » co: 8 =) ab c m( SLM, [stein (s).teaecn 4 ERD oo S - 2 a a a Page.No.15 NARAYANAJR MATHS: radius and Ex-radii 7 Im ar = asin Asin 2 sin A A bi) i= —_ =stany = 4Rsin-, cos) 00 oO ry =? «a pee an) eae sieJR MATHS.1B : CDF MATERIAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM K 1. i) The distance between the two oim’s Atx¥4) and BCx.,y,)is elton) | The he origin 1 A distance from the origin to the Point PCy) is OP = Jy? 2. The coordinates of the point *P* which divides (yy) and B(x.) in the ratio men mis ty, my, Fy i) Internally is P -( min? na jimrn#0 Alay) P & eye i fi) Externally is p-[ms-e8 mm) toon) |smen mn’ mn} 48) The coordinates of the midpoint P of the line joining A(x.9)) and Bx 2) is 3. The points P and Q which divides the ine segment AB in the ratio 1:2 and 2:1 are called the points of trisection, 4. i) The area of triangle formed by the vert AGQ.y)+ BOs. y5) and COs.) is 1]x,-x, x,-x,| Ys) +43 (¥s-¥,)+%4(¥,-¥2)] Sa. Unis Ayer. y,-y sg.units vi 2 1 fi) The area of the traingle 0(0,0) . A(x,.y,)and BOx,,y,) is gids ay] Sa Units iii) The area of the quadrilateral with vertices A (x,..y,) , BOX, y,) , COx, y,) and Dix, y,) is day tay, my ayn Hav Sq. Units 2 xox, squinits iv) Ifthe area of triangle with the points A,B and C is equal to zero , then the points A,B.C are collinear. “P then alled §. i) Concurrent lines : [fthree or more lines passing through the same point “P” then the lines are call P* is called point of concurrency. ‘oncurtent lines and the point “P” is called_point of con: a NARAYANAJR MATHS-1B CDF MATER ‘through the mid point ofthe Side op i to that vertex i called the median, 19) Centro The point of concurrency of the medians ofa tingle is called the centroid, and jy Genoted by G’. G divides every median in the ratio 2 1 {v) The centroid of the triangle having vertices AG, ), BO, y,)and C(x, ,) is TH+ Wty ty, ope ety ) ‘Altitude : A tine draw from the vertex and which is Perpendicular to the side opposite to that ‘vertex is called an altitude, ® oe ‘HLOrthocentre: The point of concueny ofthe aitudes ofa triangle is called orthocentre, and is denoted by “0°, (UT-93) (EAMCET-99) wa to Ais dom trough the mi point of the side and is perpen oar Side is called a perpendicular bisector. a §D.Greumcentre: The point of concureny alle cicamcentre and is denoted by ‘§ c ofthe perpendicular bisectors of the Sides of a triangle is i) Circumcentre which is equidistant from the vertices of the Miangle ABC ie $A = sp = 5c NARAYANA1 POM IT CDF 32 Lay laydS JRMATHS-1B CDF MATERIAL 8. i) Angular bisector : The set of points joining which are equidistant from any two intersecting lines is called an angular bisector. MUncentre + The point of concurrency ofthe intemal angular bisectors of a triangle is called incentre and is denoted by ‘T (EAMCET-01) fil) IF A(x,,y,), B(,,y,) and C(4,,y,) are the vertices ofthe triangle ABC then the incentre fo (= +x, +ex5 titby, Fey, atbt+e " atbte At) ct ets 2 (vhae AB BC #8, CA) Bony) D Ch) ty) Incentre is equidistant from the sides of the triangle ie ID = IE = IF. LOCUS Definition : A variable point moves under given geometrical conditions. The path traced by the point is called the locus of the point. Ex: The locus of a point which moves such that its distance from a given point is constant is circle whose Centre is the given point and radius the given constant. CP TRANSFORMATION OF _ AXES ‘Translation of axes : Shifting the origin to another point (h, k) without changing the direction of the ‘axes is called Translation of axes. The transformed co-ordinates are x = X+h, y=Y+k ARAYANA rare NJR MATHS-IB 2. If the axes are translated to the point (b, k) then the equation f(x, y)=0 of a curve is nN f(X+h,¥+k)=0 3. IF (X.Y) =0 isthe transformed equation of a curve when the axes are translated tothe ping thy then the original equation of the curve is f(x-h,y —k) = 0. 4, To remove the first degree terms from the equation ax? + 2hxy +by" +2gr+2fy+e=0 (W SF) 5. Rotation of axes: If the axes ae rotated through an angle * 9° without changing the poston ott *a h the origin should be shifted to the point ( rs origin, then the transformation is called Rotation of axes. The transformed co-ordinates are Ter cod | sh x=Xcos-Y sin, y =Xsin0 + ¥ cos oe X= xc080+ ysind, Y=-xsin8 + ycos@ To remove ‘x’ term from the equation ax” + 2hxy-+ by" =0 the axes should be rotated through 1 a( 2h x angle of zm a when (a #b),and through an angle 7°, ifa= b, 7. If the axes are rotated through an angle ‘@’ then the equation f(x, y) = 0 of a curve is transformed ig | £ (Xcos0-Ysin®, Xsin8 + ¥cos0) = 0 (EAMCET-97,08) If £(X,Y)=0 is the transformed equation of a curve when the axes are rotated through an angle ‘g” then the orginal equation of the curveis f(reos@ + ysin8,—xsin8 + pcos) =0 STRAIGHT LINES 1. Inclination and slope : If line L makes an angle 8 (0° <6 <180°) with the positive direction ofthe X-axis then @ is called inclination ofL and tan 8_ is called the slope of the line L Slope is generally denoted by mie m=tand 2. i) Theslope of horizontal ne is zero 3. i) The equation of x-axis is y= 0 ii) Equation of line parallel to x-axis is y= k it) The slope of a vertical line is not defined ii) The equation of y-axis is x=0 'v) Equation of line parallel to y-axis is x =k 4. a) PA(x,y,) and B(x,,y, Jaretwopoints, then slo, ¢ of AB pe b) The slope of the line axtbyte =0 is —2 8) If m,m, are slopes of two parallel lines then m=JR MATHS-1B CDF MATERIAL by Hmamsare slopes of two perpendicular lines then mn. 6 Slopepoint form ;-i) The “Scvation ofa line passing throug. (x,y; ) and having slope mis I-H=m(x-x,) 1 8 9. 10 n 12. 13, a) The perpendicular distance from origin tothe line ax «by +c=0is a+b ©) The perpendicular distanceffomP(,»,) totheline a+ by +0=0 is lath +e] Vash? ‘4, The distance between the parallel lines ax‘+by +, =0 and a+ by re 15. a) Area of the triangle formed by the line . = 1 with co-ordinate axes is 1 a ') The area of triangle formed by the line ax +by +¢ =0 with co-ordinate axes is atl ab | 16.) The x-axis divides 7p in the ratio. ~¥2%, 1) The y-anis divides inthe ratio —4, 17. |) Theratio inwhich the line L = ax + by +€=0 divides the line segment joining 4( SS “Ly Ly where Ly = at, +by, 46, Lay =a, + by, 1D The Points A.B be inthe sme side or opposite se ofthe ie LO accondingas LL, havethe same sign or opposite signs NARAYANA Page.No2i{ER =m, oma a angle between two lines is 8, then tan@ = Imam, are slopes of to lines and 18. so, 1710s the aut angle Berwce the lines a+ RY +; =O and axthyte, +0 20. a) The equation of the line parallel to ax +by +c =0 is ax+by+k=0 ) The equation of the line passing through (,x,,,,) and parallel to ar+by +c =0 is a(x-x,)+b(y-y, ¢) The equation of the line perpendicular to ax+by+c=0 is bx-ay+k=0 4) The equation ofthe lin passing through (x,,»,) and perpendicular to ax+by +c=0 is b(x-x,)-a(y-»)=0 or a, 21. i) Thelines a.x+by+c, =0, a,x+,y+c, =0 are parallel iff 4 ii) The lines a.x+5,y+c, =0, a,x+b,y +c, =0 areperpendicular iff aa, +5, = 0 4h a 4g iil) ax+by+c,=0, a,x+b,y-+c, =0 represent the same line 22, If (hyk)is the image of (x,,y,) wrt theline ax+by+e=0 k -2(ar, +by, +c) b aeh h-x, then a 23. If (h,k)is the foot of the perpendicular from P(s,,y, )w.r4 theline ax+by+c=0 thent=Xi tan _ —(ax, +by, +0) a b a+b 24. ‘The equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of L, =O and L, =0 is L, +AL, =0,where 2 is a parameter 4G O are concurrent then a, by c|=0 aac eee | 25. teens qx-rhye, =a, thy +, =0 anda, r+hy-e, =|CDF MATERIAL JR MATHS-1B 26 27. 2. ul In the square ABCD, mid point of AC = mid point of BDand AC LBD If A,B,C arecollinear then slope of AB =slope of BC PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES If h? > ab, then ax’ + 2hxy + by’= 0 (second degree homogenous equation in x and y) represents a pair of lines passing through the origin, which are ax+ (m+ Vh?-ab ) y=0 and ax+ (h- fh? -ab )y-o If m, and m, are the slopes of the lines represented by ax? + 2hxy + by’ = 0 then 4) Sum of the slopes : m, +m. a ii) Product of the slopes : m, m,x)(y—m,x) Comparing the coefficients of like terms on either side ax + Dhry + by? = 2h m+ =", mm, = - b b ax? + hay + by? =(I,x+m,y)(U;x+ my) Comparing the coefficients of like terms on either side => 1, =a, mm, =b, Im, +hm,=2h a+b] is acute then ¢o80= ———. tan0= (bya 2"? The angle between the pair of lines represented by the equation ax’ + 2hxy + by’ + 2gx + 2fy += 0 is iit To ty ray EAMCET-99) The pair of lines ax? + 2hxy + by* = 0 represents a pair of perpendicular lines then coefficient of x° + coefficient of y’ = Olie, a+b =0) 0 represents coincident lines then h Ifthe pair of lines ax’ +2hxy + by The equation of bisectors of angle between the lines a,x-+b,y-+¢, =0, a,x+ byte axthyte _, axtbytey Vaz +b la; + Ifthe equation ax? + 2hxy +by" = 0 represents. pair of distinct (i. intersecting) lines then the combined equation of the pair of bisectors of the angles between the lines 1s h(xe -y*)=(a-b) xy The equation of the pair of lines passing through (x,.3,) and parallel to ax” + 2hxy +d) y=o isa(x—x,) +2hA(x—x, )(v—¥)rO(y Page.No.23 NARAYANAair of lines passing through (X,Y ‘ is b(x-a5) -2H(x-45)(¥-3o)4a(y Yo) =O 13. ax? + Dhny + by + gre Ifyte =(lxtmy+n)(lxtmy+n,) : ‘Comparing the coefficients of like terms on either side ae ci dm thm =2h 5 Mn ny +l = 2B 5 myn, +m 14, ax? + Dinys by" +2er-42 fre =(le-+my-+m)(be+my+n,) Comparing the coefficients o ike terms on either side asm = Bsn, = ¢,2im = 2hl(m, +n) = 2g,m(n, +m.) =2/ 45. If the second degree equation S = ax’ + 2hey + by? + 2gx + 2fy + =0 in two Variables x ang represents a pair of straight lines then 1) A sabe+2fgh—af* —bg? ch? = (FAMCET-82,93,96,2000, 08) and ii) h > ab,g* > ac and f? >be 16, If ax" + 2hay+ by? + 2gr+2 fyc=0 represents a Pair of intersecting lines, then their point of hf-be gh-af ) is -AMCET-97,2000, intersection is (ie haba « 100, 02) DIRECTION COSINES 1. Ifa given directed line makes angles respectively then cosa, cos B, cosy ae called direction cosines (de's) of the line and these are usualy denoted by J, m,n. 2. Tethe tection cosines ofa directed line AB are | ‘mnthen the direction cosines ofthe directed ine Bj are I,m, =n 3. Direction cosines of i) x-axis are (1,0, 0) li) y-axis are(0,1,0) iii) z-axis are: (0, 0, 1). 4 IE (mn) arethe direction cosines ofa line then P-+ m+m=1, ic costa +cosip +cos% (EAMCET-2001) 5. Wa. B,y are the angle made by a directed line with the Positive direction of the coordinate axes, then sin'a+sin’B + sin?y = 2 Direction ratios of the line joining the points Alx,, In A) G Ay Y.-¥, en) 7. (a,b, are dretion ratios oF ne then (— ae te) direction cosines of the line. 8. IEC, m,n) 7%) and mem) ate dreton cosines of wo lines nd 0 isan an isle between them, then NARAYANA |JR MATHS-IB CDF MATERIAL con® = +(//, + mm, +n,n,) 9 Let (i, m,n) and (Z,, m, n,) be dc’s of two lines. Then 4 4) The lines are parallel © 7 (EAMCET- 01, 02, 03) m, 1m, fi) The line are perpendicular <> /,/, +m,m, +n,n, =0. 10, 1f*@"is am angle between two lines whose d's are (a,,b,, ¢,) and (@,, by, €,) then Manes +b,b, +¢,¢, P +b? +e! Jal tb? +c? iy The lines are parallel <2 t= Pi = St a, bb G ili) The lines are perpendicular <> a, a, +b ,b, +¢,¢,= 0. 2,) then the projection of 4B on T. If Als, y,.7), BO, a) i) x—axis is |x,—¥,| fi) y-axis is |y,-y,1 fil) z-axis is |2,-2,] b) xy plameis (x, —¥,) +(93—34)) yz planeis f(y, -y,)° #( 3) 3D-GEOMETRY ~ 1. The distance between two points A(x, 2, Midpoint of A(x,.¥;.2,)& B(x. 9.25) (3 zi Fi | 3 If “P* divides the line segment joining 4(x,,¥,,2,),B(x,,9,,,) inthe ratio; m internally then be AS ae) ), B(x, 4.2,) in the ratio /: m externally 4, ICP divides the line segment joining A(x, , in the ratio 5. YZ-plane divides the line joining A(x,,3).2), BO, 6. XY-plane divides the line joining A(4,, ¥,,2)). BGy.¥4.2,)in the ratio ~ z, 7. ZXplane divides the line jomning A(x,.¥,,2,), Bt. ¥.2:) im the ratio 8. P(x.9,=)divides the line segment A( 1, ¥j.2,).BU%.) Jin the ratio x, 2x1. Page.No.25 WABAYANAJR MATH! 9, y552,)C(%J'023) dof rangle whose vetoes ae (3 yet) BUSI) (m7 roid of yi tet stats) fA The cent 3 a) (tse zeman (505) 207 a )oC (852) then ‘ tht ty dei tA) fourth vertex D=(. 2) Bl I, 2 ¥ COI 2Z)P (9.24) 1e Centroid of the tetrahedron whose vertices are A(x, tty Athtatt 4 Th ney tate Nt BART is G| 7 7 ‘When origin is shifted to 0's!) by translation of axes the co-ordinates of (x,,z)changed to (X,¥,Z) then peXthysVtkz=Z4+l are collinear iff AB+ BC = CA or BC+CA = AB or CA+ AB = BC THE PLANE 164,B,C The equation to ‘)xyplane is 2=0 Hi) ye-plane is x= 0 iii) zx-plane is y = ‘The equation to the plane parallel to fi) yz-plane is x = k iti) zx-plane is y = k 4) xy-plane is 2= k tea += 0 is of the form ax + by + z+ k=O , where kis Equation of the plane parallel to ax+ by constant. The equation of the plane passing through (25,164 )and parallel to ax-+ bytez+d=0is a(x—x,)+b(y-y,)+e(2-4%1)=0 Equation of a plane passing through (x,,¥1.2:) and perpendicular to the line whose dir’s are a,b,c is a(x—x,)+b(y-yi)+e(2-21)= 0 (EAMCET-02) ‘The equation of the plane having x - intercept ‘a’, y- intercept ‘b’ and z - intercept ‘cis x,y,z 2424251 abe §) The equation of a plane in the normal form which is at a distance of ‘p’ units from the origin and whose normal has the direction cosines (I.m,n) is Ix-+my-+nz=p. ii) Equation of a plane through the origin is. Ix-+my-+nz.=0. Distance from origin to the plane ax+by+cz+d=0 is ——__ Va’ +b? +c? 7 he length of the perpendicular from (1,,;,2,) tothe plane ax +by+ez+d=0 isJR MATHS-IB CDF MATERIAL \ [=a 0. The distance between parallel planes ax + by-+ez-+d, =0, axtby+cz+d,=0 is Trois uu. 12. i) The angle between any two intersecting planes is the angle between their normals ii) Angle between the planes ax+by+c,z-+d,=0 and a,x+b,y+c,z+d,=0 is cos = +2 th, te, Tapitelatapie eee ath, +e; 4) The equations a,x + by +¢,2-+ 4, =0 anda,x +b,y + ¢,2-+ d, = 0 represent the same plane iff arb:erd= a: ii) parallel <> a:b, = aibig, lil) perpendicular <> a,a, +b,b, +6, 6, LIMITS & CONTINUITY =a" mM wa oe Jim 22 1 4. im’! x Cor of a in A function (x) is said to be continuous at x=aif Lf £(+) exists and is equal to fla) = Lt f@) =fla)= Lt fe) DIFFERENTIATION First principle : If ‘f is differentiable at "then f(@)= Lt, ‘The derivative of a function ‘f* at x= a is defined by f(x +h)-f(x) h tim =f) troy ce Fath) FG) 1) i ma NARAYANA caeTN MEATS -1B 2 Lag=0 (Kis constany dx . nt d 3p (eam ) dye dy) _ | “(ve y Ay} aE i Gel Va a 4 Sky KI=K (4s constam) ax qdinyee —(e')=e' 5. af? a 1 —(log.x) = = 6. ax 8%) x 4 —(a")=a"loj ne) Bea ay . (sinx) = cosx 8. (six) 4 ' —(cosx) = -sinx %. an ) 10. 4 (tansy = see's dx d 2, 11, —(cotx) = -cosee?x dx a 12, —(seex) = secx tanx dx a 13. —(cosec x) = —coseex cotx dx Derivatives of inverse trignometric functions: 4 ~(sinx)= 14. a sin x) iti) d{i aa)" (EAMCET-99) CDF MaryJR -MATHS.-IB CDF MATERIAL a ; ec" ) Ix|Ve—-t 19, E(Cosee ‘x)= -1 Ix[ve=1 Derivatives of hyperbolic functions : a 20. —(sinhx) = 0, ax tim x) = coshx 2. (cosix)= ini S (tans) =sech*x 23. 4 (sech: ~sechx tanhx ax a. S (coseenx) = cosechx cothx 7 (cothx) a ~cosech* x Derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions : a 1 2 26, gy (Sins) =a 27. (Cost's) = a 7 ~(Tanhy 28, (Tan u) av) , do) S(ayyeuoty ax n (ot) (uy) =uy'+va! Page.No.29 NARAYANA,CDF MATER, ee , M. a(e)-taota” wo(2 ) v axl, q a 35. Sern) -un yw a (oo (ux) = Lv.W'+ vw! + way! dy ay dt 36. If x= f(), y= g(0) then dx dx dt ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS 1. Ify= f(x) bea function then 4) change (error) in y = Ay sAy=f(x+Ar)~ f(x) ii) Differential of y= dy ody= f'(x)Ax 4 4 iii) Relative errorin Y aa iv) Percentage error in Y= a 100 v)Approximation formula f (x-+Ax)= f(x)+ f'(x) Ax 2, i) Area ofthe square = ,?, where 'x’is side of square ii) volume ofthe cube= 4°, where ‘x’ side of'a cube ii) Surface area ofthe sphere= 4,2, where‘r’is radius ofa sphere 4 iv) Volume ofthesphere ==", where ‘is radius ofa sphere ‘v) Volume ofthe cone=— rh , where ‘r’is the radius, the height of cone Vi) Volume of cylinder= 7-2), where ‘r’ is base radius, ‘h’ is the height of cylinder vil) Surface area of cylinder = 2yrrh , where ‘r’is base radius, ‘h’ is the height of cylinder TANGENTS AND NORMALS Equations of the tangent and normal to the eurve y = f (x) : 1+ The slope of the tangent tothe curve y= f(x) at a point P (x,y) is m -(2) Playa) 2. The equation of the tangent at POx,.y) is ¥-y,=m(x-x,) 1 -x,) 3. The equation ofthe normal at P(x,,y,) is ¥—y,==SOE PCM TT CUP ee JR MATHS-1B_ CDF MATERIAL Angle between the two curves 4. Let y= fbx), y= g(x) be two curves intersecting at a point ‘P” and let m,, m, be the slopes of the ‘tangents to the two curves at ‘P” respectively, If ‘@” is the acute angle between the curves at ‘P* then 4) If m,= m, then the two curves touch each other at P fi) fmm, = —1 then the two curves cuts orthogonally at ‘P” 5. Let P (x,,¥,) be the any point on the curve y = fix). Let the tangent and normal at ‘P’ meets the x-axis at M and N respectively. Draw PQ perpendicular to the x-axis Then 1) The length of the tangent PT “pee sito m fi) The length of the normal PN = Tree ii) The length of the sub tangent TQ jy iv) The length of the sub normal QN=[y, ml ‘Where m: 2H) RATE MEASURE » 1 The approximate value of >, ‘as Ax tends to 2er,it is called the rate of change of y with respect tox. ay a . iD 1 & When Lt, ~ exists itis denoted by “7 is the rte of change of y with respect tox fe = Le Soar de oA 2. Velocity : Consider a particle moving along a straight line OX. Let OP = s be the distance travelled by the particle in time ‘t’ measured from a fixed point *Q" along OX. Let the particle further travel a small NARAYANA Page.No311 JRMATHS-1B CDF MAT, distance PQ= AS ina small interval of time Ar —~ As ‘The average speed in the interval Apis TP As The velocity at time “is the limit of [as Ar —>0 and is denoted by v . 7, As ds v. V velocity atime t= Lt “== univsee dv_id’s Acceleration : a= >= ez nit se 2) ae | acceleration: ‘s(a2) =o Pedians sec! ROLLE’S THEOREM AND LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM ROLLE’S THEOREM : If f :[a,b]—» R be a function satisfying the following conditions i) £ is continuous on [a, 6) ii) fis differentiable on (a, b) iil) f(a) = (0) then there exists atleast one ce(a, b) such that f"(c)=0 LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM : If f :[a,b] > R bea function satisfying the following conditions i) £ is continuous on [a, b] ii) £ is differentiable on (a, b) then there exists atleast one point ce (a, b) such that ) -L0=fl@) b-a fe MAXIMA _AND MINIMA Let I be an open interval contained in the domain of the real valued function y= f(x). Then f(x) is said tobe i) increasing on I if x, f(x,) Sf (x,) for x,x, 7 i) strictly increasing on Tif x, f(x,)< f(x,) forall x,,15 €F ii) decreasing on lif x, f (x)2 f(x,) for all x,,x, €/ iv) strictly decreasing on Lif x, <.x, => f(x)> f(x) forall x,,x, ef v)lf f'(x)>0 then “P’is said to be an increasing function vi If f'(x)<0 then ‘fis said to be a decreasing functionCDF MATERIAL: | JR MATHS-1B 2. 3. 4. Stationary point :- If f'(a)=Othen y= f (x)is said to be stationary at x= a; f (a)is called the stationary value off at x=athen (a, f(a)) is called a stationary point or turning point of “f" For maxima or minima, f'(x)=0 i) If f'(a)=0, f(a) 0 then ‘f” has a minimum at x = a