Study Guide 2
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kxgqrfsgg4MATHEMATICS I
(Engineering)
STUDY GUIDE 2 for MAT1581
L E Greyling
Department of Mathematical Sciences
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA
PRETORIA
© UNISA 2016
First edition 2004
Second edition 2005
Third edition 2017
All rights reserved
Printed and published by the University of South Africa Muckleneuk, Pretoria
MAT1581
Layout done by the Department
CONTENTS PAGE
Introduction ii
STUDY GUIDE 2
MODULE 6 Differentiation
Learning unit 1 Functional notation 4
Learning unit 2 Limits 11
Learning unit 3 The derivative 26
Learning unit 4 Standard forms 34
Learning unit 5 Rules of differentiation I 41
Learning unit 6 Rules of differentiation II 51
Learning unit 7 Higher order derivatives 70
Learning unit 8 Applications I 79
Learning unit 9 Applications II: maxima and 88
minima
Post-test 109
MODULE 7 Integration
Learning unit 1 Reverse of differentiation I 137
Learning unit 2 Reverse of differentiation II 144
Learning unit 3 Method of substitution 152
Learning unit 4 Standard integrals 161
Learning unit 5 Partial fractions 172
Learning unit 6 Trigonometric functions 178
Learning unit 7 The definite integral 187
Learning unit 8 Areas 193
Post-test 210
(i)
INTRODUCTION:
MATHEMATICS I (Engineering)
Study guide 1 dealt with topics from pre-calculus. You are now ready to start
your study of calculus. Read the introduction in study guide 1 to refresh your
memory. You need to keep refering to the formula sheets and for your
convenience it is reprinted at the beginning of this study guide.
USEFUL INFORMATION
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
+ plus
minus
plus or minus
multiply by
multiply by
divide by
= is equal to
is identically equal to
is approximately equal to
is not equal to
is greater than
is greater than or equal to
is less than
is less than or equal to
n! factorial n = 1 2 3 ….. n
k modulus of k, that is the size of k
irrespective of the sign
is a member of set
set of natural numbers
set of integers
set of real numbers
set of rational numbers
therefore
infinity
e base of natural logarithms (2,718…)
ln natural logarithm
log logarithm to base 10
sum of terms
lim limiting value as n
n
integral
dy
dx
derivative of y with respect to x
Formula sheets
The following pages contain the information sheets and table of integrals that will
be included with the examination paper.
(ii)
FORMULA SHEET
ALGEBRA
Laws of indices Factors
1. a m a n a m n
a 3 b 3 a b a 2 ab b 2
a b a
m
2.
a
a mn a b3 3 2
ab b 2
n
a
3. a m n
a mn a n
m
Partial fractions
m
n am f x
n
4. a A B C
5. a n n
1
and
1
a n n x a x b x c x a x b x c
a a
a 1
0
f x
6.
A B C D
ab a b
7.
x a x b
3
x a x a x a x b
2 3
n
a an
8. n
b b f x Ax B C
Logarithms
ax bx c x d ax bx c x d
2 2
Quadratic formula
Definitions
If y a x then x log a y If ax 2 bx c 0
If y e x then x n y
b b 2 4ac
then x
Laws 2a
1. log A B log A log B
A
2. log log A log B
B
3. log An n log A
logb A
4. log a A
logb a
5. a log a f
f e n f f
DETERMINANTS
a11 a12 a13
a a 23 a a 23 a a 22
a 21 a 22 a 23 a11 22 a12 21 a13 21
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
a 31 a 32 a 33
a11 a 22 a 33 a 32 a 23 a12 a 21 a 33 a 31 a 23 a13 a 21 a 32 a 31 a 22
(iii)
SERIES
Binomial theorem
a b n a n na n 1b nn 1 a n 2 b 2 nn 1n 2 a n 3 b 3 ....
2! 3!
and b a
1 x n 1 nx nn 1 x 2 nn 1n 2 x 3 ...
2! 3!
and 1 x 1
Maclaurin’s theorem
f 0 f 0 2 f 0 3 f n 1 0 n 1
f x f 0 x x x x
1! 2! 3! n 1!
Taylor’s theorem
f a
x a f a x a 2 f a x a 3 f a x a n1
n 1
f x f a
1! 2! 3! n 1!
h2 h n1 n1
f a h f a f a f a f a
h
1! 2! n 1!
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. z a bj r cos j sin r re j , 7. De Moivre's theorem
r r n n r n cos n j sin n
n
where j 2 1
Modulus : r z a 2
b2 8.
1
zn has n distinct roots:
b
Argument : arg z arc tan 1 1
k 360
a zn rn with k 0, 1, 2, , n 1
n
2. Addition :
a jb c jd a c j b d 9. re j r cos j sin
3. Subtraction :
re j r cos and re j r sin
a jb c jd a c j b d
10. ea jb e a cos b j sin b
4. If m jn p jq, then m p and n q
11. n re j n r j
5. Multiplication : z1 z 2 r1r2 1 2
1 2
z1 r1
6. Division :
z 2 r2
(iv)
GEOMETRY MENSURATION
1. Straight line 1. Circle: ( in radians)
y mx c
Area r 2
y y1 m x x1
Circumference 2 r
1
Perpendiculars, then m1 Arc length r
m2
1 2 1
2. Angle between two lines r r
Sector area
2 2
m m2
tan 1 1
1 m1 m 2 Segment area r 2 sin
2
3. Circle
2. Ellipse
x2 y2 r 2 Area ab
x h 2
y k r
2 2
Circumference a b
4. Parabola 3. Cylinder
y ax 2 bx c Volume r 2 h
b Surface area 2rh 2r 2
axis at x
2a 4. Pyramid
1
5. Ellipse Volume area base height
x2 y2 3
1 5. Cone
a2 b2
1
6. Hyperbola Volume r 2 h
3
xy k
Curved surface r
x2 y2
1 round x - axis 6. Sphere
a2 b2 A 4r 2
x2 y2
2 2 1 round y - axis 4
V r 3
a b 3
7. Trapezoidal rule
1 b a
f x0 2 f x1 2 f xn1 f xn
2 n
8. Simpson’s rule
1 ba
[ f x0 4 f x1 2 f x2 4 f x3
3 n
2 f x4 2 f xn 2 4 f xn 1 f xn ]
9. Prismoidal rule
b a
n f m1 f m2 f mn 1 f mn
(v)
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS TRIGONOMETRY
Definitions Compound angle addition and subtraction
e x ex formulae
sinh x sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
2
sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
e e x
x
cosh
x cos(A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
2 cos(A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
e e x
x
tan A tan B
tanh x x tan A B
e ex 1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
Identities tan A B
1 tan A tan B
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1 Double angles
1 tanh x sech x
2 2 sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A
coth 2 x 1 cosech 2 x = 2cos2A - 1
sinh 2 x cosh 2 x 1
1 = 1 - 2sin2A
2 sin2 A = ½(1 - cos 2A)
cos2 A = ½(1 + cos 2A)
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x 1
1
2 tan A
2 tan 2 A
sinh 2 x 2 sinh x cosh x 1 tan 2 A
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x Products of sines and cosines into sums or
2 cosh x 1
2
differences
sin A cos B = ½(sin (A + B) + sin (A - B))
1 2 sinh 2 x
cos A sin B = ½(sin (A + B) - sin (A - B))
TRIGONOMETRY
cos A cos B = ½(cos (A + B) + cos (A - B))
sin A sin B = -½(cos (A + B) - cos (A - B))
Identities
sin 2 cos 2 1 Sums or differences of sines and cosines
1 + tan = sec
2 2
into products
cot 2 + 1 = cosec 2 x y x y
sin x sin y 2 sin cos
sin(-) = - sin 2 2
cos (-) = cos x y x y
sin x sin y 2 cos sin
tan (-) = - tan 2 2
sin x y x y
tan cos x cos y 2 cos cos
cos 2 2
x y x y
cos x cos y 2 sin sin
2 2
(vi)
DIFFERENTIATION
dy f x h f x d
sin 1 f ( x)
f '( x)
1. lim 10.
dx
1 f ( x)
dx h 0 h 2
d f '( x)
2. k 0 11.
d
cos 1 f ( x )
dx dx
1 f ( x)
2
d n
3. ax anx n 1
tan 1 f ( x)
dx d f '( x)
12.
d dx 1 f ( x) 2
4. f .g f .g ' g . f '
dx f '( x)
cot 1 f ( x )
d
13.
d f g . f ' f .g ' dx 1 f ( x) 2
5.
dx g g2
sec1 f ( x )
d f '( x)
d 14.
f ( x) n f ( x) . f '( x)
n n 1
dx
6.
dx
f x f ( x)2 1
f '( x)
cosec1 f ( x)
dy dy du dv d
7. . . 15.
dx
dx du dv dx f x f ( x)2 1
8. Parametric equations
sinh 1 f ( x)
d f '( x)
dy 16.
dx
dy
dt f ( x)2 1
dx dx
cosh 1 f ( x)
d f '( x)
dt 17.
dx
d dy f ( x)2 1
d y dt dx
2
18.
d
tanh 1 f ( x)
f '( x)
1 f ( x)
dx 2
dx 2 dx
coth 1 f ( x )
dt d f '( x)
19.
9. Maximum/minimum
For turning points: f '(x) = 0
dx f ( x)2 1
f '( x)
sech 1 f ( x)
Let x = a be a solution for the above d
20.
dx
f x 1 f ( x)
If f '(a) > 0, then a minimum 2
If f '(a) < 0, then a maximum
f '( x)
cosech 1 f ( x )
For points of inflection: f " (x) = 0 d
21.
dx
Let x = b be a solution for the above f x f ( x)2 1
Test for inflection: f (b h) and f(b + h) z z z
Change sign or f '"(b) if f '"(b) exists 22. Increments: z . x . y . w
x y w
23. Rate of change:
dz z dx z dy z dw
. . .
dt x dt y dt w dt
INTEGRATION
b
1. By parts : udv uv- vdu 2. a
f(x)dx F(b) F(a)
1 b 1 b 2
b-a a b-a a
3. Mean value = y dx 4. (R.M.S.) 2 y dx
(vii)
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
a x(n 1 )
c, n 1
n
1. ax dx
n 1
f(x)n1 c, n 1
2. f(x) .f '(x) dx
n
n 1
f ' (x)
3. f(x)
dx n f(x) c
4. f ' (x).e f(x) dx e f(x) c
a f(x)
5. f ' (x).a f(x) dx
n a
c
6. f ' (x).sin f(x) dx cos f(x) c
7. f ' (x).cos f(x) dx sin f(x) c
8. f ' (x). tan f(x) dx n sec f(x) c
9. f ' (x).cot f(x) dx n sin f(x) c
10. f ' (x).sec f(x) dx n sec f(x) tan f(x) c
11. f ' (x).cosec f(x) dx n cosec f(x) cot f(x) c
12. f ' (x).sec2 f(x) dx tan f(x) c
13. f ' (x).cosec 2 f(x) dx cot f(x) c
14. f ' (x).sec f(x). tan f(x) dx sec f(x) c
15. f ' (x).cosec f(x).cot f(x)dx cosec f(x) c
(viii)
M
O
DIFFERENTIATION D
CONTENTS U
Calculus is a branch of mathematics involving or leading to calculations dealing with
L
continuously varying functions. Calculus is a subject which falls into two parts: E
differentiation (module 6) and integration (module 7).
6
PAGE
LEARNING UNIT 1 FUNCTIONAL NOTATION 4
1. FUNCTIONS .......................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Dependent and independent variables .................................................................... 5
1.2 Functional notation ................................................................................................. 5
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITY ................................................................................ 8
LEARNING UNIT 2 LIMITS 11
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 12
2. THE TANGENT QUESTION .............................................................................. 12
3. WHAT IS MEANT BY A LIMIT? ...................................................................... 14
4. TECHNIQUES FOR FINDING LIMITS ............................................................. 15
4.1 When the limit of the denominator of a quotient is 0 ........................................... 18
4.2 Limits at infinity ................................................................................................... 19
5. ONE-SIDED LIMITS AND CURVES ................................................................ 21
6. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 23
6.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 23
6.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 24
6.3 Activity 3 .............................................................................................................. 25
LEARNING UNIT 3 THE DERIVATIVE 26
1. THE TANGENT QUESTION AND THE DERIVATIVE .................................. 27
2. DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES ........................................... 29
3. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITY .............................................................................. 31
LEARNING UNIT 4 STANDARD FORMS 34
1. STANDARD FORMS .......................................................................................... 35
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 39
2.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 39
2.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 39
1 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
M
O LEARNING UNIT 5 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION I 41
D
1. DERIVATIVES OF COMBINED EXPRESSIONS ............................................ 42
U 1.1 Constant times a function...................................................................................... 42
L 1.2 Sums and differences ............................................................................................ 42
E 1.3 Product rule ........................................................................................................... 45
1.4 Quotient rule ......................................................................................................... 46
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 47
6 2.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 47
2.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 47
2.3 Activity 3 .............................................................................................................. 48
2.4 Activity 4 .............................................................................................................. 49
2.5 Activity 5 .............................................................................................................. 49
LEARNING UNIT 6 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION II 51
1. DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS .............................................. 52
1.1 Function-of-a-function or chain rule ..................................................................... 52
1.2 General standard forms ......................................................................................... 61
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 65
2.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 65
2.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 66
2.3 Activity 3 .............................................................................................................. 66
2.4 Activity 4 .............................................................................................................. 66
2.5 Activity 5 .............................................................................................................. 68
LEARNING UNIT 7 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES 70
1. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES ..................................................................... 71
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITY .............................................................................. 77
LEARNING UNIT 8 APPLICATIONS I 79
1. L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ........................................................................................ 80
2. THE GRADIENT OF A CURVE ......................................................................... 81
2.1 The equation of a tangent to a curve ..................................................................... 81
2.2 The equation of a normal to a curve ..................................................................... 83
3. RATE OF CHANGE ............................................................................................ 84
3.1 Velocity ................................................................................................................. 84
3.2 Acceleration .......................................................................................................... 84
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 86
4.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 86
4.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 87
4.3 Activity 3 .............................................................................................................. 87
2 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
LEARNING UNIT 9 APPLICATIONS II: MAXIMA AND MINIMA 88 M
O
1. MAXIMA AND MINIMA ................................................................................... 89
1.1 Definitions............................................................................................................. 89
D
1.2 Maximum value .................................................................................................... 90 U
1.3 Minimum value ..................................................................................................... 90 L
2. DERIVED CURVES ............................................................................................ 91
3. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ........................................................................... 99
E
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ......................................................................... 103
4.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................ 103 6
4.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................ 107
POST-TEST 109
POST-TEST SOLUTIONS 113
MAT1581 3
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
DIFFERENTIATION
MODULE 6 Functional notation
LEARNING UNIT 1
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
use functional notation
determine the value of a function
interpret functional notation
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. FUNCTIONS .......................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Dependent and independent variables .................................................................... 5
1.2 Functional notation ................................................................................................. 5
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITY ................................................................................ 8
4 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION: Functional notation
1. FUNCTIONS
A function is a special type of relation. It is a relation in which each element of the
domain corresponds to only one element of the range. However, the reverse is not
true, which implies that each element of the range does not necessarily correspond to
only one element of the domain.
1.1 Dependent and independent variables
An equation involving two variable quantities has the property that when a value is
assigned to one of the variable quantities, the other is determined.
For example, the letters x and y indicate the variable quantities in y x3 3x 2 5 . If
we assign a value to x in the equation, we can determine y. Say we assign the value 0
to x; we can determine the value of y as 5.
Because x is the value which is assigned, it is called the independent variable. An
arbitrary value can be assigned to x. Because the value of y is dependent on the value
assigned to x, y is called the dependent variable.
1.2 Functional notation
The functional notation is mathematical shorthand which is extremely convenient to
use. It gives an expression of an identification tag within a certain area of discussion
and specifies the variables involved. For example, instead of writing out expressions
such as 5 x 4 3x 2 4 and 3x 4 5 x3 4 x 2 y 7 we can identify them in the following
way:
f x 5 x 4 3x 2 4 and
G x, y = 3x 4 5 x3 4 x 2 y 7
Now f and G are the tags, which identify the functions in our discussion, and the x and
y in brackets indicate the independent variables. Once identified, we refer to f(x) and
G(x,y) in our discussion or problem-solving instead of writing the expressions in full.
This notation is also useful when we work with equations.
For example, if y x3 3x 2 5 and we let f x x3 3x 2 5 , then we can say
y f x . This clearly indicates x as the independent variable and we say y is a
function of x.
If we need to discuss more than one expression or equality in the same context, then
we must have several tags so that each one is clearly distinguished. Other letters in
common use as identification tags are F, G, g and the Greek letters and .
We often need to know the value of a function for an assigned value of the
independent variable. We can use a graph or calculate the value if the function is
known.
MAT1581 5
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION: Functional notation
Example 1
If y f x figure 1 shows the meaning of f (2).
The length of the ordinate at the point x = 2 represents the value f (2).
Figure 1
In general f (x) is the length of the ordinate at any point x.
Example 2
If f ( x) x 2 1 , find the value of a) f (1) b) f (3) and c) f (a)
f 1 1 1 1 1 2
2
b)
f 3 3 1 9 1 10
2
c)
f a a 1 a2 1
2
d)
Example 3
x2 4x 7
Given that G x find G 0 , G 10 and G x h .
x2
0 2 4 0 7
G 0
0 2
7
3,5
2
10 4 10 7
2
G 10
10 2
100 40 7
12
147
12, 25
12
6 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION: Functional notation
x h 2 4 x h 7
G x h
x h 2
x 2 2 xh h 2 4 x 4h 7
xh2
Example 4
If angular displacement is given by wt ½at 2 , where w and a are constants and
t is the time in seconds, evaluate and interpret = f(0) and = f(10).
Solution
In our shorthand notation, since is a function of the time t, we have f t .
Then f 0
w 0 12 a 0
2
0
Thus the displacement is 0 when the time is counted 0, which is usually at the
beginning of the movement.
Further f 10 w 10 1
2a 10 2
10 w 50a
that is, the displacement is 10 w 50a units when the time has moved 10 seconds from
the start of the counting.
ACTIVITY 1
1. Given f ( x) 5x 2 2 x 1 determine
f 0 , f 5 , f 7 , f 1 and f x h .
2. If x 3x 2 5 x 8 find
a) 1
b) 3 1
c) 2 1
3. If F x 6 x 3 , find
a) 3F 1 4 F 1
b) F x h F x
F h
c)
h
MAT1581 7
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION: Functional notation
4. If g x 2 x 2 , find expressions for
a) g x h
b) g x h g x
g x h g x
c)
h
5. Consider the following two functions:
f(x) = 2x2 + 3x and h(x) = 3x3 x + 4.
Calculate the value of 2 f x 2 h x .
2
6. Consider the functions f (t ) t 2 4t 2 and g ( s) s 3 .
Find the following values:
a) f (2)
b) g (9)
c) 2 f (1) 3 g (2)
7. Given that f x x3 3x 1 and g t 2t 3 ,
determine the following values:
a) f 3
b) f 3
c) g a 1 g a
d) f g ( 2)
Remember to check the response on page 8.
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITY
Activity 1
f (0) 5 0 2 0 1
2
1.
1
f (5) 5 5 2 5 1
2
125 10 1
116
f (7) 5 7 2 7 1
2
245 14 1
232
f (1) 5 1 2 1 1
2
5 2 1
8
8 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION: Functional notation
f ( x h) 5 x h 2 x h 1
2
5 x 2 2 xh h 2 2 x 2h 1
5 x 2 10 xh 5h 2 2 x 2h 1
2. a) 10
b) 0
c) 24
3. a) 42
b) 18 x 2h 18 xh 2 6h 3
c) 6h 2
4. a) 2 x 2 4hx 2h 2
b) 4hx 2h 2
c) 4 x 2h
2
5. 2[f (x)]2 - 2[h(x)]=2 2 x 2 + 3 x 2 3 x3 x + 4
2 4x 4
12 x 3 9 x 2 6 x 3 2 x 8
8 x 4 24 x3 18 x 2 6 x3 2 x 8
8 x 4 18 x3 18 x 2 2 x 8
6. a) f (2) = 2² + 4(2) + 2
= 4 + 8 +2
= 14
b) g (9) = 9 + 3.
= 12
c) 2 f (1) + 3g (2) = 2[(1)² + 4(1) + 2] + 3[2 + 3]
= 2[7] + 3[5]
= 29
7. a) f 3 3 3 3 3 1
3 3 3 3 1
1
MAT1581 9
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 1
DIFFERENTIATION: Functional notation
3
b) f 3 3 3 3 1
3 3 3 3 1
1
c) g a 1 g a
2 a 1 3 2a 3
2a 2 3 2 a 3
2
d) First calculate g 2
g 2 2 2 3
4 3
7
Thus f g ( 2) f 7
7 3 7 1
3
321
This learning unit 1 focused on functional notation and you should be able to
use functional notation
determine the value of a function
interpret functional notation
The next learning unit explores limits.
10 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
MODULE 6 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 2 Limits
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
explain what is meant by a limit
find the value of a limit
give examples of one-sided limits
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 12
2. THE TANGENT QUESTION .............................................................................. 12
3. WHAT IS MEANT BY A LIMIT? ...................................................................... 14
4. TECHNIQUES FOR FINDING LIMITS ............................................................. 15
4.1 When the limit of the denominator of a quotient is 0 ........................................... 18
4.2 Limits at infinity ................................................................................................... 19
5. ONE-SIDED LIMITS AND CURVES ................................................................ 21
6. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 23
6.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 23
6.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 24
6.3 Activity 3 .............................................................................................................. 25
11 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
1. INTRODUCTION
It is often important to know how quickly a quantity is changing, for example the rate
at which the speed of a car is increasing or decreasing, the rate at which the
temperature of a chemical is rising in a tank and the rate at which the currency is
fluctuating. Differentiation focuses on analysing the rate at which a function is
changing in a situation. Graphically differential calculus solves the tangent question.
2. THE TANGENT QUESTION
In module 5, unit 1, we studied the slope of a straight line. We found that if
x1 , y1 and x2 , y2 are two points on a line, then the slope of the line is given by
y2 y1
m .
x2 x1
Consider the curve in figure 1.
Figure 1
This is not a straight line, but it is the curve of a function. The slope of a straight line
is the same at every point on the line. The curve in figure 1 gives the impression that
it gets steeper as x increases. We might expect that the slope of a non-linear curve
would be different at different points on the curve. We would like a way to measure
the steepness or slope of such a curve at any specific point on the curve.
The slope of the tangent to a curve at some point can be used for the slope of the
curve at that point. Compare the slopes of the two tangents in figure 2. You can see
that the slope of the tangent to a point becomes greater as x increases.
(Note: In mathematics a straight line can also be referred to as a curve. For example,
you may be asked to draw the curve of y 2 x 2 , which is a straight line.)
12 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
Figure 2
Now we need to find a way to determine the slope of a tangent to a curve at any point.
Consider figure 3.
Points A and B are different points on the curve.
The line that passes through points A and B is called the secant line.
Figure 3
MAT1581 13
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
In figure 4 you can see that if B approaches A, the secant line (dotted line) becomes
the tangent (solid line) to the curve at point A.
Figure 4
Therefore the limiting value of the slope of the secant line will be equal to the slope of
the tangent line.
To answer our question on how to find the slope of the tangent line, we first need to
develop the concept of limits.
3. WHAT IS MEANT BY A LIMIT?
Let’s first get a “feeling” for limits by discussing an example.
Consider the function f x 2x 1 when x is near to 2 but not equal to 2.
If we tabulate values of x which approach 2 with the corresponding values of the
function f(x), we observe that the closer x comes to the value 2, the closer f(x) comes
to the value 3.
Table 1
x<2 x>2
f(1,7) = 2,4 f(2,3) = 3,6
f(1,8) = 2,6 f(2,2) = 3,4
f(1,9) = 2,8 f(2,1) = 3,2
f(1,99) = 2,98 f(2,01) = 3,02
f(1,999) = 2,998 f(2,001) = 3,002
14 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
Figure 5
Both table 1 and figure 5 illustrate that the nearer we take the value of x to 2, the
nearer the value of f (x) lies to 3. Note also that it does not matter whether x
approaches 2 from the left (x < 2) or from the right (x > 2).
We can summarise our observations by saying that 3 is the limit of f(x) when x
approaches 2.
We write this as lim 2 x 1 3 .
x2
In general we write lim f x L to say that the limit of f (x), as x approaches a, is L.
xa
Finding limits by using graphs or tables is a tedious process. In many cases it would
be a lot easier to use our knowledge of algebra to determine a limit.
4. TECHNIQUES FOR FINDING LIMITS
Rules 1 and 2 for limits
lim C C , where a and C are real numbers
x a
lim x a, where a is a real number
x a
Examples: lim 7 7 and lim x 3
x2 x 3
In the following rules we will assume that
lim f x L1 and lim g x L2 where L1 and L2 are real numbers.
xa xa
MAT1581 15
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Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
Rule 3: Limit of a sum or difference
lim f x g x lim f x lim g x
x a x a x a
L1 L2
Thus to find the sum (or difference) of two functions, you can find the sum (or
difference) of their limits.
Example: lim x 2 lim x lim 2
x 3 x 3 x 3
rule 3
3 2 rule 1 and 2
5
Rule 4: Limit of a product
lim f x .g x lim f x .lim g x
x a x a x a
L1 .L2
This rule states that the limit of the product of two functions is the product of their
limits.
Example: lim 3x lim 3 lim x rule 4
x 1 x 1 x 1
3 1 rule 1 and 2
3
Rule 5: Limit of a quotient
f x lim f x L
lim xa 1 ,if L2 0
x a g x lim g x L2
x a
If the limit of the denominator is not 0, then the limit of the quotient of two functions
is the quotient of their limits.
2x 4 lim 2 x 4
Example: lim x 2 rule 5
x2 x 1 lim x 1
x2
2(2) 4
rule 1 to 4
(2) 1
Rule 6: Limit of f x or f x
n
n
If n is a positive integer
16 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
n
lim f x lim f x L1
n n
xa xa
lim n f x n lim f x n L1
xa x a
5
3
3
Examples: lim x 3 lim x and
x 5 x 5
lim 3 4 x 3 lim 4 x 3 8 2
x 2 x 2
Example 1
a)
x 3
lim 2 x 3 5 x lim 2 x 3 lim 5 x
x 3 x 3
2 3 5 3
3
39
x 3
b) lim x 3 4 x 2 6 lim x 3 lim 4 x 2 lim 6
x 3 x 3 x 3
3 4 3 6
3 2
3
x 2 1 lim
x 2
x2 1
c) lim
x 2 4 x 1 lim 4 x 1
x 2
lim x 2 lim1
x 2 x 2
lim 4 x lim1
x 2 x 2
(2)2 1
(4)2 1
5
7
ACTIVITY 1
Determine
a) lim y 2 y
y 2
b) lim x 3 x 4
x 3
c) lim 3k 2
k 5
2x2 x 5
d) lim
x 1 x4 3
Remember to check the response on page 23.
MAT1581 17
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Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
4.1 When the limit of the denominator of a quotient is 0
2 x
2
4
To find the limit of lim we find that we cannot use rule 5. Checking the
x 0
x
denominator we see that lim x 0 . But this does not mean that the limit does not
x 0
2 x 2 4 4 4 x x2 4
exist. If we simplify the fraction, we find that
x x
4 x x2
x
x 4 x
x
4 x
We are interested in the limits as x approaches 0 and not when x has the value 0. We
may thus divide by x, that is cancel x in the above manipulation.
2 x 4
2
Now lim lim 4 x 4
x 0 x x 0
0
Thus whenever substitution results in 0 , we must do more work to determine whether
the limit exists.
Example 2
a) lim
x2 4
lim
x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2 x 2 x2
Note that the denominator becomes 0 and starts to simplify the fraction.
The factor x 2 can be cancelled.
This factor is sometimes called the vanishing factor.
x2 4 x 2 x 2
Thus lim lim
x 2 x 2 x 2 x2
lim x 2
x 2
22
4
x3 x3
b) lim lim
x 3 x 9
2 x 3 x 3 x 3
1
lim
x 3 x 3
1
6
18 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
x 1 x 1
lim Treating x 1 as the difference between squares
c) lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
1
lim
x 1 x 1
1
11
1
2
ACTIVITY 2
Determine
3 x 2 x 10
a) lim 2
x 2 x 5 x 14
x 2 8 x 12
b) lim
x 2 3 x 2 x 10
x 2 3x 2
c) lim
x 0 x3 1
Remember to check the response on page 24.
4.2 Limits at infinity
n n
1 1 1 1
Consider lim , n 0 . Now lim n lim lim
x x n x x x x x x
1
Remember that y is the standard form of a rectangular hyperbola. Using the
x
1
graph of the hyperbola we find that lim 0 .
x x
n n
1 1 1
Thus lim n lim lim 0 0 .
n
x x x x x x
1 1 1
Notice from this example that as x , 2 , 3 , 4 ,... all have limits of 0.
x x x
n
c 1
Using this with rule 3, we see that lim n lim c lim c.0 0 .
x x x x x
Thus we have the following which we will use to find limits at infinity:
Limits at infinity
c
If c is a constant then lim 0
x x n
MAT1581 19
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
Example 3
a)
x
lim x 2 3 x 2 Take out the highest power of x as a common factor.
3 2
lim x 2 1 2
x
x x
1 0 0
2
x 2 3x 2
b) lim
x x3 1
We will first divide both the numerator and denominator by the largest power
of x in the denominator, in this case x3 . This will make each term into a
constant or a term with a variable in the denominator and allow us to use the
properties for limits at infinity.
x 2 3x 2
3 3
x 2 3x 2 x 3
x x
lim lim
x x 1
3 x x 3
1
3
3
x x
1 3 2
lim x2 x3
x
x 1 1 x3
Now, according to the properties for limits at infinity, all the terms with x in
the denominator have a limit of 0. So we have
x 2 3x 2 0 0 0
lim
x x3 1 1 0
0
1
0
Hint:
When you want to find a limit at infinity, divide both the numerator and
denominator by the largest power of the variable in the denominator.
ACTIVITY 3
Evaluate
3x3 4 x 2 x 1
a) lim
x 2 x3 2 x 1
b) lim 4 5 x 2 x 3 4 x 4
x
Remember to check the response on page 25.
20 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
5. ONE-SIDED LIMITS AND CURVES
Figure 6 shows the graph of a function f.
Figure 6
Notice that f (x) is not defined when x = 0. As x approaches 0 from the right, f (x)
approaches 1. We write this as lim f x 1 .
x 0
On the other hand, as x approaches 0 from the left, f (x) approaches –1 and we write
lim f x 1 .
x 0
Limits like these are called one-sided limits. From the last section we know that the
limit of a function as x a is independent of the way x approaches a. Thus the limit
will exist if both one-sided limits exist and are equal. We therefore conclude that
lim f x does not exist.
x 0
As a second example of a one-sided limit, consider f x x 3 as x approaches 3
(see figure below). Since f is defined only when x 3, we speak of the limit as x
approaches 3 from the right. From the diagram it is clear that lim x 3 0.
x 3
Figure 7
MAT1581 21
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
A third example: Refer to figure 8.
1
Now let's look at y f x 2 near x 0. Figure 4 below shows the graph of the function.
x
Notice that as x 0, both from the left and from the right, f (x) increases without bound.
Hence no limit exists at 0. We say that as x 0, f (x) becomes positively infinite
1
and symbolically we write lim 2
x 0 x
Figure 8
A fourth example as shown in figure 9: the graph of the hyperbola.
1
Consider the graph of y f x for x 0.
x
1
As x approaches 0 from the right, becomes positively infinite.
x
Figure 9
22 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
1
As x approached 0 from the left,
becomes negatively infinite.
x
1 1
Symbolically we write lim and lim .
x 0 x x 0 x
1
Either one of these facts implies that lim does not exist.
x 0 x
6. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
6.1 Activity 1
a)
y 2
lim y 2 y lim y 2 lim y
y 2 y 2
22 2
6
b) lim x 3 x 4 lim x 3 .lim x 4
x 3 x 3 x 3
lim x lim 3 . lim x lim 4
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
3 3 3 4
6
c) lim 3k 3lim k
2 2
k 5 k 5
3 25
75
2 x 2 x 5 lim 2 x2 x 5
d) lim x1
x 1 x4 3 lim x 4 3
x 1
2
2
1
MAT1581 23
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
6.2 Activity 2
a) lim
3x 2 x 10
lim
3x 5 x 2
x 2 x 2 5 x 14 x 2 x 7 x 2
3x 5
lim
x 2 x 7
3 2 5
27
11
9
b) lim
x 2 8 x 12
lim
x 2 x 6
x 2 3 x 2 x 10 x 2 x 2 3 x 5
x6
lim
x 2 3 x 5
26
3(2) 5
4
11
c) lim
x 2 3x 2
0 3 0 2
2
x 0 x3 1 0 3 1
2
1
2
Note in this case we can use rule 5, as the denominator does not become 0.
24 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 2
DIFFERENTIATION: Limits
6.3 Activity 3
3x3 4 x 2 x 1
a) lim
x 2 x3 2 x 1
3 4x 1 1
lim x2 x3
x 2 2
x2
1
x3
3
2
b)
lim 4 5 x 2 x 3 4 x 4
x
4 5 x 2 x3 4 x 4
lim x 4 4 4 4 4
x
x x x x
4 5 1
lim x 4 4 2 4
x x x x
0 0 0 4
4
4
4
This is the end of learning unit 2 on limits and so you should be able to
explain what is meant by a limit
find the value of a limit
give examples of one-sided limits
We now move on to learning unit 3 on the derivative.
MAT1581 25
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
MODULE 6 Differentiation
LEARNING UNIT 3 The derivative
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
relate the rate of change of a function to the gradient of the tangent at a point
differentiate simple expressions from first principles
recognise the different notations used to denote derivatives
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. THE TANGENT QUESTION AND THE DERIVATIVE .................................. 27
2. DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES ........................................... 28
3. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY ................................................................................ 31
26 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: The derivative
1. THE TANGENT QUESTION AND THE DERIVATIVE
We return to the discussion of the tangent question mentioned in learning unit 2. We
want to find an expression for the slope of the curve, or the slope of the tangent at a
point on the curve.
Consider figure 1.
Figure 1
We can write the slope (gradient) of the secant line through A and B as
change in y y f x h f x
mAB
change in x x h
If we move B closer to A, h becomes smaller and is getting closer to 0 and the secant
line becomes the tangent. The slope of the tangent line will thus be the limit
f x h f x
lim
h 0 h
This formula gives us the slope of the curve at point A.
This special limit is called the derivative of a function. The mathematical process of
finding the expression for the gradient of a curve at any point is called differentiation.
Notation
d
The symbol considered on its own is called the differentiating operator, and
dx
indicates that any function written after it is to be differentiated with respect to x. We
MAT1581 27
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: The derivative
always differentiate with respect to the independent variable, that is
d dependent variable
.
d independent variable
dy y
Note:
dx x
y
is the average rate of change over an interval (slope of the secant) while
x
dy
is the limiting value equal to the instantaneous rate of change at a point
dx
(slope of the tangent).
The following symbols are often used to indicate derivatives instead of
f x h f x
lim :
h 0 h
dy
i we say dy by dx ii f ' x we say f prime x
dx
d
iii f x iv y '
dx
v Dx y vi Df x
dy
has various interpretations:
dx
1. the change in y due to the change in x
2. the differentiation of y with respect to x
3. the first differential
4. the first derivative
5. the slope or gradient
6. tan where is the angle of inclination of the tangent to the horizontal; see
figure 2
Figure 2
2. DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
f x h f x
Differentiation from first principles means to calculate lim . We will
h 0 h
take four steps to calculate this special limit:
28 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: The derivative
1. Find f x h
2. Find f x h f x
3. Divide by h
4. Let h 0 to find the limit
Example 1
a) Find the expression for the derivative of y = x2.
Solution
We take the steps as set out above:
f x x2
Thus f x h x h
2
Step 1:
x 2 2 xh h 2
Step 2:
f x h f x x 2 2 xh h 2 x 2
2 xh h 2
f x h f x 2 xh h 2
Step 3:
h h
h 2x h
h
2x h
f x h f x
Step 4: lim lim 2 x h
h 0 h h 0
2x
dy f x h f x
Thus the derivative = = lim 2x
dx h0 h
This example can be taken a step further:
b) Determine the derivative of y = x2 at x = 3.
Solution
Substitute the given value into the expression obtained in (a):
dy
2(3) 6 .
dx x 3
dy
Where is a shorthand notation for the derivative at x = 3.
dx x 3
MAT1581 29
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: The derivative
We can say that the slope or gradient of the curve at x = 3 is 6.
Example 2
If f x 2 x 2 find f ' x from first principles.
1
Solution
1
Step 1: f x h 2 x h
2
The factor x h
1
2
may be expanded by using the binomial theorem
1
3
1 1 1 2 2
x h
2 x 2 x h
2 1 2 2 2
.....
2
1 1 3
1 1
2 x 2 x 2 h x 2 h 2 ....higher order terms in h
2 2
1 1 3 1
1 1
Step 2: f x h f x 2 x 2 x 2 h x 2 h 2 ..... 2 x 2
2 2
1 3
2h
1 1 2 2
x x h ....higher order terms in h
2 2
1 1 1 3
h x 2 x 2 h ....higher order terms in h
f x h f x 2 2
Step 3:
h h
1 3
1 1
x 2 x 2 h ....higher order terms in h
2 2
f x h f x 1 1 1 3
Step 4: lim lim x 2 x 2 h.. ....higher order terms in h
h 0 h h 0 2 2
All the terms containing an h become 0.
1
x 2
30 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: The derivative
ACTIVITY 1
Determine the derivatives of the following from first principles:
a) y 3x 2 at x 2
f x 2x 2
3
b)
1
c) f x x
x
d) y x (Hint: Use the binomial theorem.)
8
Remember to check the response on page 31.
3. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITY
Activity 1
a) Put y f x 3x 2
f x h 3 x h
2
Step 1:
3 x 2 2 xh h 2
3x 2 6 xh 3h 2
Step 2: f x h f x 3x 2 6 xh 3h 2 3x 2
6 xh 3h 2
f x h f x 6 xh 3h 2
Step 3:
h h
h 6 x 3h
h
6 x 3h
f x h f x
Step 4: lim lim 6 x h
h 0 h h 0
6x
dy
6 2 12
dx x 2
MAT1581 31
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: The derivative
f x 2x 2
3
b)
8 x3 24 x 2 24 x 8
f x h 2 x h 2
3
Step 1:
8 x h 24 x h 24 x h 8
3 2
8 x3 24 x 2 h 24 xh 2 8h3 24 x 2 48 xh 24h 2 24 x 24h 8
Step 2: f x h f x 8 x3 24 x 2 h 24 xh 2 8h3 24 x 2 48 xh 24h 2 24 x 24h 8
8 x 3 24 x 2 24 x 8
24 x 2 h 24 xh 2 8h3 48 xh 24h 2 24h
Step 3:
f x h f x
h 24 x 2 24 xh 8h 2 48 x 24h 24
h h
24 x 24 xh 8h 48 x 24h 24
2 2
f x h f x
Step 4: lim
h 0 h h 0
lim 24 x 2 24 xh 8h 2 48 x 24h 24
24 x 2 48 x 24
6 2x 2
2
Thus f ' x 24 x 2 48 x 24 6 2 x 2
2
c)
1
f x x
x
1
Step 1: f x h x h
x h
1 1
Step 2: f x h f x x h x
xh x
1 1
h
xh x
xh x h x x h
x x h
x 2 h xh 2 h
x x h
32 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 3
DIFFERENTIATION: The derivative
f x h f x x 2 h xh 2 h
Step 3: h
h x x h
h x 2 xh 1 1
x x h h
x 2 xh 1
x x h
f x h f x x 2 xh 1
Step 4: lim lim
h 0 h h 0 x x h
x2 1
x2
1
1 2
x
1
f ' x 1
x2
d) Put y f x x8
Step 1: f x h x h
8
x8 8 x 7 h 28 x 6 h 2 .....
Step 2: f x h f x x8 8 x 7 h 28 x 6 h 2 ..... x8
8 x 7 h 28 x 6 h 2 ....higher order terms in h
Step 3:
f x h f x
h 8 x 7 28 x 6 h ....higher order terms in h
h h
8 x 28 x h ....higher order terms in h
7 6
f x h f x
Step 4: lim
h 0 h h 0
lim 8 x 7 28 x 6 h ....higher order terms in h
8x7
dy
Thus 8x7 .
dx
You have completed this learning unit and so you should be able to
relate the rate of change of a function to the gradient of the tangent at a point
differentiate simple expressions from first principles
recognise the different notations used to denote derivatives
In learning unit 4 you will learn about standard forms.
MAT1581 33
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
MODULE 6 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 4 Standard forms
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to differentiate a function in the
standard form without referring to your notes.
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. STANDARD FORMS .......................................................................................... 35
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 39
2.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 39
2.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 39
34 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Standard forms
1. STANDARD FORMS
The process of finding the derivative is called differentiation, and deriving it via the
limit is called differentiation from first principles. It is quite an involved process and
to avoid having to evaluate limits every time we differentiate, we use established
derivatives called standard forms
The standard derivatives summarised below may be proved theoretically and are true
for all real values of x. Notice that the list includes derivatives of the trigonometric
functions. In the forms in which the derivatives are given, it is essential that the
angles be measured in radians. You must memorise this list.
y or f x dy
or f ' x
dx
1 constant, k 0
2 x 1
3 xn nx n1 n is a constant
4 ax n anx n1 a and n are constants
5 ex ex
6 e kx kekx k is a constant
7 ax a x n a a is a constant
8 n x 1
x
9 log a x 1 a is a constant
x n a
10 sin kx k cos kx k is a constant
11 cos kx k sin kx k is a constant
12 tan kx k sec2 kx k is a constant
13 cot kx k cos ec2 kx k is a constant
14 sec kx k sec kx tan kx k is a constant
15 cos ec kx k cos ec kx.cot kx k is a constant
MAT1581 35
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Standard forms
Example 1
Differentiate a) y=6
b) y = 6x
Solution
a) 6 is a constant. Use standard form 1.
dy
0.
dx
b) Use standard form 4 with a = 6 and n = 1.
dy
6 1 x11 6 x 0 6
dx
Example 2
Find the derivatives of a) y 12 x3
12
b) y 3
x
c) y 3 x
Solution
dy
Use standard form 4: If y axn then anx n 1 .
dx
dy
a) a = 12 and n = 3 thus 12 3 x 31 36 x 2 .
dx
12
b) y 3
is rewritten in the standard form ax n as y 12 x 3 . So a = 12 and n =
x
dy 36
3, thus 12 3 x 31 36 x 4 4
dx x
1
c) y 3 x is rewritten in the standard form ax as y n
3x 2 . So a = 3 and n =
1 1
1 dy 1 2 1 3 3 3
, thus 3 x x 2 .
2 dx 2 2 1
2 x
2x 2
Example 3
Find f ' x if a) f x 2x
b) f x n x
c) f x e3x
d) f x log2 x
Solution
a) Refer to standard form 7 with a = 2. Thus f ' x 2 x n 2 .
1
b) Refer to standard form 8. Thus f ' x .
x
c) Refer to standard form 6. Thus f ' x 3e3 x .
36 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Standard forms
1
d) Refer to standard form 9. Thus f ' x .
xn 2
Example 4
dy
Determine if: a) y sin x
dx
b) y sec3x
x
c) y cos
4
Solution
dy
a) Refer to standard form 10. k 1 Thus cos x
dx
dy
b) Refer to standard form 14. k 3 Thus 3sec 3 x tan 3 x
dx
dy 1 x
c) Refer to standard form 11. k 14 Thus sin
dx 4 4
ACTIVITY 1
Determine the derivatives to x of the following:
a) x5 b) sin 3 x
3
c) cot 2 x d) x
e) log10 x f) n 3 x
5 x
g) e h) 5 x6
i) tan 3 x j) 10 x
k) cos ecx l) log 3 x
3
m) x4 n) 6x10
x4 x
o) p) sec
4 2
Remember to check the response on page 39
The table is written with independent variable x. However, it can still be used when
other independent variables are involved, as shown in the next example.
Example 5
Find the derivatives of a) y t sin5t
b) y t n3t
c) f s 5 s
Solution
MAT1581 37
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Standard forms
a) y ' t 5cos 5t
(3) 1
b) y 't
3t t
1 4
1 1 1
c) f s 5 s s 5 Thus f ' s s 5 4
5 55 s4
5s 5
ACTIVITY 2
1. Determine the derivatives of the following:
a) y t cos ec 5t
b) g t 6t 3
c) f s s
d) u w n w
e) V h log 3 h
2. Differentiate the following:
a) y n 2
b) f x x7
3
c) r h2
1
d) v
t
1
e) w 2
u
f) f t x
g) f x x 2
Remember to check the responses on pages 39 and 40.
38 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Standard forms
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
2.1 Activity 1
a) 5x4
b) 3 cos 3x
c) 2 co sec 2 2 x
2
1 3 1 1
d) x 2
3 33 x2
3x 3
1
e)
xn10
1
f)
3x
g) 5e 5 x
h) 30 x 5
i) 3sec 2 3 x
j) 10 x n10
k) cos ecx.cot x
1
l)
x n 3
1
3 4
m) x n) 60x 9
4
o)
1
4
4 x3 x3 p)
1
2
x
sec tan
2
x
2
2.2 Activity 2
1.
a) y ' t 5cos ec 5t.cot 5t
b) g ' t 18t 2
1
1 1
c) f ' s s 2
2 2 s
1
d) u ' w
w
1
e) V 'h
h n 3
MAT1581 39
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 4
DIFFERENTIATION: Standard forms
2.
dy
a) 0 , because n 2 is a constant. You can find the value with your
dx
calculator.
b) f ' x 7 x6
1
dr 3 32 1 3 2
c) h h . In this case r is the dependent variable and h the
dh 2 2
independent variable.
1 1 3
dv 1 1 1
d) vt 2 Thus t 2 t 2.
dt 2 2
1 dw 2
e) w 2
u 2 . Thus 2u 3 3 .
u du u
f) f t x . Be careful here - the independent variable is given as t; thus x must
be regarded as a constant in this case.
f 't 0
g) f ' x 2 x 2 1
Now that you have reached the end of learning unit 4, you should be able to
differentiate a function in the standard form without referring to your notes.
The rules of differentiation will be covered in learning unit 5 next.
40 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
DIFFERENTIATION
MODULE 6 Rules of differentiation I
LEARNING UNIT 5
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to use the following rules of
differentiation to differentiate combined expressions:
constant times a function
rule for sums and differences
product rule
quotient rule
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. DERIVATIVES OF COMBINED EXPRESSIONS ............................................ 42
1.1 Constant times a function...................................................................................... 42
1.2 Sums and differences ............................................................................................ 42
1.3 Product rule ........................................................................................................... 45
1.4 Quotient rule ......................................................................................................... 46
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 47
2.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 47
2.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 47
2.3 Activity 3 .............................................................................................................. 48
2.4 Activity 4 .............................................................................................................. 49
2.5 Activity 5 .............................................................................................................. 49
41 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation I
1. DERIVATIVES OF COMBINED EXPRESSIONS
The rules of differentiation exist for finding the derivatives of functions that have
been combined under various operations. The mathematics involved in proving these
rules can become complicated. For our purposes it will suffice to present the rules
without proof. Although there are many functions for which the derivative does not
exist, our concern will be with functions that are differentiable.
1.1 Constant times a function
When the derivative of a function is already known, it is a simple matter to find the
derivative of a constant multiple of that function. This involves using the rule
If F x k f x then F ' x k f ' x where k is a constant.
That is, the derivative of k times a function is simply k times the derivative of the
function.
Example 1
a)
If f x 9 x 3 then f ' x 9 3x 2 27 x 2
b) If g x 7 x 5 then g ' x 7 5 x 35 x
6 6
dy 2 5 2 1 5 2
5 5 3
2 2
c) If y x then x x
3 dx 3 2 3
ACTIVITY 1
Find the derivatives of
a) f x 3x 2
b) y 12 x 4
c) V 2 y3
Remember to check the response on page 47.
1.2 Sums and differences
If F x f x g x then F ' x f ' x g ' x
If F x f x g x then F ' x f ' x g ' x
According to these rules, the derivative of a sum (or difference) is the sum (or
difference) of the individual derivatives. To use these rules, we differentiate each
term.
42 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation I
Example 2
Find the derivatives of
a) F x x 2 sin x
b) f x 7 x5 4 x3 2 x 8
c) y e 2 x n x x
Solution
Differentiate the given functions term-by-term using the correct standard forms:
a) F ' x 2 x cos x
b) f x 35 x 4 12 x 2 2
1
1 1 1 1
c) y 2e 2x
x 2 2e 2 x
x 2 x 2 x
ACTIVITY 2
Determine
dy
a) if y 3x 2 5 x 6
dx
4
b) f ' x if f x 2 x
x
d x2 3
c) 2 x
dx 2 x
Remember to check the response on page 47.
In some cases a quotient or product can be simplified to the sum or difference of
functions:
Example 3
Find the first derivative of
3t 2 4t 5
a) S
t3
y 3x 2
2
b)
Solution
3t 2 4t 5 3t 2 4t 5
a) S 3 3
t3 t t
1
3t 4t 2
MAT1581 43
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation I
ds
dt
3 1 t 11 4 2 t 21
3t 2 8t
3 8t
t2 1
3 8t 3
t2
8t 3 3
t2
If possible, we simplify answers to the same format as the original question.
b) y 3x 2
2
9 x 2 12 x 4
dy
9 2 x 21 12 1 x11 0
dx
18 x 12 (Remember x 0 1)
6 3x 2
ACTIVITY 3
1. Differentiate with respect to the independent variable:
d z2 z7
a)
d
dx
4 3x 2 x 2 b)
dz 2 7
2 3
y 2 f t 2t 4 3t 3
3 2
c) d)
x x
x 2
y 2x 4 4x 4 y
3 1
e) f)
2 x
dy
2. Find in the following cases:
dx
a bx cx 2
a) y
x
a
b) y ax
ax
Remember to check the response on page 48.
44 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation I
1.3 Product rule
Note that the derivative of a product does not behave as nicely as other products you
have encountered thus far. The derivative of a product is not the product of the
derivatives. The product rule is given by the following formula:
If F x f x g x then F ' x f x g ' x f ' x g x
In words, we have the derivative of product equals the first function times the
derivative of the second function plus the second function times the derivative of the
first function.
Example 4
dy
Determine if y 3 x 1 2 x 1
dx
Solution
Let f x 3 x 1 and g x 2 x 1
f ' x 3 and g ' x 2
dy
f x g ' x f ' x g x
dx
3 x 1 2 3 2 x 1
6x 2 6x 3
12 x 5
Example 5
dy
If y x 2 sin x find .
dx
Solution
Let f x x 2 and g x sin x
dy
x 2 cos x 2 x sin x
dx
x 2 cos x 2 x sin x
ACTIVITY 4
Determine the derivatives of
a)
y 3 x 5 x 2 2 x
b) f t t cos t
c) y xe 2 x
Remember to check the response on page 49.
MAT1581 45
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation I
1.4 Quotient rule
The quotient rule is given by the following formula:
f x g x f ' x f x g ' x
If F x then F ' x
g x g x 2
Consider the following examples:
Example 6
sin x dy
If y x find .
x dx
Solution
Let f x sin x and g x x
Then f ' x cos x and g ' x 1
dy g x f ' x f x g ' x
Thus
g x
2
dx
x cos x sin x (1)
x 2
x cos x sin x
x2
Example 7
x 1
Find y ' if y
x 1
Solution
1 1
Let f x x 1 x2 +1 and g x x 2 -1
1 1
1 2 1
Then f ' x x and g ' x x 2
2 2
g x f ' x f x g ' x
Thus y '
g x
2
x 1
2
1 1
2
x x 1 x
1
2
1
2 1
2
12
x 1 1 2
2
1
2 x
1
2 2
1
12 x x
12
x 1
2
1
2 2
1
1
2
12
x 1 1 2
2
46 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation I
12 x 2 12 12 x
1 1
1 2
2
x
2
1
1
2
x
1
2
x
2
1
1
2
1
2
x x 1
ACTIVITY 5
Determine the derivatives of
2 x2
a) y
2 3x
et
b) f t 2
t 2
tan x
c) y
2x
x
d) f ( x)
n x
Remember to check the response on page 49.
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
2.1 Activity 1
a) f ' x 32 x
b)
y 12 4 x 3
c) V 2 3 y 2
2.2 Activity 2
a) y 3x 2 5 x 6
dy
3 2 x 21 51 x11 0
dx
6x 5
4
b) f x 2 x
x
2x 2 4x
1 1
2
MAT1581 47
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation I
1 1 1 1
f ' x 2 x 2 1 4 x 2 1
2 2
x 2 2 x
1 3
2
1 2
1
3
x2 x2
x2
3
x2
x2
x3
x2
x x
d x 2
3 d x2 2
c) 2
x 3x x
dx 2 x dx 2
2 x 21
3 2 x 21 1 x11
2
x 6 x 3 1
6
x 3 1
x
2.3 Activity 3
1. a) 3 4x
b) z z6
dy 2 6
c) 2 3
dx x x
3 14
f ' t t 2t 3
1
d)
2
dy 3 14
x x 4
5
e)
dx 2
dy 1 1
f)
dx 4 x x x
dy a
2. a) c 2
dx x
dy a a
b)
dx 2 ax 2 x ax
48 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation I
2.4 Activity 4
a)
dy
dx
3 x 5 . 2 x 2 3. x 2 2 x
6 x 2 4 x 10 3 x 2 6 x
9 x 2 2 x 10
1
1
b) f ' t t sin t t 2 .cos t
2
cos t
t .sin t
2 t
dy
c) x (2e2 x ) (1)( e2 x )
dx
2 xe2 x e2 x
e 2 x 2 x 1
2.5 Activity 5
2 x2
a) y
2 3x
Let f ( x ) 2 x 2 and g ( x ) 2 3x
f ' x 2 x g ' x 3
dy 2 3x 2 x 2 x
2
3
dx 2 3x 2
4 x 6 x 2 6 3x 2
2 3x 2
3x 2 4 x 6
2 3x 2
3x 2 4 x 6
2 3x 2
MAT1581 49
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 5
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation I
et
b) f t
t2 2
f ' t
t 2
2t
2 e t e t
t 22 2
e t t 2 2t
2
t 2
2 2
tan x
c) y
2x
dy 2 x sec x tan x 2
2
dx 2 x 2
2 x sec 2 x tan x
2
4x
x sec x tan x
2
2 x2
x
d) f ( x)
n x
n x 1 x
1
f ' x x
n x 2
n x 1
n x 2
Learning unit 5 is now complete and you should be able to differentiate combined
expressions using the following rules of differentiation:
constant times a function
rule for sums and differences
product rule
quotient rule
We examine the next part of the rules of differentiation in learning unit 6.
50 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
DIFFERENTIATION
MODULE 6 Rules of
LEARNING UNIT 6 differentiation II
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to differentiate composite functions
using the chain rule together with the rules for combined expressions:
constant times a function
rule for sums and differences
product rule
quotient rule
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS .............................................. 52
1.1 Function-of-a-function or chain rule..................................................................... 52
1.2 General standard forms ......................................................................................... 61
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 65
2.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 65
2.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 65
2.3 Activity 3 .............................................................................................................. 66
2.4 Activity 4 .............................................................................................................. 66
2.5 Activity 5 .............................................................................................................. 68
51 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
1. DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
Suppose we are given a function y(x), where the variable x is itself a function of
another variable, t say. We say that y is a function of a function.
Suppose y x x3 and x t sin t , we can write y sin t . There are two
3
functions working on the variable t. When we differentiate, both functions must be
considered.
1.1 Function-of-a-function or chain rule
The chain rule states:
If F x f g ( x) then F ' x f ' g ( x). g '( x).
d
It is often easier to make a substitution before differentiating and using the
dx
notation.
The chain rule is then stated as follows:
Given a function y y ( x ) where x x (t ) then
dy dy dx
dt dx dt
Note: We have stated the rule for two functions but any number of functions can be
involved.
We will first look at examples where powers of a function are involved.
Example 1
dy
4
Find if y x 3 1 .
dx
Solution
Let g ( x) x3 1
Then from the chain rule
dy
f ' g ( x) . g '( x)
dx
3x
3
4 x3 1 2
This answer can be simplified.
3
=12x 2 x 3 1
52 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
Example 2
dy
If y (t ) sin t find
3
.
dt
Solution
Make the substitution x t sin t
Thus y x3 .
Now differentiate each of the functions:
dy dx
3 x 2 and cos t
dx dt
Then using the chain rule we can write:
dy dy dx
dt dx dt
3x 2 cos t
Remove the substitution by substituting x sin t .
3 sin t cos t
2
3sin 2 t cos t
Example 3
Differentiate y 1 x2 .
Solution
We note that y 1 x2 is a function, namely the square root of another function,
1 x2 .
We can make a substitution:
1
Let u 1 x 2 then y u u 2
du dy
To use the chain rule we require and .
dx du
1
dy 1 2 du
u and = 2x
du 2 dx
dy dy du
Thus
dx du dx
1
1 2
u 2 x
2
1
xu 2
Substitute u 1 x 2
MAT1581 53
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Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
x 1 x2 2
x
1
1 x 2 2
x
1 x2
In the following examples we will not write out the substitution. If you battle to
follow this approach, write out the substitutions and compare your answer to the
answer in the notes.
Example 4
3
Find the derivative of y 4 1 x 2 2
.
Solution
3
dy 4 3
dx 1 2
2 2 1
. 1 x
d
dx
1 x2
1
6 1 x2 2 2 x
1
12 x 1 x 2 2
Example 5
2
dy 1
Find if y .
d
Solution
2
1 2
S 1
dy 2 1 d
2 1 1
d d
2 1 1 1 2
1
1 1
2 1 2
1 1 1
2 3
1
2 3
54 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
ACTIVITY 1
Differentiate with respect to the independent variable:
1
f y y3 y 2
8
a) s b)
1 t 2
f t 2 3t 2
3
c) s x 1 d)
1
e) y 3 4 9x f) y
3
x 3
2
3
b
g) y a 2 a and b are constants
x
Remember to check the response on page 65.
In the following example we apply the product rule as well as the function-of-a-
function rule:
Example 6
Find
ds
dt
if s 3t 2 2 5t 4.
Solution
s 3t 2 2 5t 4
3t 2 5t 4
1
2 2
We will use a substitution for the product rule but not for the function-of-a-function
part.
Function
of a function
Let u 3t 2 and v 5t 4 2
1
2
du dv 1 1 1 d
6t and 5t 4 2 5t 4
dt dt 2 dt
1
5t 4 2 5
1
2
5
5t 4 2
1
2
d
Writing the product rule in notation we have
dt
ds dv du
u. v.
dt dt dt
52 5t 4 12
5t 4 2 . 6t
1
3t 2 2 .
MAT1581 55
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
There are various methods to simplify. We will illustrate two methods:
Method 1
ds
5
3t 2 2 . 5t 4 2 5t 4 2 . 6t
1 1
dt 2
Take out the highest common factor (HCF) in both terms:
1
5t 4 2 5 3t 2 2 12t 5t 4 2 2
1 1 1
2
HCF
1
5t 4 2 15t 2 10 60t 2 48t
1
2
75t 2 48t 10
2. 5t 4
Method 2
ds
5
3t 2 2 5t 4 2 5t 4 2 6t
1 1
dt 2
Write the first term as a fraction. Add terms using rules for handling fractions.
3t 2 2
5
5t 4 2 6t
1
2 5t 4 12
5 3t 2 2 12t 5t 4 2 2
1 1
2 5t 4
1
2
15t 2 10 60t 2 48t
2 5t 4
1
2
75t 2 48t 10
2. 5t 4
ACTIVITY 2
Differentiate with respect to x and simplify:
a) y x 1 2 x
5
b) r x 2 ax b
c) s 2 x 1 1 x d) r 2 3 4
3
e) x x 2 a 2 y x4 2 x3 7
4
f)
Remember to check the response on page 65.
56 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
In the following examples we will use the quotient rule and the chain rule.
Example 7
x3 dy
If y find and simplify.
x 1 4
dx
Solution
We recognise the given function as a quotient and proceed to use the quotient rule.
[Note: we could handle this question as a product rule by rewriting y as
y x 3 x 1 .]
4
Function of a function
dy x 1 3 x x . 4 x 1 1
4 2 3 3
2
dx x 14
H.C.F.
x x 1 3 x 1 4 x
2 3
x 1
8
x 2 x 1 3 x 3 4 x
3
x 1
8
x2 3 x
x 15
Example 8
Determine f ' x if f x
3 2x2 1 and simplify the answer.
1 x2
Solution
f x
3 2 x2 1
1 x2
3 2 x2 1
1 x
1
2 2
Function of a function
1 x
12
.3 4 x 3 2 x 2 1 . 12 1 x 2 2 x
1
2 2
f ' x
2
1 x2
1
2
MAT1581 57
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Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
There are many different ways to simplify. All of them yield the same answer. We
will use the following method:
Multiply the top and bottom by the lowest common multiple (LCM) of all the
denominators in the top and bottom. LCM in this example is 1 x2 2 .
1
1
12 x 1 x 2 2
3 x 2 x 2 1
1 x
1 1
2 2
f ' x
1 x 2
1 x 1 x
1 1 1
12 x 1 x 2 2 2 2
3 x 2 x 2 1 2 2
1 x
1 1 1 1
2 2
1 x 1 x
1
2 2 2
1
1
12 x 1 x 2 1
3x 2 x 2 1
1 x 2 1 12
3x 4 4 x 2 2 x 2 1
3
1 x2
2
3x 3 2 x 2
1 x 2 3
Example 9
1 x2
Find the derivative of y using
x
a) quotient rule
b) product rule
Solution
12
dy x. 12 1 x 2 . 2 x 1. 1 x 2
a)
dx x2
x2
1 x2
1 x 2
x2
x 2 1 x 2
1 x 2
2
x
1
x2 . 1 x2
58 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
1 x2
1
y x 1 1 x 2
2
b)
x
Function of a function
x
dy 1 12
2 x 1 x 2
1
x 1 1 x2 2
2
dx 2
1 x
1
2 2
1
1
1 x2
2
x2
2 2
1 1
x2 1 x2
x 1 x
1
2 2 2
x2 1 x2
1
x2 1 x2
2
2x2 1
x2 1 x2
ACTIVITY 3
1. Differentiate with respect to the independent variable and simplify:
2x2 x 1 3
a) y 2 b) r
3x x 1 2s 1
x 2 x 2 3x
c) y d) y
x3 x5
2 Differentiate by using (i) the quotient rule and
(ii) the product rule
5
x
a) y
1 x
4
x3 1
b) y 3
2x 1
Remember to check the response on page 66.
Example 10
By making a substitution u x 2 3x , use the chain rule to find the derivative of
y n x 2 3 x .
Solution
MAT1581 59
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
Let u x 2 3x then y n u
dy dy du
In this example the chain rule becomes .
dx du dx
du dy 1
Now 2 x 3 and
dx du u
dy dy du
Thus
dx du dx
1
2 x 3
u
2x 3
x 2 3x
Note that the numerator is the derivative of the denominator.
The result of the previous example can be generalised to any function of the form
y n f x . We have
dy f ' x
If y n f x then .
dx f x
Example 11
By making a substitution u x 2 3x , use the chain rule to find the derivative of
y ex 3x .
2
Solution
Let u x 2 3x then y eu
dy dy du
In this example the chain rule becomes .
dx du dx
du dy
Now 2 x 3 and eu
dx du
dy dy du
Thus
dx du dx
eu 2 x 3
2 x 3 e x 3 x
2
The result of the previous example can be generalised to any function of the form
y e . We have
f x
If y e then
dy
f '( x) e f ( x ) .
f x
dx
60 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
Example 12
By making a substitution u x 2 3x , use the chain rule to find the derivative of
y sin x 2 3 x .
Solution
Let u x 2 3x then y sin u
du dy
Now 2 x 3 and cos u
dx du
dy dy du
Thus 2 x 3 cos u
dx du dx
The result of the previous example can be generalised to any function of the form
y sin f x . In fact, using the chain rule we can generalise all the standard forms
given in unit 4 as follows:
1.2 General standard forms
dy
y dx
n 1
f x n f x . f ' x
1 n
2 e f (x f ' x e
f x
3 a f ' x a n a
f x f x
4 n f x f ' x
f x
5 loga f x 1 f ' x
.
n a f x
6 sin f x f ' x cos f x
7 cos f x f ' x sin f x
8 tan f x f ' x sec2 f x
9 cot f x f ' x cos ec2 f x
10 sec f x f ' x sec f x tan f x
11 cosec f x f ' x cosec f x .cot f x
MAT1581 61
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Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
ACTIVITY 4
Differentiate the following:
a)
y n x 2 1 b) y n 2 x 5
3
y n n x 2
2
c) d) y e3 x
e) y e 2 e 3 x n 3 f) y log 2 x 1
2
5 x
g) y 42 x h) y esin 3 x
2
i) y 105 x j) y log 2 3 x 4
x
k) y x2 1 . e 2
Remember to check the response on page 66.
When working with logarithmic or trigonometric functions, it is sometimes better to
first simplify the given functions before differentiating.
Example 13
dy 1 x2
Find if y n 2
.
dx 1 x
Solution
1 x2
y n 2
n 1 x 2 n 1 x 2 a
log b log a log b
1 x
dy 2 x 2x
dx 1 x 1 x 2
2
2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 2
1 x 1 x
2 2
2 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 3
1 x4
4 x
1 x4
Example 14
tan x 1
Find the first derivative if y .
sec x
Solution
sin x
1
tan x 1 cos x
Simplify first: y
sec x 1
cos x
62 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
sin x cos x 1
cos x cos x
sin x cos x cos x
cos x 1
sin x cos x
The differentiation becomes very easy:
dy
cos x sin x
dx
cos x sin x
What would happen if we did not simplify first?
tan x 1
y
sec x
dy sec x sec x tan x 1 sec x tan x
2
dx sec 2 x
sec3 x tan 2 x.sec x sec x.tan x
sec 2 x
cos . 1 cos1 x . cos
2
1 sin x sin x
cos3 x 2
x cos x x
1
cos 2 x
1 sin 2 x sin x.cos x
cos x
Multiply top and bottom by cos x 3
cos 2 x sin x cos x sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
cos x cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x
cos x cos x sin x
cos x
cos x sin x
Problems like examples 13 and 14 do not occur frequently, but they are good
questions to ask as they combine different fields.
The next activity allows you to revise what you have learnt thus far in differentiation.
ACTIVITY 5
1. Find the y ' and simplify your answers to the same format as the
original function, if possible:
y x 2
4 6
a) b) y 2 x2 4 x 5
1 4 a2 x2
c) y d) y
2x 2
x a2 x2
MAT1581 63
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Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
a2 x2
e) y f) y x 3 2 x2
a2 x2
w
g) y h) y 1 x
1 4 w2
y 4 x 3 x 3 1 x
1 1
yx
2 3 2 2
i) j) 2
2. Differentiate with respect to the independent variable and simplify the
answer:
a) R log3 4 x 1 b) p cos n x
2
c) y cot e2 x d) s esin x
3. Find the value of f ' x for the given value of x in radians .
a) f x n tan x ; x
4
x
f x 5e 2 sin ; x2
x
b)
2
f x 10e 10 sin 3x; x 1
x
c)
4. Find the first derivative of:
a) y sin 4 x b) y n cos x
c) f x sin 2 x 2 d) x.sin x
1 cos x
e)
y cos3 x 2 f) y
1 cos x
g) y tan x 2 h) y tan 2 x
i) y tan 2 3x 4 j) f x x 2 sin x
5. Differentiate with respect to the independent variable, and simplify
where possible:
a)
y 3sin x 2 4 b) y sin 3 3x 3
c) y sin x d) sin x
1
e) cos3 x 2 f) y tan x.sin 2 x
2
Remember to check the response on pages 68 and 69.
64 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
2.1 Activity 1
1 12
a) S 1 t 2
1 t2
ds 1 1 2 1 d
1 t 2 1 t2
dt 2 dt
1 2
2t
3
1 t2
2
t
3
1 t2
2
t
1 t 2 3
Only the answers to the rest of the questions are supplied.
f ' y 8 y3 y2 3y ds 1
7
b) 2
2y c)
dx 2 x 1
3
f ' t 18t 2 3t 2 dy
2
d) e)
dx 3
4 9 x 2
2
dy 2 x dy 6b b
f) g) 3 a 2
dx
x dx x x
4
3 3 2
3
2.2 Activity 2
dy dr 5ax 2 4bx
1 2 x 1 12 x
4
a) b)
dx dx 2 ax b
c)
ds
3 6x
d)
dr 2 3 5
2
dx 2 1 x d 3 4
e)
d 2 x 2 a 2
f)
dy
3 4 x3 6 x2
dx x2 a2 dx 4. 4 x 4 2 x 3 7
MAT1581 65
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Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
2.3 Activity 3
In questions a) to c) it is not necessary to use the chain rule.
dy 5x x 2 dr 6
1. a) b)
ds 2 s 12
2
dx 3x 2 x 1
c)
dy x 3 x d)
dy
3 x 2 45 x 20
dx x3 dx 2 x 5 2 2 3 x
3
dy 36 x x 1
2 3
dy 5 x 4
2. a) b)
dx 1 x 6
5
dx 2 x3 1
2.4 Activity 4
a) This function has the form y n f x with f x x 2 1
dy 2x
Therefore 2
dx x 1
Given y n 2 x 5
3
b)
Note that y 3 n 2 x 5
dy 2
3
dx 2 x 5
6
2 x 5
c) y n n x is of the form y n f x where f x n x
dy f ' x
Therefore
dx f x
1
x
n x
1 1
x n x
1
x n x
66 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
dy
6 xe3 x 2
2
d)
dx
dy
e) 0 3e3 x 0 3e3 x (Since e2 and n 3 are constants.)
dx
f) Use the table of standard forms, number 5, with a = 10 and f x 2x 1.
dy 1 2
.
dx log10 2 x 1
2
(Since log 10 = 1)
2x 1
g) Use the table of standard forms, number 3, with a = 4 and f x 2 x2 5 x .
dy
4 x 5 4 2 x 5 x . n 4
2
dx
n 4 4 x 5 42 x 2
5 x
It is important to use brackets in your answers to prevent confusion.
h) Use the table of standard forms, number 6.
dy
dx
3cos 3 x esin 3 x
i)
dy
dx
(10 x) 105 x
2
n10
Using a calculator this can be simplified to 23,03 x 105 x 2
.
Note: you usually do not simplify using a calculator when finding derivatives
except if the questions asks you to find the value of the derivative.
dy 1 12 x3
j) .
dx n 2 3x 4
4
x n 2
1
y x 2 1.e x2 1
1 2 x
2x
k) .e 2
MAT1581 67
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Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
12 e 12 x 2 1 2 x
1 12
y ' x2 1
2 x x
.e 2 2
x
1
1
x 2 2
e 2
xe
x
2
x
1
2 2
1
2
x
1
1 2 xe
x 2 x
e 2 2
1
2 x2 1
2
e
x
2
x 1 2x
2
2 x 1
1
2 2
e
x
2
x 2 x 1
2
2 x2 1
2.5 Activity 5
1.
y ' 4 x 2
y ' 24 x 1 2 x 2 4 x 5
3 5
a) b)
1 2 4a 2 x
c) y' d) y'
a
3 2
x x3 2
x2
2a 2 x 3 4x2
e) y' f) y'
a 2
x2 a4 x4 3 2 x2
1 1
g) y' h) y'
1 4w 2 3 4 xx x
y ' 2 x 2 x 3
12
7 x 18 1 x 5x2 2
1
y ' 12 x 3
1 2
i) j) 2
2.
dR 4 log 3 e dp sin n x
a) b)
dx 4x 1 dx x
dy ds 2
c) 2e 2 x cosec 2 e 2 x d) 2 x cos x 2 esin x
dx dx
3.
a) f ' 1 b) f ' 2 21.35
4
c) f ' 1 27
68 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Rules of differentiation II
4.
dy dy
a) 4 cos x.sin 3 x b) tan x
dx dx
f ' x 2 cos 2 x 2
du
c) d) x.cos x sin x
dx
dy 2 sin x
3
e) y cos3 x 2 cos x 2 f)
dx 1 cos x 2
dy
2
6 x sin x 2 cos x 2
dx
dy dy
g) 2 x sec 2 x 2 h) 2 tan x sec 2 x
dx dx
i)
dy
dx
24 x 3 tan 3x 4 sec2 3x 4 j) f ' x x 2 cos x 2 x sin x
5.
a)
dy
dx
6 x cos x 2 4 b)
dy
dx
9 sin 2 2 x 3 cos 2 x 3
dy cos x d cos x
c) d)
dx 2 x dx 2 sin x
d dy
e) 6 x cos2 x 2 .sin x 2 f) 2sin x cos x sin 2 x
dx dx
You have reached the end of this learning unit, and so you should be able to
differentiate composite functions using the chain rule together with the rules for
combined expressions:
constant times a function
rule for sums and differences
product rule
quotient rule
We now move on to learning unit 7 on higher order derivatives.
MAT1581 69
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MODULE 6 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 7 Higher order
derivatives
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to repeatedly differentiate a
function to find higher order derivatives.
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES ..................................................................... 71
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITY .............................................................................. 77
70 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Higher order derivatives
1. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
or f ' x is again a function of x on its own, which in turn may be
dy
The function
dx
differentiated.
dy
For example if y 5 x3 , then 15 x 2 and 15x 2 is a function that can be
dx
differentiated with respect to x.
d dy d
Thus if y 5 x3 , then
dx dx dx
15 x 2 30 x.
The expression [30x] is called the second differential coefficient (second derivative)
d2 y d dy
of the original function, and is denoted by the symbol 2 which means .
dx dx dx
d2y dy
Thus 2
measures the rate at which is changing with respect to x,
dx dx
dy
just as measures the rate at which y is changing with respect to x.
dx
d2 y
Consequently can also be differentiated with respect to x,
dx 2
and the result is the third differential coefficient (third derivative) of y with respect to x.
d3 y
It is represented by the symbol .
dx 3
Thus in the above example:
Function: y 5 x3
dy
First derivative: 15 x 2
dx
d2y
Second derivative: 2 30 x
dx
d3y
Third derivative: 30
dx 3
d4y
Fourth derivative: 4 0
dx
As seen above, the repeated differential soon becomes 0 in some cases. In other cases
it may continue indefinitely.
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Module 6 Learning unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Higher order derivatives
Example 1
Find the repeated differential coefficients of y x3 x 2 x 1 .
dy
3x 2 2 x 1
dx
2
d y
6x 2
dx 2
d3 y
6
dx3
d4 y
0, as well as all the higher differential coefficients
dx 4
Example 2
1 1
Find the repeated differential coefficients of y .
x x2
y x 1 x 2
dy
1.x 2 2.x 3
dx
d2 y
2
2 x 3 6 x 4
dx
d3 y
3
6 x 4 24 x 5
dx
Obviously this process will never end.
Notation for higher order derivatives
The following notations can be used:
Function y f x y y x
First derivative dy f ' x y' Dy ' x
dx
Second derivative d2 y f '' x y '' D2 y '' x
dx 2
Third derivative d3 y f ''' x y ''' D3 y ''' x
dx3
Fourth derivative d4 y f 'v x y 'v D4 y 'v x
dx 4
72 MAT1581
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Module 6 Learning unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Higher order derivatives
The successive differential coefficients are read as follows:
dy
- dy by dx
dx
d2 y
- d two y by dx two
dx 2
d3 y
- d three y by dx three, etc.
dx3
2
d2y dy
Note: There is a big difference between and .
dx 2
dx
3
d3y dy
There is also a big difference between and .
dx 3
dx
The next example will illustrate the difference:
Example 3
3
d3y dy
If y 1 x x 2 , determine and .
dx 3
dx
Solution
y 1 x x2
dy
1 2 x
dx
d2y
2
dx 2
d3 y
0
dx3
3
dy
and 1 2 x
3
dx
3
d 3 y dy
Clearly
dx3 dx
Example 4
2
Determine f ''' x if f x , simplify and give your answer with positive indices.
x 1
2
Solution
You can use the quotient rule or rewrite f(x) to use the product rule.
2 1
f x 2 2 x2 1
x 1
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Module 6 Learning unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Higher order derivatives
2
f ' x 2 1 x 2 1 2x
4 x
2
4 x x 2 1
x
2
2
1
2 x x 2 1 4 Using the product rule
3 2
f '' x 4 x 2 x 2 1
3 2
16 x 2 x 2 1 4 x2 1
16 x 2 4
x x 1
3 2
2
1 2
16 x 4 x 1
2 2
x 1 2 3
12 x 2 4
x 12 3
4 3x 1 2
x 1
3
2
4 3x2 1
x 1
2 3
x 1 4 6 x 4 3x 1 3 x 2x
3 2
2 2 2
1
f ''' x Using the quotient rule
x 1 2 3 2
x 24 x 24 x 3x 1 x 1
3 2
2
1 2 2
x 1 2 5
x 1 x 1 24 x 24 x 3 x 1
2 2 2 2
x 1 2 6
x 1 24 x 24 x 3 x 1
2 2
x 1 2 4
24 x3 24 x 72 x 3 24 x
x
4
2
1
74 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Higher order derivatives
48 x 3 48 x
x
4
2
1
48 x x 2 1
x
4
2
1
Example 5
2
d 2 du
If u 1 2 x 3x 2 , determine an expression for
d 2u
dx 2
2
dx
u 2.
dx
Solution
Find the values of the derivatives first, then substitute into the given expression and
simplify.
du
2 6x
dx
2
du
2 6 x 4 24 x 36 x
2 2
dx
d 2u
6
dx 2
d 2
d
2 6x
2
u 1 2 x 3x 2 2 1 2 x 3x 2
dx dx
4 12 x 1 2 x 3 x
2
4 8 x 12 x 2 12 x 24 x 2 36 x 3
4 20 x 36 x 2 36 x 3
2
du
Now:
d 2u
dx 2
2
d 2
dx
u
dx
2
6 2 4 20 x 36 x 2 36 x3 4 24 x 36 x 2 2
6 8 40 x 72 x 2 72 x3 4 24 x 36 x 2 2
4 16 x 36 x 2 72 x 3
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Module 6 Learning unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Higher order derivatives
ACTIVITY 1
1. Determine y ' in a) to d):
1
a) y
x2 9
x
b) y
x 1
x2 2
c) y
x
2 x 3x
1
2 2
d) y
x 1
d2y
2. Determine if:
dx 2
a bx
a) y
a bx
x
b) y
2x 1
3. Determine f ''' x if:
a) f x 3x 4 8 x3 12 x 2 5
1
b) f x
4 x
c) f x a bx
4. Find the values of y' and y'' for the given values of x :
a2
a) y ax ; xa
ax
b) y x x 2 9; x4
1 ds 1 2 d 2 s
5. If s 7t show that t t
6
6s
2 dt 10 dt 2
d2y
6. If y 3sin(2 x 3) show that 4y 0
dx 2
7. If y sin x 2cos x show that y ''' y '' y ' y 0
Remember to check the response on page 77.
76 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Higher order derivatives
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITY
Activity 1
x
1. a) y'
x
3
2
9
x2
b) y'
2 2 x 13
2
c) y'
x 2
x2 2
1 4x
d) y'
x 1
1
2
2 x 3x 2
2
d2y 4ab 2
2. a)
dx 2 a bx 3
d 2 y x 2
b)
dx 2 2 x 1 2
5
3. a) f ''' x 24 3 x 2
6
b) f ''' x
4 x
4
3b3
c) f ''' x
8 a bx
5
2
y' 0
4. a) x a
y '' 1
2a
41
y' 5
b) x 4
y '' 236
125
5. s 7t 6
ds
42t 5
dt
d 2s
210t 4
dt
1 ds 1 2 d 2 s
Now left-hand side t t
2 dt 10 dt 2
MAT1581 77
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 7
DIFFERENTIATION: Higher order derivatives
1
2
1
t 42t 5 t 2 210t 4
10
21t 21t
6 6
42t 6
6 7t 6
6s
Right-hand side
6. y 3sin 2x 3
dy
6 cos 2 x 3
dx
d2 y
12sin 2 x 3
dx 2
d2y
Left-hand side = 4y
dx 2
12sin 2 x 3 4 3sin 2 x 3
0
Right-hand side
7. y sin x 2 cos x
y ' cos x 2sin x
y '' sin x 2 cos x
y ''' cos x 2sin x
y y ' y '' y ''' 0
Learning unit 7 on higher order derivatives is now complete, so you should be able to
repeatedly differentiate a function to find higher order derivatives.
The next learning unit 8 focuses on the applications of differentiation.
78 MAT1581
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MODULE 6 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 8 Applications I
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
determine limits of the form 00 with ' Hospital ' s rule
determine the gradient to a curve
find the equations of the tangent and the normal to a curve
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ........................................................................................ 80
2. THE GRADIENT OF A CURVE ......................................................................... 81
2.1 The equation of a tangent to a curve ..................................................................... 81
2.2 The equation of a normal to a curve ..................................................................... 83
3. RATE OF CHANGE ............................................................................................ 84
3.1 Velocity ................................................................................................................. 84
3.2 Acceleration .......................................................................................................... 84
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 86
4.1 Activity 1 .............................................................................................................. 86
4.2 Activity 2 .............................................................................................................. 87
4.3 Activity 3 .............................................................................................................. 87
79 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6 Learning unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Applications I
1. L’HOSPITAL’S RULE
Sometimes when we calculate the limit of a quotient we obtain the form 00 . In cases
where it is difficult to simplify the fraction we can use L’Hospital’s rule.
L’Hospital’s rule states:
f x 0 f x f ' x
If lim is of the form then lim lim
xa g x 0 x a g x x a g ' x
f ' x
if lim is meaningful.
xa g ' x
In some cases L’Hospital’s rule must be applied more than once until the denominator
is not 0.
Example 1
x tan 2 x
Evaluate lim
x 0 x tan 2 x
x tan 2 x 0
It is clear that the lim yields the indeterminate form .
x 0 x tan 2 x 0
Therefore we apply L'Hospital's rule:
x tan 2 x 1 2sec 2 2 x
lim lim
x 0 x tan 2 x x 0 1 2sec 2 2 x
1 2
1 2
3
Example 2
e 2 t et 1 2e 2 t et
Evaluate lim lim
t 0 t2 t 0 2t
which is still in the form 0 apply rule again
0
4e 2 t e t
lim
t 0 2
3
2
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Module 6 Learning unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Applications I
ACTIVITY 1
Determine
x2 1 x 4 7 x 2 12
a) lim b) lim
x 1 x 1 x2 x2
sin
2
c) lim
0 1 cos 2
Remember to check the response on page 86.
2. THE GRADIENT OF A CURVE
From the definition of the derivative we know that the gradient (slope) of a curve
y f x at any point P a, b is given by f ' a .
Example 3
Determine the slope of the curve y x 2 at the point x 3 .
dy dy
Slope = 2 x and 6.
dx dx x 3
Example 4
2
At which point on the curve y is the gradient to the curve equal to –2?
x
dy 2
The gradient = 2 x 2 2
dx x
Put the gradient = -2
2
2 2
x
2 x 2
2
x2 1
x 1
2.1 The equation of a tangent to a curve
From the definition of the derivative we know that the gradient (slope) of a curve
y f x at any point P a, b is given by f ' a and this is also equal to the gradient
of the tangent to the curve at point P a, b .
The tangent to the curve is passing through P a, b , thus
The equation of the tangent is: y b f ' a x a
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications I
Example 5
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve of y =3x2 + 4x + 5
at the point (3; 10).
Solution
Method 1
In this case a 3 and b 10.
Let f x 3 x 2 4 x 5
f ' x 6 x 4
f ' 3 6 3 4
14
Equation of tangent is
y 10 14 x 3 Substitute values in 1
y 10 14 x 42
y 14 x 32
OR
14 x y 32 0
Method 2
We can also use the gradient-intercept form of the straight line: y
mx c .
Gradient y-intercept
Let the equation of the tangent be y mx c .
Now y 3 x 2 4 x 5
dy
6 x 4
dx
If x 3, the gradient of the tangent: m 6 3 4
14
The tangent is passing through the point (3; 10), therefore these values must satisfy
the equation.
10 14 3 c
10 42 c
c 32
Equation of tangent: y 14 x 32
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Module 6 Learning unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Applications I
2.2 The equation of a normal to a curve
The normal line to the curve y = f(x) at a point P (a, b) is defined as the line through
P (a, b) perpendicular to the tangent at that point, in this case P (a, b).
1
Hence the gradient of the normal to y is equal to because the conditions for two
f ' a
lines to be perpendicular to each other is that the product of their gradients equals –1.
The equation of the normal at P a, b is thus
1
Equation of the normal: y b x a
f 'a
Example 6
Find the equation of the normal to the curve of y =3x2 + 4x + 5
at the point (3; 10).
Solution
Let f x 3 x 2 4 x 5
f ' x 6 x 4
f ' 3 6 3 4
14
Equation of normal is
1
y 10 x 3
14
x 3
y 10
14 14
x 3
y 10
14 14
x 143
14 14
OR
x 14 y 143 0
ACTIVITY 2
1. Determine the equation of (a) the tangent and (b) the normal to the
curve x 2 y 2 25 at the point (4 , 3) on the curve.
2x
2. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y 2 at the origin.
x 1
Remember to check the response on page 87.
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Module 6 Learning unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Applications I
3. RATE OF CHANGE
dy
We have said is the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x for a
dx
definite value of x.
dy dy
For example, for the function y x 2 we have 2 x . When x = 4 then 8.
dx dx
The rate of change of y is therefore 8 units per unit change in x. The word
instantaneous is often omitted, and it is clear that the rate of change of a function at a
point x is equivalent to the gradient of the tangent to the function at the point x.
When time is the independent variable, we get a very important application of the rate
of change.
3.1 Velocity
Let a point P move along a straight line AB, and let s be the displacement measured
from any point, say 0, on AB to P, and let t be the corresponding time taken. For
every value of t, P will have a different position and therefore s will change.
Therefore s is a function of t.
Thus s f t .
s
Now is the average velocity when P moves a distance s in the time t . In the
t
general case for any type of motion, the velocity at any instant at any point is defined
as the limit of the average velocity when t 0 .
ds
Velocity v
dt
Thus velocity is the rate of change of displacement with respect to time.
3.2 Acceleration
Acceleration = Rate of change of velocity with respect to time
dv
=
dt
d ds
dt dt
d 2s
2
dt
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Module 6 Learning unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Applications I
Example 7
A body moves according to the equation s 25t t 2 where s is the distance in metres
and t the time in seconds from a reference point A.
Find the velocity of the body at t = 3.
Solution
s 25t t 2
ds
Velocity 25 2t
dt
When t 3, the velocity 25 2 3 19 m/s
Example 8
The distance s metres moved by a body in t seconds is given by
s 2t 3 13t 2 24t 10 .
Find a) the velocity when t = 4 seconds
b) the value of t when the body comes to rest
c) the value of t when the acceleration is 10 m/s2
Solution
a) s 2t 3 13t 2 24t 10
ds
Velocity 6t 2 26t 24
dt
When t 4, the velocity 6 4 26 4 24
2
96 104 24 m/s
16 m/s
ds
b) When the body comes to rest 0
dt
6t 2 26t 24 0
3t 2 13t 12 0
3t 4 t 3 0
t 3 or 4
3
The values of t when the body comes to rest are 3 seconds or 1 13 seconds.
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Module 6 Learning unit 8
DIFFERENTIATION: Applications I
ds
c) Velocity 6t 2 26t 24
dt
d 2s
Acceleration 2 12t 26
dt
Acceleration is given as 10 m/s 2
12t 26=10
12t =36
t =3
The value of t when the acceleration is 10 m/s 2 is t 3 seconds.
ACTIVITY 3
1. A missile is fired into the air. The height h in metres of the missile
after t seconds is given by h 19.2t 4.8t 2 .
Find
a) the initial velocity of the missile (that is at t = 0)
b) the height attained when its velocity is one-half of its initial
velocity
2. A particle moving in a straight line is a distance s metres from a fixed
point after t seconds, where s = t3 4t2 + 5t. Find an expression for
the velocity and the acceleration after t seconds. For what values of t
is the particle stationary and what is the acceleration at these times?
Remember to check the response on page 87.
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
4.1 Activity 1
x2 1 2x
a) lim lim b)
x 1 x 1 x 1 1
2 1
2
x 7 x 12
4 2
4 x3 14 x
lim lim
x 2 x2 x 2 1
4 2 14 2
3
32 28
4
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications I
sin 2 2sin .cos
c) lim lim
0 1 cos
2 0 2 cos . sin
2sin .cos
lim
0 2 cos .sin
lim 1
0
1
4.2 Activity 2
1.
a) x 2 y 2 25
1
2
y 25 x 25 x 2 2
1
x x
dy 1
2
25 x 2 2 x
dx 2 25 x 2 y
dy 4
Gradient of tangent at 4;3 :
dx 3
4
Equation of tangent: y 3 x 4
3
3 y 9 4 x 16
4 x 3 y 25 0
1 3
b) Gradient of normal
3 4
4
3
Equation of normal: y 3 x 4
4
4 y 12 3 x 12
3x 4 y 0
2. The equation of the tangent at the origin is y 2 x
4.3 Activity 3
1. a) 19.2 m/s
b) 14.4 m
ds
2. Velocity v 3t 2 8t 5
dt
d 2 s dv
Acceleration: 2 6t 8
dt dt
2
Stationary after 1 and 1 seconds
3
Acceleration 2 m/s and 2 m/s 2
2
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications I
You have reached the end of this learning unit and you should be able to
determine limits of the form 00 with ' Hospital ' s rule
determine the gradient to a curve
find the equations of the tangent and the normal to a curve
Learning unit 9 deals with the second part of applications, namely maxima and
minima.
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MODULE 6 DIFFERENTIATION
LEARNING UNIT 9 Applications II:
maxima and minima
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
determine the maximum and minimum values of a function
use the maximum and minimum values to sketch a graph
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. MAXIMA AND MINIMA ................................................................................... 89
1.1 Definitions............................................................................................................. 89
1.2 Maximum value .................................................................................................... 90
1.3 Minimum value ..................................................................................................... 90
2. DERIVED CURVES ............................................................................................ 91
3. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ........................................................................... 99
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES ......................................................................... 103
4.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................ 103
4.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................ 107
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
1. MAXIMA AND MINIMA
1.1 Definitions
Maximum
A function reaches a maximum value when it stops increasing and starts decreasing.
Minimum
A function reaches a minimum value when it stops decreasing and starts increasing.
The following sketch will make this clear. We use M to denote a maximum and m to
denote a minimum as labelled in figure 1.
Figure 1
The sketch shows clearly that the slope of the tangent to the curve at the points M and
m is 0. We know that the slope of the curve at any point on the curve is equal to the
dy
derivative at that point. This means that 0 at point M and m.
dx
dy
If we solve the equation 0 , we can find the value of x where y is a maximum or
dx
minimum. To distinguish between a maximum and minimum, the change of the
curve in the vicinity of these points must be studied.
We also refer to these values as extreme values, turning points or stationary points.
Note that a maximum is not necessarily the highest value or a minimum the lowest
value. These values are therefore sometimes called local maxima or minima.
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
1.2 Maximum value
Figure 2
It is clear in figure 2 that to the left of M, that is at A, the slope is positive, while to the
right of M it is negative. The straight line underneath represents the approximate
dy
shape of the slope curve near a value of x that makes 0.
dx
d dy
Now the slope of this new curve at this point is clearly negative, that is is
dx dx
d2y
negative when y reaches a maximum value. Thus 0 when y is a maximum.
dx 2
1.3 Minimum value
In figure 3 it is clear that to the left of m, at C, the slope is negative, and to the right of
m at D, it is positive. The straight line above the curve represents the approximate
dy
shape of the curve of the slope near a value of x that makes 0.
dx
d dy
Now the slope of this new curve at the point is clearly positive, that is is
dx dx
d2 y
positive when a minimum is reached. Thus 0 when y is a minimum.
dx 2
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Figure 3
The following procedure is used to find maximum or minimum values:
dy
Put 0 to find the possible values of x.
dx
d2 y d2 y
Find . Substitute the values of x into .
dx 2 dx 2
d2 y
If 0 the function reaches a maximum at that point.
dx 2
d2 y
If 0 the function reaches a minimum at that point.
dx 2
2. DERIVED CURVES
Consider the graph of y f x in figure 4.
Figure 4
At point A the function reaches a maximum.
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
At point B the function reaches a minimum.
At point C the function “appears” to bend, reach a half minimum/maximum. At this
point the curve levels off and increases again immediately. This is an example of an
inflection point.
Derived curves are the graphs of derivatives. The curves are illustrated in figure 5.
Figure 5
The turning points of f (x) are at A, B and C.
The graph of the first derivative y f ' x shows clearly that
dy
0 at the turning
dx
points.
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
The graph of the second derivative y f '' x shows clearly that when
d2y
y f x is a maximum, f '' x 0;
dx 2
d2y
y f x is a minimum, f '' x 2 0;
dx
d2y
y f x has an inflection point, f '' x 2 0.
dx
This information allows the value of the turning points to be determined by
dy
differentiating the function and solving the equation 0 for x.
dx
By substituting this value in f x , the corresponding y value is obtained.
The nature of the turning point (maximum, minimum or inflection point) can then be
d2 y
determined by considering 2 .
dx
We will use this information to sketch curves.
Example 1
Find the coordinates of the maximum and/or minimum turning points of the curve
defined by y x3 6 x 2 9 x 2 and sketch the curve.
Solution
dy
(1) Turning points occur at 0
dx
y x3 6 x 2 9 x 2
dy
3 x 2 12 x 9
dx
dy
For critical values 0
dx
3 x 2 12 x 9 0
x2 4 x 3 0
x 1 x 3 0
x 1 and x 3
We need to find the nature of these points.
d2 y
(2) To determine the nature of these points substitute x 1 and x 3 into .
dx 2
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
dy d2 y
3 x 2 12 x 9 Thus 6 x 12 .
dx dx 2
d2 y
6 x 12
dx 2
d2 y
At x 1: 6 1 12
dx 2
6 0
negative
Thus a maximum value at x = 1.
To find the maximum value substitute x = 1 in the original equation.
ymax 1 6 1 9 1 2
3 2
1 6 9 2
2
Thus the coordinates of the maximum turning point are (1;2).
d2y
At x 3 : 6 3 12
dx 2
6
positive
Thus a minimum value at x = 3.
To find the minimum value substitute x = 3 in the original equation.
ymin 3 6 3 9 3 2
3 2
27 54 27 1
2
Thus the coordinates of the minimum turning point are (3; -2).
We are ready to sketch the curve:
Figure 6
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
Example 2
3x 2 1
Find the turning points of the graph of f x and establish which is the
x 23
minimum and maximum. Sketch the graph.
Solution
3x 2 1
f x
x 32
x 32 6 x 3x 2 1 1
f ' x
x 32
2
6 x 2 4 x 3x 2 1
x 32
2
3x 2 4 x 1
x 32
2
For critical values put f ' x 0
3x 2 4 x 1
0
x 32
2
2
3x 2 4 x 1 0 Provided that x 3 0
3x 1 x 1 0
1
x 1 and x
3
The nature of the turning points:
3x 2 4 x 1
f ' x
x 23
2
x 32 6 x 4 3x 2 4 x 1 2 x 32 1
2
f '' x 2
x 2 2
3
f '' 1 3
2 0 0 positive
1 2
At x 1:
3
1 4
Minimum value at x 1
3 1 2 3
ymin f 1 1
3
1 1
6
Minimum turning point 1; 6
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
13 2 13 43 1 2 13
2
1
At x : f '' x
13
2
3
92 0 2 9
1
9
9 1
2
0 negative
1
Maximum value at x
3
1
3
1 1
ymax f 1 91
3 3
32 2 3
13 3 1
2
1
Maximum turning point ; 2
3
Note: f x is undefined when x 32 . Points like these need further investigation as
shown in figure 7.
Figure 7
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
Example 3
Find the coordinates of the maximum and/or minimum turning points of the curve
y x.e x .
Solution
y xe x
dy
x.e x 1 e x 1
dx
e x x 1
dy
For critical values 0
dx
e x x 1 0
e x 0; x 1
Nature of the point
d2 y
e x 1 x 1 e x 1
dx 2
e x 1 x 1
ex x 2
d2y
If x 1: 2
e 1 1 2
dx
1
1
e
0 positive
Minimum value when x 1
ymin 1 e 1
1
e
0,368
Coordinates of minimum turning point 1; 0,368
Note: The expression e x is always positive for any value of x. Thus e x 0.
d2 y
Also, it is not necessary to find the actual value of .
dx 2
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
Example 4
x
Find the maximum and/or minimum values of y and sketch the graph.
x 1
2
Solution
x
y
x 12
dy
x2 1 1 x 2 x
2
dx x2 1
1 x2
x
2
2
1
Turning points
1 x2
0
2
x2 1
1 x 2 0
x2 1
x 1
dy
2
The point to note is that the denominator x 2 1 can be ignored in solving 0 as
dx
it may never equal 0.
dy
There is no value we can give to x except x 1 or 1 that will make 0.
dx
Nature of the turning points
y x
1 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 1 2 x
2 2
2
d
dx 2 x
4
2
1
d 2 y 2 2 0 negative value
2
If x 1, negative value
dx 2 24 positive value
y a maximum.
d 2 y 2 2 0 positive value
2
If x 1, positive value
dx 2 24 positive value
y a minimum.
1 1
Maximum value of y
11 2
1 1
Minimum value of y
11 2
Sketch:
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
Figure 8
ACTIVITY 1
1. Find the maximum and/or minimum turning points of the curve
y x 5 x 1 .
2
2. Determine the coordinates of the maximum and/or minimum points of
the curve y e x e x .
3. Find the coordinates of the maximum and minimum points of the curve
defined by y 12n x x 2 10 x.
4. Find y sin x cos x for 0 x .
5. Sketch the curve of y x 1 x 2 x 3
6. Sketch f x x3 2 x 2 11x 12 .
7. Sketch the curve y x3 3x 14 .
Remember to check the response on page 103.
3. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Example 5
Find the dimensions of the largest open container that can be made from a sheet of
metal 60 cm by 28 cm, by cutting equal squares from the corners and turning up the
sides.
Let the side of a square = x cm. We want a relation between the volume (V) of the
container and x.
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
Height of container x cm
Width of container 28 2 x cm
Length of container 60 2 x cm
Volume of container V x 28 2 x 60 2 x
1 680 x 176 x 2 4 x3
dV
1 680 352 x 12 x 2
dx
dV
For critical values 0
dx
12 x 2 352 x 1 680 0
3x 2 88 x 420 0
3x 70 x 6 0
70
x 6 and
3
d 2V
352 24 x
dx 2
d 2V
If x 6 : 352 24 6
dx 2
352 144
208
= Negative
Maximum when x 6
Dimensions of largest open container:
Height = 6 cm
Width = 28 2 6 16 cm
Length = 60 2 6 48 cm
Example 6
120
The cost of manufacture Rc, per km of an electric cable is given by c 600 x,
x
where x is its cross-section in cm 2 . Find:
a) the cross-section for which the cost is least
b) the least cost per km
Solution
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
120
c 600 x ............................. 1
x
dc 120
2 600
dx x
dc
For critical values 0
dx
120
2 600 0
x
600 x 2 120
120
x2
600
x 0.2
0.447
The negative root has no meaning in this connection, and is disregarded.
d 2 c 240
3
dx 2 x
d 2c 240
When x 0.447; 2
dx 0.447 3
0 positive
Minimum when x = 0.447
a) Cost is a minimum for a cross-section of 0.447 cm2
b) Substituting for x = 0.447 in (1), we get the minimum cost.
120
Thus c R 600 0.447
0.447
R 536.66
Example 7
An open tank is to be made of sheet iron; it must have a square base and sides
perpendicular to the base. Its capacity is to be 8 m3. Find the side of the square base
and the depth, so that the least amount of sheet iron may be used.
Solution
Let the length of the square base = x cm and the height of the tank = h cm. We need a
relation between x and the surface area (least amount of sheet iron).
Surface area: A = Area of base + Area of sides
A x 2 4 xh ................................... 1
[Note: If the tank is closed it will be 2 area of base + area of sides ]
We must now find a relation between x and h because in (1) we have three variables.
The capacity is given as 8 m3.
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
x2 h 8
8
h substitute in 1
x2
4x 8
A x2 .
1 x2
32
x2 Now we have two variables only
x
dA 32
2x 2
dx x
dA
For critical values 0
dx
32
2x 2 0
x
2 x3 32
x3 16
x 3 16
2.52
Nature of values:
d2A 64
2
2 3
dx x
2
d A 64
If x 2.52 : 2
dx 2
2.52 3
0 positive
Minimum when x 2,52
8
h
2.52
2
1.26
To use the least amount of sheet iron the side of the square base must be 2.52 m and
the height of the tank 1.26 m.
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
ACTIVITY 2
1. A rectangular field is to be enclosed by a fence and divided into
smaller plots by a fence parallel to one of the sides. Find the dimensions
of the largest such field which can be enclosed by 1 200 m of fencing.
2. The distance s (in metres), travelled by a body projected vertically
upward in time t seconds, is given by the formula s = 120t 16t2 . Find
the greatest height which the body will reach and the time taken.
Remember to check the response on page 107.
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
4.1 Activity 1
1. Max 5;0 ; Min 1; 32
2. Min 0; 2
3. Max 2; 7.68 ; Min 3; 7.82
The next answers are given in more detail.
4. y sin x cos x
dy
cos x sin x
dx
Turning points:
cos x sin x 0
sin x cos x
sin x
1
cos x
that is tan x 1
x
4
Nature of points
d2y
Now: sin x cos x
dx 2
d2y 1 1
If x then 2
negative
4 dx 2 2
y is a maximum
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
Maximum value of y sin cos
4 4
2
2
2
5. Remove brackets to find
y x3 4 x 2 x 6
Turning points
dy
3x 2 8 x 1
dx
dy
Let 0 for extreme values
dx
3x 2 8x 1 0
8 64 12
x
6
8 7, 21
6
2.54 or 0.13
Nature of the turning points
d2y
6x 8
dx 2
d2y
If x 2.54 : then 15.24 8
dx 2
7.24
0
Graph has a minimum at x 2.54
Value of y 2.54 4 2.54 2.54 6
3 2
16.39 25.81 2.54 6
0.88
d2y
If x 0.13 : then 6 0.13 8
dx 2
0.78 8
7.22
0
Graph has a minimum at x 0.13
Value of y 0.13 4 0.13 0.13 6
3 2
0.0022 0.0676 6.13
6.06
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Therefore A is the point (0.13; 6.06) and B is the point (2.54; 0.88) in figure 9.
Intercepts: y-intercept: y = 6
x-intercepts: We can find these easily as the function is given in factor
from y x 1 x 2 x 3
Thus x = , x = 2 or x = 3.
If the function is not given in this form, we may omit finding the exact
values of the x-intercepts.
Figure 9: y x3 4 x 2 x 6
f) f x x3 2 x 2 11x 12
f ' x 3 x 2 4 x 11
f '' x 6 x 4
Turning points
Solve f ' x 0
3 x 2 4 x 11 0
4 16 132
x
6
4 12.17
6
16.17 8.17
or
6 6
2.70 or 1.36
Nature of the turning points
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For x 2.70 f '' x 6 2.70 4 0
x 2.70 is a point of maximum value.
Value of y 2.70 2 2.70 11 2.70 12
3 2
19.68 14.58 29.70 12
12.6
For x 1.36 f '' x 6 1.36 4 0
x 1.36 is a point of minimum value.
Value of y 1.36 2 1.36 111.36 12
3 2
2.52 3.70 14.96 12
20.74
y-intercept: y = 12
Sketch:
Figure 10
g) y x3 3x 14
y-intercept = 14
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Turning points
dy
3x 2 3
dx
dy
has no real roots since x 2 1 has no real solution.
dx
Therefore there are no turning points.
Points of inflection
d2y
6x
dx 2
x 0 is a point of inflection.
Large values of x:
If x then y
If x then y
Sketch:
Figure 11
4.2 Activity 2
1. Let the width be x metres.
1 200 3x
Length
2
3
600 x
2
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3
Area of field: A x 600 x
2
3x 2
600 x
2
dA
600 3x
dx
dA
For critical values 0
dx
600 3x 0
3x 600
x 200
d2A
3
dx 2
0 negative
Maximum when x 200
3 200
Length 600
2 1
300
Dimensions of largest field
Length = 300 m
Width = 200 m
2. s 120t 16t 2
ds
Maximum height will occur where 0.
dt
ds
0
dt
120 32t 0
32t 120
t 3, 75 seconds
s 120t 16t 2
120 3, 75 16 3, 75
2
225 metres
Check with second derivative test that it is a maximum:
d 2s
32 0 Maximum
dt 2
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DIFFERENTIATION: Applications II: maxima and minima
You have now reached the end of this learning unit and you should be able to
determine the maximum and minimum values of a function
use the maximum and minimum values to sketch a graph
Next is the post-test on differentiation. Answer the questions first and then check
your answers.
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POST-TEST: DIFFERENTIATION
1. Given that f ( x) 4 x 2 3x 2 , find the values of
a) f (2) f (1)
b) f (3 a)
c) f (3 a) f (3)
f (3 a ) f (3)
d)
a
2 x
2. Given g ( x) x 2 5 x and f ( x) , determine
x2
a) g 0
b) f 0
c) a if g a f 2 0
d) y if y f y 0
3. Calculate the following limits:
a) lim y 3
y 9
b) lim
t 3 t 7
t 2 t 1 t 4
x2 2 x 8
c) lim
x 4 x 2 5 x 4
x4 a4
d) lim 2
x a x a 2
x 2 5x 3
e) lim 4
x 0 x 7 x 5
8x2 2 x 3
f) lim 3
x 2 x 3 x 1
3x 5
g) lim
x 2 x 3
4. Find the following one-sided limits:
1 1
lim and lim
x2 x 2 x2 x 2
5. Determine the derivative of f x x3 3x 2 2 x 1 from first principles.
dy 2
6. Find from first principles if y 2 .
dx x
da
7. Find if a b 2 x 2 bx 10 x .
db
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DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
8. Determine the gradient of the curve x = 2y2 at the point where x = 8.
dy
9. Determine , simplify and write the answers with positive indices and in
dx
surd (root) form.
a) y 4
1 x 2 3
b) y 3 1 x3
c) y 1 x x2
3
6 4
dy
10. If y 6t 2 2 determine .
t dt
2
11. At what point (coordinates) on the curve of y 3 x 1 is the gradient of
3
the curve equal to 1?
t2 3
12. Determine the gradient of the tangent to the curve f t at the point
t 5
on the curve where t 4. Give your answer in simplified surd form.
13. Differentiate with respect to x, and simplify your answers to a single term,
with positive indices and in surd form where possible:
x 1 x 2 2 x 2 y x p ax b
q
a) b)
1 x x2 1
c) y d) y
x 1 x2 4
x 1
e) r
x 1
3x 2 1
14. Determine the gradient of the tangent to the curve f x at the
x +5
1
point 1; . Give your answer in simplified surd form.
3 2
x2
15. Find the x value(s) of the point on the curve y where the gradient of
x4
the curve equals 0. (Hint: x 4 0 ).
16. If f x 1 x , determine f ''' x . Simplify your answer to a single term,
2 3
and in surd form.
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DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
17. Differentiate and simplify the answer to a single fraction if
3
x 2 4
y n e x
x 2
18. Differentiate with respect to the independent variable and simplify:
a) y 1 x 2 .sin 3x
b) sin 3 t 2 2t
c) y sin x. tan x sec x 1
1 x
d) tan
1 x
19. Determine the following:
2h 2
a) lim
h 0 h
x sin x
b) lim
x 0 x2
x3 2 x2 4 x 3
c) lim
x 1 4 x 2 5x 1
20. The displacement s metres of a particle from a fixed point at a time t seconds
t
is given by s 10 5te . 10
Find expressions for the
a) velocity at time t
b) acceleration at time t
c) value of t at which the velocity is 0
21. A tank of water is filled in such a way that at the end of t minutes there are
t3 2
t litres of water in the tank. The person filling the tank is instructed to
3
turn off the water when the water is entering the tank at a rate of 15 litres per
minute. When should he turn off the water?
22. Find the coordinates of the maximum and/or minimum turning point(s) of the
curve defined by y x4 8 x2 16 .
23. Determine the coordinates of the maximum and/or minimum turning point(s)
1
of f x x and sketch the curve.
x
24.
If f x x 2 3 e x determine the minimum value correct to two decimal
places.
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DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
25. Find the maximum value of y sin 2 x x by using differential calculus for
0 x .
26. A rectangular box with a square base and open top is to be made. Find the
volume of the largest box that can be made from 1 200 cm2 of material.
27. The displacement x metres of an oscillating mechanism after a time t seconds
is given by x 2,4sin 5t 0,1 metres.
Find the
a) maximum displacement and the time at which it occurs
b) displacement and velocity after 0,2 seconds
28. The motion of a particle performing damped vibrations is given by
y e t sin 2t , where y is its displacement from the mean position at time t.
Determine the maximum value of y correct to three significant figures.
Find the maximum value of the function x 1 x 2 .
2
29.
4t 3t 2
30. The efficiency of a screw is given by E where t is the angle of
3 4t
pitch of the screw. Show that maximum efficiency is 25%.
x3
31. Determine the maximum and minimum values of the function 3x 9 and
3
x3
give a rough sketch of the curve y 3x 9 .
3
d2y
32. If y 3e3 x 6e3 x show that 9y .
dx 2
33. Sketch the following curves:
a) y 2 x 3 3 x 2 12 x
y x 1 x 2 x 3
2
b)
114 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
DIFFERENTIATION: POST-TEST SOLUTIONS
1. f ( x) 4 x 2 3x 2
f (2) 4 2 3(2) 2
2
a)
16 6 2
12
f (1) 4(1) 2 3(1) 2
43 2
3
12
f (2) f (1)
3
4
b) f (3 a ) 4(3 a ) 2 3(3 a ) 2
4(9 6a a 2 ) 9 3a 2
36 24a 4a 2 9 3a 2
4a 2 21a 29
c) f (3) 4(3) 2 3(3) 2
4(9) 9 2
29
f (3 a ) f (3) 4a 2 21a
f (3 a ) f (3) 4a 2 21a
d)
a a
a (4a 21)
a
4a 21
2x
2. g ( x) x 2 5 x f ( x)
x2
a) g (0) (0) 2 5(0) 0
20 2
b) f (0) 1
02 2
MAT1581 115
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
c) g ( a ) f (2) 0
22
( a 2 5a ) 0
22
( a 2 5a ) 04 0
a 2 5a 0
a a 5 0
a 0 or a 5
d) y f y 0
2 y
y 0
y2
y y 2 2 y 0
y2 2 y 2 y 0
y2 3y 2 0
3 (3)2 4(1)( 2)
y
2
0,56 or 3,56
3. a) lim y 3
y 9
12
2 3
b) lim
t 3 t 7
t 2 t 1 t 4
2 3 2 7
2 1 2 4
5 9
1 6
45
6
116 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
x2 2 x 8
c) lim
x 4 x 2 5 x 4
lim
x 4 x 2
x 4 x 4 x 1
4 2
4 1
6
3
2
x4 a4
d) lim 2
xa x a 2
x2 a2
lim
xa 1
2a 2
x2 5x 3 3
e) lim
x 0 x 7 x 5
4
5
8x2 2 x 3
f) lim
x 2 x 3 3 x 1
8
x22 x33
lim x
x 2 32 13
x x
0
3 5x 3
g) lim
x 2 3 2
x
1
4. lim
x 2 x 2
1
lim
x 2 x 2
f x h f x
5. We must evaluate lim .
h 0 h
f x x3 3x 2 2 x 1
f x h x h 3 x h 2 x h 1
3 2
Step 1:
x3 3 x 2 h 3 xh 2 h3 3 x 2 6 xh 3h 2 2 x 2h 1
Step 2: f x h f x 3 x 2 h 3 xh 2 h3 6 xh 3h 2 2h
MAT1581 117
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
Step 3:
f x h f x
h 3 x 2 3 xh 6 x 3h 2
h h
3 x 3 xh 6 x 3h 2
2
f x h f x
Step 4: lim
h 0 h h 0
lim 3 x 2 3 xh 6 x 3h 2
3x 2 6 x 2
Thus f ' x 3 x 2 6 x 2
f x h f x
6. We must evaluate lim .
h 0 h
2
Put y f x 2 x 2
x2
f x h 2 x h
2
Step 1:
Use the binomial theorem on x h
2
2 3 x 4 h2 .....
f x h
2 x 2 2 x 3 h
1.2
2 x 2 4 x 3h 6h 2 x 4 .....
Step 2: f x h f x 4 x 3 h 6 x 4 h 2 .....terms containing higher orders of h
f x h f x
Step 3: 4 x 3 6 xh terms containing higher orders of h
h
f x h f x
Step 4: lim lim 4 x 3 6 xh terms containing higher orders of h
h 0 h h 0
4 x 3
(all terms containing h become 0)
dy
Thus 4 x 3
dx
da
7. 2bx 2 x
db
1
x 2
8. x 2y y
2
2
dy 1
Note that = .
dx dx
dy
118 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
dx
4y
dy
dy 1
dx 4y
1 4 x
1
1
x 2
2
4
2
2
4 x
dy
Gradient at x 8 is
dx x 8
dy 2
dx x 8 4 8
2
4.2. 2
1
8
1 x 1 x
3
2 3
y 2 4
9. a) 4
1 x 2 x
1
dy 3 2 4
dx 4
6 x
1
1 x2
4
4
6 x
4. 4 1 x 2
b) y 3 1 x3
1
1 x3
3
3x
2
dy 1
1 x3
3 2
dx 3
2
x 2 1 x3
3
x2
3
1 x 3 2
MAT1581 119
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
c) y 1 x x2
1
1 x x2
2
1
dy 1
1 x x2 2 x 1
2
dx 2
2 x 1
2. 1 x x 2
3 3
10. y 6t 2 6t 2 6t 2 6t 2
4 4
.12t 12t
dy 3 2 14
6t 6t 2 3
dt 4
9 t t 1
3
6t 6t
1
2 2 4
9 t t
1
3
1
2 1 4
6 t t 2
1
9t 3
t
2 1
4 6 t
t2
2 2
3 x 1 3 x 1 2
1
11. y
3 3
dy 1
3 x 1 2 .3
1
dx 3
1
3 x 1
12
3x 1
1
2
1
3x 1
dy 1
Given 1 thus 1
dx 3x 1
3x 1 1
3x 1 1
2
x
3
Substitute the value of x into the original equation to find the value of y.
120 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
2 2
y 3 1
3 3
2
2 1
3
2
3
23
12. Gradient = .
81 13
13.
d 1
12
a) x 2 2 x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 2x 2
dx 2
x 2x 2
2 x 12
x2 2x 2
x2 2 x 2 x2 2 x 1
x2 2x 2
2x2 4x 3
x2 2x 2
dy
px p 1 ax b x p q ax b a
q q 1
b)
dx
ax b px p 1 ax b qax p
q 1
dy x 1 1 1 x 1
c)
dx x 12
2
x 12
2 x x 2 1 12 x 2 4 2 x
1 12
x2 4
2
dy
d)
dx x2 4
x 2
4 2x x2 1 x
x
1
4 x2 4
2 2
x3 7 x
x 2
4 x2 4
MAT1581 121
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
x 1 x 1
1 1
dr x 1 1 2
x 1 1 2
2 2
e)
dx x 1
1 1
1 x 1 2 1 x 1 2
2 x 1 2 x 1
x 1
1
1
1 1 x 1 2 1 x 1 2
x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1
1
1
1 x 1 2 x 1 2
2 x 1 x 1 x 1
1 x 1 x 1
2 x 1 1
x 1 x 1 2
1
1
x 1 x 1 x 1 2
1
x 1 x 1
x 5 12 3x 2 1 6 x 3x 2 1
12 1
2
14. f ' x
x 5
2
1
2 x 5 6 x 3x 2 1
x 5
2
3x 2 1
15 x 1
x 5 2 3x 2 1
15 1 1
Gradient
1 52 3 1 1
2
16
36 2
2 2
9
y ' x 2 1 x 4 2x x 4
2 1
15.
y' 0
122 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
x2 x 4 2x x 4
2 1
0
x2 2x x 4 0
x2 2 x2 8x 0
x2 8x 0
x x 8 0
x 0 or 8
3
f ' x 1 x2 2 1
2 x
3
16.
2
1
3 x 1 x 2
2
1
f '' x 3 1 x
12
2 x
1
3x 1 x 2
2 2
2
1 12
3 1 x 2 3x 2 1 x 2
2
3 1 x 3 x 2 2
1 x
1
2 2
6 x2 3
1 x
1
2 2
1 x 12 x 6 x 2 3 12 1 x 2 2 x
1
2 12
2
f ''' x
1 x2
1 x 12 x x 6 x
2 2
3
1 x
3
2 2
12 x 12 x 3 6 x 3 3 x
3
1 x2
2
9 x 6 x3
3
1 x2
2
9 x 6 x3
1 x 2
1 x2
3
17. y x n e n x 2 n x 2
4
MAT1581 123
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
3 1 1
y ' n e
4 x 2 x 2
3 3
1
4 x 2 4 x 2
4 x2 4 3 x 2 3 x 2
4 x 2 x 2
x2 1
x 2
4
18.
a) y 1 x 2 .sin 3 x
Product rule
1
1 x2
2
.sin 3x
1
dy
.cos 3x 3 sin 3x 1 x 2 2x
1 1
1 x2
2 2
dx 2
.cos 3x
1
3 1 x2
2
x sin 3x
1
1 1 x2
2
2 2
1 1
3 1 x2 cos 3x x sin 3x
1 x
1
2 2
3 1 x 2 cos 3 x x sin 3 x
1 x2
b) sin 3 t 2 2t
3
sin t 2 2t
Function of a function rule
d
31 d d
3 sin t 2 2t . sin t 2 2t . t 2 2t
dt dt dt
2
3 sin t 2 2t .cos t 2 2t . 2t 2
2
3 2 sin t 2 2t .cos t 2 2t t 1
6 t 1 sin 2 t 2t .cos t
2 2
2t
124 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
dy
c) cos x tan x sin x sec 2 x sec x tan x
dx
1 1
sin x tan x tan x
cos x cos x
sin x
d 1 x 1 x 1 1 x
d) sec2 .
dx 1 x 1 x 2
2 1 x
sec2
1 x 2
1 x
2h 2
19. a) lim
h0 h
0
Substitution gives , use 'Hospital's rule:
0
2 h
1
1 2
0
lim 2
h 0 1
12
12 (2)
1
2 2
x sin x
b) lim
x 0 x2
0
Substition gives use 'Hospital's rule:
0
1 cos x
= lim
x 0 2x
0
Substition gives use 'Hospital's rule again:
0
0 sin x
= lim
x 0 2
0
2
0
x3 2 x 2 4 x 3
c) lim
x 1 4 x2 5x 1
MAT1581 125
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
0
Substition gives use 'Hospital's rule:
0
3x 2 4 x 4
= lim
x 1 8x 5
34 4
85
3
3
1
20. a)
ds
dt
d
dt
5 te 10
t
Use product rule
1 t
5e 10 5t e 10
t
10
1
5e 10 1 t
t
10
d 2s 1 t 1
5e 10 . 1 5e 10
t t
b)
dt 2
10 10 10
1 t 1
5e 10 5e 10
t t
10 100 10
1 t 1
5e 10
t
10 100 10
t 1
5e 10
t
100 5
1
c) 1 10 t 0
1
t 0
10
t 10
t3 2
21. V t
3
dV
t 2 2t
dt
t 2t 15
2
t 2 2t 15 0
t 5 t 3 0
t 5
126 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
22. y x 4 8 x 2 16
y ' 4 x3 16 x
4 x3 16 x 0
4 x x2 4 0
x 0; x 2; x 2
To find maximum and minimum do second derivative test.
y '' 12 x 2 16
x 0 : y '' 16 0 maximum
x 2 : y '' 8 0 minimum
x 2 : y '' 4 0 minimum
1
23. f x x
x
1
f ' x 1 2
x
1
1 2 0
x
x 1
2
0
x2
x2 1 0
x 1
y 2
2
f '' x
x3
x 1: f '' x 0 min
x 1: f '' x 0 max
MAT1581 127
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
24.
f x x2 3 e x
f ' x e x x2 3 ex 2 x
ex x 2
2x 3
f ' x 0
x 3 x 1 0
x 3 of/or x 1
f '' x e x x 2 2 x 3 e x 2 x 2
x 1 : f '' x 0 min
Min f 1 1 3 e1 5, 44
25. y sin 2 x x
y ' 2 cos 2 x 1
y' 0
2 cos 2 x 1 0
1
cos 2 x
2
2 x 1.0472
x 0.5235
y '' 4sin 2 x
y ''x 0,5235 3.464
0 max
y sin 2 0.5235 0.5235
0.023
128 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
26.
Volume = x 2 h and Area = x 2 4 xh
1200 x 2 4 xh
1200 x 2
h
4x
2 1200 x
2
x3
V x 300 x
4x 4
dV 3x 2
300
dx 4
dV
For maximum put 0
dx
3x 2
300
4
x 2 400
x 20
d 2V 6 x
Check with 2nd derivative test:
dx 2 4
d 2V
0 Thus a maximum value at x 20
dx 2 x 20
1200 400
Volume of largest box = 400
80
4000 cm3
MAT1581 129
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
dx
27 a) 2, 4 cos 5t 0,1 5
dt
12 cos 5t 0,1
5t 0,1
2
0,1
t 2
5
0.334
Maximum displacement x 2.4sin 5 0.334 0.1
2.4
2
d x
Check for max: 60sin 5t 0.1 Remember the angle is in radians
dt
d2 x
60 0 maximum
dt t 0.334
dx
b) x 2.4 sin 1 0.1 12 cos 5t 0.1
dt
2.4 sin 0.9 12 cos 1 0.1
1.88 m = 7.45 m/s
28. y ' et sin 2t 2e t cos 2t
et sin 2t 2 cos 2t 0
2 cos 2t sin 2t
tan 2t 2
2t 1,107
t 0.554
max: y e t sin 2t
sin 2 0.554
e0.554
0,5139
Remember second derivative test.
130 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
F x x 1 x 2
2
29.
F ' x x 2 x 1 2 x 2
2
x 2 x 2 2 x 2
x 2 3x 4
4
F ' x 0 x 2 and x
3
F '' x 3x 4 x 2 3
6 x 10
F '' 2 2 0 max
F 2 2 1 2 2
2
0
4t 3t 2
30. E
3 4t
dE 3 4t 4 6t 4t 3t
2
4
dt 3 4t 2
12 2t 24t 2 16t 12t 2
3 4t 2
12t 2 18t 12
3 4t 2
6 2t 2 3t 2
3 4t
2
MAT1581 131
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
E'0
2t 2 3t 2 0
2t 1 t 2 0
1
t of/or t 2
2
3 4t 2 24t 18 6 2t 2 3t 2 3 4t 2 4
E ''
3 4t 4
3 4t 24t 18 48 2t 2 3t 2
3 4t
3
150
3 4t
3
1
t : E '' 0 max
2
4 12 3 12
2
E
3 4 12
5
1
4
5 4
25%
x3
31. f x 3x 9
3
f ' x x2 3 f ' x 0 x2 3 x 3
f '' x 2 x
3 3
f '' x x 3
0 min y 3 3 9 92 3
3
3 3
f '' x x 3
0 max y 3 39 92 3
3
132 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test solutions
32. y ' 9e3 x 18e3 x
y '' 27e3 x 54e3 x
9 3e3 x 6e3 x
9y
33. a) y 2 x 3 3 x 2 12 x
dy
6 x 2 6 x 12
dx
6 x 6 x 12 0
2
x2 x 2 0
x 2 x 1 0
x 2 x 1
y 20 y 7
y 0 : 2 x3 3 x 2 12 0
x 2 x 2 3 x 12 0
3 105
x 0: x
4
x 1.81x 3.31
MAT1581 133
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
Module 6
DIFFERENTIATION: Post-test
b y x 1
2
x 2 x 3
Intercepts : y axis: y 6
x axis : x 1, 2, 3
Extreme values
f ' x 2 x 1 x 2 x 3 x 1 x 3 x 12 x 2
2
x 1 2 x 2 x 3 x 1 x 3 x 1 x 2
x 1 4 x 2 5 x 11
Put f ' x 0
Turning points at x 1, x 1.15 or x 2.40
When we take note of our mistakes we can avoid them in future. Before moving on
take some time to write down mistakes you should avoid when you differentiate.
We have concluded module 6 on differentiation and will now move to module 7,
which deals with integration. We start with learning unit 1, the reverse of
differentiation.
134 MAT1581
Mathematics 1 (Engineering)
M
O
INTEGRATION D
CONTENTS U
L
PAGE
E
LEARNING UNIT 1 REVERSE OF DIFFERENTIATION I 137
1. THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION ................................................................. 138 72
2. THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ax n ............. 139
3. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 141
3.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 141
3.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 142
3.3 Activity 3 ............................................................................................................. 143
LEARNING UNIT 2 REVERSE OF DIFFERENTIATION II 144
1. SIMPLIFY THE INTEGRAND BEFORE INTEGRATION ............................. 145
2. DETERMINE THE VALUE OF THE CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION ....... 147
3. APPLICATION: DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION ............ 148
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 149
4.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 149
4.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 150
4.3 Activity 3 ............................................................................................................. 150
LEARNING UNIT 3 METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 152
1. METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION ........................................................................ 153
2. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY ............................................................................... 156
LEARNING UNIT 4 STANDARD INTEGRALS 161
1. TABLE OF STANDARD INTEGRALS ............................................................ 162
f (x)
2. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx .......................................................... 163
f(x)
3. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f ' x ef x dx .................................................. 165
4. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f (x).af(x) dx .................................................. 166
5. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 168
5.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 168
5.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 168
5.3 Activity 3 ............................................................................................................. 169
5.4 Activity 4 ............................................................................................................. 169
MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering) 135
Module 7
INTEGRATION: Contents
LEARNING UNIT 5 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 172
1. INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS ............................................ 173
2. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY ............................................................................... 175
LEARNING UNIT 6 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 178
1. INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS .................................. 179
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 182
2.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 182
2.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 184
LEARNING UNIT 7 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 187
1. DEFINITION ...................................................................................................... 188
2. EVALUATION OF A DEFINITE INTEGRAL ................................................. 188
3. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY ............................................................................... 190
4. EXERCISE 1 ....................................................................................................... 191
LEARNING UNIT 8 AREAS 193
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 194
2. SUMMATION AND THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL .......................................... 195
3. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS THE AREA UNDER A CURVE ................. 196
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 205
4.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 205
4.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 206
5. EXERCISE 1 ....................................................................................................... 208
POST-TEST 210
POST-TEST SOLUTIONS 212
136 MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering)
MODULE 7 INTEGRATION
LEARNING UNIT 1 Reverse of
differentiation I
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
explain what is meant by an indefinite integral
explain what is meant by the term "integrand"
explain what is meant by a constant of integration
find solutions to integrals of the form ax n dx
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION ................................................................. 138
2. THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ax n ............. 139
3. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 141
3.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 141
3.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 142
3.3 Activity 3 ............................................................................................................. 143
MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering) 137
Module 7 Learning unit 1
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation I
1. THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION
The process of integration reverses the process of differentiation. In differentiation we
start with the function f(x) and then find the differential coefficient f'(x). For example:
If f x x3 , then f ' x 3x 2 . Thus the integral of 3x2 is x3, and therefore integration
is the process of moving from f'(x) to f(x).
The function being integrated is called the integrand. Thus 3x2 is the integrand in the
example.
Integration is also a process of summation or adding parts together and an elongated S,
shown as , is used to replace the words "the integral of". The symbol, , is known as the
integral sign. Thus from the example above 3 x 2 is x 3 .
In differentiation, the differential coefficient dy
dx
indicates that a function of x is being
differentiated with respect to x, the dx indicating that it is "with respect to x". In
integration the variable of integration is shown by adding d(variable) after the function to
be integrated. Thus 3x 2 dx means "the integral of 3x2 with respect to x”.
There are other functions that we can differentiate to obtain 3x2, for example
x 3 5, x 3 0, 5 and x 3 2. In fact, any function of the form x 3 C , where C is a
constant, will be the answer to the question find 3x 2 dx .
To allow for the possible presence of a constant, whenever the process of integration is
performed, a constant, usually a C, is added to the result. We refer to C as the constant of
integration.
Therefore the correct mathematical notation is 3x 2 dx x 3 C .
This reverse process, where we need to add a constant of integration, is called indefinite
integration.
So if we write g ( x) dx ,
denotes that we have to find an indefinite integral,
g(x) is the integrand,
dx indicates the variable with respect to which the integrand is integrated, in this case x.
Now g ( x) dx is read as: the integral of the function g(x) with respect to x
or the integral g(x) dee ex.
138 MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7 Learning unit 1
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation I
ACTIVITY 1
1a) State the derivative of x2.
b) Find the indefinite integral of 2x.
Write your answer in the correct mathematical notation.
2a) State the derivative of 31 cos3x .
b) Find the indefinite integral of sin 3x.
Write your answer in the correct mathematical notation.
3. Consider the indefinite integral 3t 2 2t 3 dt
a) State the independent variable.
b) State the integrand.
Remember to check the response on page 141.
2. THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ax n
The general solution of integrals of the form ax n dx , where a and n are constants is given by
ax n 1
ax dx C
n
n 1
This rule is true when n is fractional, zero, or a positive or negative integer, with the
exception of n = 1.
Example 1
2 x11
2 x dx 2 x dx C
1
a)
11
2x2
C
2
x2 C
3dx 3x dx Remember definition a 0 1
0
b)
Thus 1 can be written as x 0
Use x as x is the independent variable
x 01
3 C
1
3x C
x 21
3 3
4
c) dx 4 x 2 dx 4. C
3
32 1
x2
MAT1581 139
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7 Learning unit 1
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation I
x 2
1
4. 1 C
2
1
4. x
2
1
2
C
1
8 x 2 C
Note that the constant multiple a or the coefficient of xn may be written outside the
ax n 1
integral sign, that is ax n dx a x n dx C.
n 1
Thus example c) above can be written as
x 2 1
3
4
dx 4 x dx 4. 3
32
C 8 x 2 C
1
32
x 2 1
Remember, each result may be checked by differentiating the answer.
ACTIVITY 2
Find the integrals and check your answer:
2x
2
a) 3 dx b) dx
c)
1
2 dx
x
d) y dy
x x
0.2 0.2
e) dx f) dy
Remember to check the response on page 142.
When a sum of several terms is integrated, the result is the sum of the integrals of the
separate terms. Some examples will explain this more clearly.
Example 2
Integrate 3 x 2 5 x 7 x 2 x 2 8 x 3 with respect to x :
1
a)
3x 5 x 7 x x 8x dx
2 1
2 2 3
3 x dx 5 x dx 7 dx x dx x 2
dx 8 x 3 dx
2 1
2
3x 21 5 x11 x 2 1 x 21 8 x 31
1
7x 1 C
2 1 11 2 1 2 1 3 1
8 x 2
3
5 2 2x 2
x3 x 7x x 1 C
2 3 2
140 MAT1581
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Module 7 Learning unit 1
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation I
Note that when an integral contains more than one term, there is no need to have a
constant for each term. A single constant at the end is sufficient.
3x 2 x 1 dx 3x 2 dx 2 x dx 1 dx
2
b)
x3 x2
3 2 1x1 C
3 2
x x xC
3 2
As you get more familiar with the process, you can eliminate some steps when
writing down your answer. Remember that another person should be able to read
and comprehend your answer.
c) Find 3.7 2.9 x dx
3.7 dx 2.9 x dx
2.9 x 2
3.7 x C
2
3.7 x 1.45 x 2 C
ACTIVITY 3
2 x4 3
3t 2t 3 dt 2 x 5 x 2 dx
2
a) b)
Remember to check the response on page 143.
3. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
3.1 Activity 1
1a) From our knowledge of differentiation
d 2
dx
x 2x
b) Indefinite integration reverses the process of differentiation, so we can write
2x dx x C
2
We always include the additional constant of integration when finding indefinite
integrals.
2a) From our knowledge of differentiation
d
13 cos 3x 13 3 ( sin 3x) sin 3x
dx
b) Indefinite integration reverses the process of differentiation, so we can write
sin 3x dx 13 cos 3x C
3a) The independent variable is t. We can tell this by inspecting the term dt.
b) The integrand is 3t 2 2t 3 .
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INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation I
3.2 Activity 2
a) 3 dx 3 x 0 dx
3 1 dx Remember 3 is a constant
Constants can be taken out of the integral
3 x 0 dx The independent variable is x
We therefore write 1 as x 0
x 01
3 C
0 1
3 xC
Check:
d
dx
3 xC 3
2 x 2 1 d 2 x3 2.3x 2
2 x dx 2 1 C 2 x2
2
b) Check: C
dx 3 3
2 x3
C
3
1 dx x 2 dx
c) 2
x Use rules for exponents
x -21
= C
2 1
x 1
C
1
1
C
x
d 1 d
1.x 1. 1x x 2
1 2 2 1
Check:
dx x dx x
1
d) y dy y 2 dy
d 2y2
1 1 3
y2
C Check: C
1 1
dx 3
2
3
3 1
y2
3 C 3 2y2
.
2 2 3
3 1
2y2 y2
C
3 y
142 MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7 Learning unit 1
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation I
x0.21 d x1.2
x dx C C
0.2
e) Check:
0.2 1 dx 1.2
x1.2 x1.2 1
C 1.2
1.2 1.2
x 0.2
x dy x 0.2 1 dy
0.2
f) The independent variable is y,
therefore x 0,2 must be considered as a constant
x 0.2 y 0 dy
y 01
x 0.2 C
0 1
x 0.2 y C
Check:
d 0.2
dy
x y C x 0.2
3.3 Activity 3
3t 2t 3 dt t t 3t C
2 d 3 2
a) Check:
dt
t 3 t 2 3t C 3t 2 2t 3
2 x4 3
b) 2 x 5 x 2 dx
2 x3 1 x5 x 21 d 2 x3 x5 3
. 3 C Check: C
3 5 5 2 1 dx 3 25 x
2 x3 x 5 3 x 1 2.3.x 2 5 x 4
C (1)3 x 2
3 25 1 3 25
4
2 x3 x5 3 x 3
C 2 x2 2
3 25 x 5 x
You have finished learning unit 1 if you are able to
explain what is meant by an indefinite integral
explain what is meant by the term "integrand"
explain what is meant by a constant of integration
find solutions to integrals of the form ax n dx
We further investigate the reverse of differentiation in learning unit 2.
MAT1581 143
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MODULE 7 INTEGRATION
Reverse of
LEARNING UNIT 2 differentiation II
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
simplify an integrand to the form axn to find a given integral
find the value of the constant of integration, if more information about the integral is
known
find the integral equivalents of velocity and displacement
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. SIMPLIFY THE INTEGRAND BEFORE INTEGRATION ............................. 145
2. DETERMINE THE VALUE OF THE CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION ....... 147
3. APPLICATION: DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION ............ 148
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 149
4.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 149
4.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 150
4.3 Activity 3 ............................................................................................................. 150
MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering) 144
Module 7 Learning unit 2
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation II
1. SIMPLIFY THE INTEGRAND BEFORE INTEGRATION
There is no simple rule for the integration of a product or quotient as in differentiation.
In many problems we have to rely on simplifying the integrand to the general form axn.
Example 1
x 1 x 2 dx
2
a) Find
The integrand is not in the general form axn and looks complicated. We know how
to expand 1 x 2 and then multiply the answer by
2 1
x x 2 . So let’s apply our
knowledge and hope that we find an integral that we know how to solve.
Simplify the integrand:
1 x 2 2
1 2 x2 x4
x 1 x 2 2
x 1 2 x x4
1 2
2
x 2 2x 2 x
1 5 9
2
All the above terms are of the form ax n
Now we are able to find the integrand using the general solution from integration
in unit 1.
x 1 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 x dx
2 1 5 9
2
3 7 11
x 2
2x 2
x 2
3
7
11
C
2 2 2
3 7 11
2x 2 4x 2 2x 2
C
3 7 11
d 2x 2 4x 2 2x 2
3 7 11
Check: C
dx 3 7 11
2 3 1 4 7 5 2 11 9
. x 2 . x 2 . x 2
3 2 7 2 11 2
x 2 2x 2 x
1 5 9
2
Note that this check only confirms the correct value of the integral
1 5 9
x 2 2 x 2 x 2 dx and not the simplification steps. We have to be very careful
when simplifying, as we usually cannot check that part of the answer easily.
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Module 7 Learning unit 2
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation II
3x3 2 x 2 8 x 1
b) Find
dx
x6
Start by splitting the integrand into four fractions. Divide each term of the
numerator by the denominator.
3x3 2 x 2 8 x 1 3x3 2 x 2 8 x 1
That is 6 6 6 6
x6 x x x x
Now simplify each fraction
3 2 8 1
3 4 5 6
x x x x
Use rules for exponents
3 x 3 2 x 4 8 x 5 x 6
3x3 2 x 2 8 x 1
Thus 6
3 x 3 2 x 4 8 x 5 x 6 dx
x
3 x 2 2 x 3 8 x 4 x 5
C
2 3 4 5
3 2 1
x 2 x 3 2 x 4 x 5 C
2 3 5
1 7 x
2 2
x 3
c) Find dx
3x3
We can simplify the integrand under the integral sign.
x 3 1 7 x
2 2
Thus dx
3x3
x
2
3
1 14 x 49 x dx 2
3x3
x 3 14 x 3 49 x 3
2 5 8
dx
3x3
1 2 14 5 49 8 3 3
x 3 3 x 3 3 x dx
3 3 3
x 3 14 x 3 49 x 3
7 4 1
dx
3 3 3
x 3
7 4 1
14 x 3 49 x 3
dx dx dx
3 3 3
x 3 1 14 x 3 1 49 x 3 1
7 4 1
C
3 73 1 3 43 1 3 13 1
x 3
4 2
49 x 3
14 x 3 C
1
4 2
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Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7 Learning unit 2
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation II
ACTIVITY 1
Determine
a) 1 u du
3
b) x x 1 x 2 dx
x3 6 x 2 5 x
c)
dx
x
Remember to check the response on page 149.
2. DETERMINE THE VALUE OF THE CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION
To determine the value of the constant term, more information must be given in the
question.
Example 2
If u 3 x 2 2 x 1 dx, find the function u if u 10 when x 1 .
We are given the value of the integral for a specific value of the independent
variable. With this extra information we will be able to find the value of the
constant of integration.
3x 2 x 1 dx x3 x 2 x C
2
Thus u x3 x 2 x C (*)
Given u 10 if x 1
Substitute in *
10 1 1 1 C
now C can be determined
C 7
Answer: u x3 x 2 x 7
ACTIVITY 2
1. If y 3 x 2 x 10 dx, find the function y if y 0 when x 2
2. If y 4 x3 3x 2 6 x 2 dx, determine the value of y when x 4,
given that when x 2, y 30
Remember to check the response on page 149.
MAT1581 147
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Module 7 Learning unit 2
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation II
3. APPLICATION: DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION
In the previous units on differentiation you saw that there are several important formulae
connecting acceleration, velocity and displacement. With the knowledge you have
gained so far you can write integral equivalents.
ds
The velocity v of an object is the derivative of its displacement s, that is v .
dt
The displacement s is therefore given by s v dt .
dv
The acceleration a is the derivative of the velocity v, that is a .
dt
The velocity v is therefore given by v a dt .
Example 3
A ball is projected along a frictionless inclined plane. The velocity of the ball is given by
v 4t t 2 in metres per second. What is the change in displacement in the first 4
seconds?
ds
As v , we have s v dt.
dt
Thus s 4t t 2 dt
4t 2 t 3
C
2 3
To find the change in displacement we need the displacement at time t = 0 and t = 4.
4(0) 2 (0)3
At t 0,. s0 C
2 3
00C
C
4(4) 2 (4)3
At t 4,. s4 C
2 3
192 128
C
6
64
C
6
Now the change in displacement s s4 s0
64
C C
6
10, 6 metres
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Module 7 Learning unit 2
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation II
ACTIVITY 3
1
1. An object is moving in a straight line with a velocity v t m/s .
t
a) If the object began at the origin, what is its position when t = 15?
b) What is its acceleration when t = 15?
2. An object moving with velocity u at time t = 0 accelerates with constant
acceleration a. The velocity of the object at a later time t is v.
a) Use indefinite integration to find an expression for v.
b) Given that when t = 0 the velocity is u, find the constant of integration.
Remember to check the response on page 150.
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
4.1 Activity 1
a) Simplify the integrand. The binomial theorem should be used, or write
1 u 1 u 1 u 1 u
3
1 u 1 3u 3u 2 u 3
3
All the above terms are of the form ax n
1 u 1 3u 3u 2 u 3 du
3
3 u4
u u 2 u3 C
2 4
b) x x 1 x 2 dx
x x 2 3x 2 dx
x3 3x 2 2 x dx
x 4 3x3 2 x 2
C
4 3 2
x4
x3 x 2 C
4
x3 6 x 2 5 x x3 6 x 2 5 x
c)
dx dx
x x x x
x 2 6 x 5 dx
x3
3x 2 5 x C
3
4.2 Activity 2
x2
3x x 10 dx x 2 10 x C
2 3
1.
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Module 7 Learning unit 2
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation II
x2
Thus y x 3
10 x C (*)
2
Substitute in * given y 0 when x 2
2
2
0 2 10 2 C
3
2
0 8 2 20 C
now C can be determined
C 10
x2
Answer: y x 10 x 10
3
2.
y 4 x 3 3 x 2 6 x 2 dx,
4x 4 3x3 6 x 2
= 2x C
4 3 2
x 4 x3 3x 2 2 x C
given that when x 2, y 30 we find the value of C
y x 4 x3 3x 2 2 x C
30 (2)4 2 3 2 2 2 C
3 2
30 16 8 12 4 C
C 30 16
14
Thus y x 4 x3 3x 2 2 x 14
and the value of y when x 4
y 4 (4)3 3(4) 2 2 4 14
4
256 64 48 8 14
246
4.3 Activity 3
1a) Position refers to displacement.
At the origin implies that at the start v = 0, t = 0 and s = 0.
1
1 t2 t 2
s t dt 1 C
t 2 2
At the origin s 0, t 0 thus in the above equation 0 0 0 C and C 0
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Module 7 Learning unit 2
INTEGRATION: Reverse of differentiation II
1
t 2 2t 2
At t 15, s
2 1
2
(15)
2 15
2
120.3 m
b) Given the velocity, you have to find the acceleration, that is differentiation.
dv d 1 d
1
a t t t 2
dt dt t dt
1 3
1 t 2
2
1
1
2 t3
1
At t 15, a 1
2 (15)3
0.99 m/s 2
2.
a) The velocity is found by integrating the acceleration, that is v a dt .
You are told in the question that a is constant, thus a can be taken out of the
integral. v a dt
a 1 dt
a t 0 dt
at C
Thus v at C where C is the constant of integration.
b) Evaluate the equation in a) with t = 0 and v = u.
u a (0) C
u C
Thus v at u
or in the more usual form
v u at
This is the end of this learning unit, so you should be able to
simplify an integrand to the form axn to find a given integral
find the value of the constant of integration, if more information about the integral is
known
find the integral equivalents of velocity and displacement
Next you will study learning unit 3 on the method of substitution.
MAT1581 151
Mathematics I (Engineering)
MODULE 7 INTEGRATION
LEARNING UNIT 3 Method of substitution
OUTCOME
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to determine integrals of the form
f ' x f x
n
dx using the substitution u = f(x).
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION ........................................................................ 153
2. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY ............................................................................... 156
MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering) 152
Module 7 Learning unit 3
INTEGRATION: Method of substitution
1. METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION
The general solution and examples we have done up to now are useful but they do not
3x 7 x
3
3 4x
10
show us how to integrate dx, 4
6 4 x3 dx, or 3
8 x 2 dx. The
first integral could be found by expanding 3 x 7 and then integrating, but this would
10
be a very long and inefficient method. This method could also work on the last two
integrals. A better method would be to use substitution.
The method of substitution involves introducing a function that changes the integrand,
such that the general solution will work when integrating. The method is illustrated in
the next example.
3x 7
10
Determine dx .
In this integral we will use the substitution u 3x 7
du
Differentiating with respect to x we get 3
dx
du 3dx
du
and dx
3
Now substitute in the original integral
du
3x 7 dx u10 Let u 3x 7 and du 3 dx
10
3
1 10
u du Remember constants can be taken out
3
After substitution the new integrand should only contain constants and the new
independent variable u. The new integral is of the form ax n .
1
Thus 3x 7 dx u10 du
10
3
1 u11
C
3 11
u11
C
33
Substituting for u we obtain the answer in the original variable x
3x 7
11
C
33
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Module 7 Learning Unit 3
INTEGRATION: Method of substitution
We substituted not only for the integrand, but also for the differential. The most difficult
part is selecting the correct substitution. The substitution we select must allow us to write
f x dx as u n du with the possible exception of a multiplicative constant.
A more general form of the basic rule is
u n 1
C , n 1
n
u du
n 1
Example 1
x
3
a) Determine 4
6 4 x 3 dx
In this integral we will use the substitution u x4 6
du
Differentiating with respect to x we get 4 x3
dx
du 4 x3dx
du
and dx
4 x3
Now substitute in the original integral
x
3
4
6 4 x3dx u 3du Let u x 4 6 and du 4 x3dx
u4
C
4
Substituting for u we obtain the answer in the original variable x
x
4
4
6
C
4
3 4x 8 x 2 dx .
3
b) Determine
Let u 4 x 3 8,
du
then 12 x 2
dx
du
and dx
12 x 2
du
or x 2 dx
12
1
Thus 3
4x 3 8 x 2 dx
4 x 8 3 .x dx
3 2
1
du
u3.
12
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Module 7 Learning unit 3
INTEGRATION: Method of substitution
4
1 u3
. 4 C
12 3
4
3u 3
C
48
4
u3
C
16
4
4x 3
8 3
C
16
4x
4
3 3
8
C
16
1
c) Find dx
x 3
2
If we let u = x2 3, then du = 2x dx. But 2x is not a constant, so we cannot write
this integrand as a constant multiple of un du. We therefore cannot use this
substitution method and we cannot integrate using the methods learnt thus far.
x
2
d) Evaluate 3
5 dx .
If we let u = x3 + 5, then du = 3x2 dx. Again, the substitution method cannot be
used as we cannot write this integrand as a constant multiple of un du. However,
we can expand and simplify the integrand using the method in unit 2.
x
2
3
5 dx x 6 10 x3 25 dx
x 7 10 x 4
25 x C
7 4
x7 5x 4
25 x C
7 2
Using the above examples, we can write a new general solution in f(x) notation as
follows:
f(x)
n 1
f(x)
n
.f '(x) dx c, n 1
n 1
Any integral of this form can be solved by the substitution u = f(x).
Note: Example c) and d) could not be solved with this method because the integrand did
not contain f '(x) or a multiple of it.
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Module 7 Learning Unit 3
INTEGRATION: Method of substitution
ACTIVITY 1
Determine the following integrals:
x 2 2 x dx x 3x 5 2 x 3 dx
2 2 2
a) b)
3 x 1 dx x 2 x dx
2 3
c) d)
dt
e) 25 x 2 dx f)
t 1
1
1 2x dx
3
g)
dx h)
60 x 100 9 x 2
x 1 x 2 dx 1 x
7
i) j) dx
3x 2 6 3
14 1 x
k) dx l) 4 dx
2 x 3 12 x 10
3 3x 2
x 1 x 2 dx
2
m) n)
dx
1 x
3 2
15 x 1 x dx (1 3x ) 4 x x dx
2 3 4 2 3 2
o) p)
dx
q)
1 2 x
2
2. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY
Let I x 2 2 2 x dx and let
2
a) u x2 2
du
Then 2x
dx
and du 2 x dx
Thus our integral becomes I u 2 du
u3
C
3
x 2
2 3
C
3
b) I x 2 3 x 5 2 x 3 dx
Let u x 2 +3 x +5
Therefore I u du u 2 du
1
Then du 2 x 3 dx
3
2u 2
C
3
2 x 2 3x 5
3
2
C
3
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INTEGRATION: Method of substitution
c) Let I 3 x 1 dx and let 3x 1 u
du
Then 3 differentiate with respect to x on both sides
dx
1
I u du
3
1 1
u 2 du
3
1 2 3
. u 2 C
3 3
2
3x 1 2 C
3
Let I x 2 2 x dx and let u x 2 2
3
d)
du
Then 2x
dx
and du 2 x dx
1
x 2 2 2 x dx
3
I
2
1
u 3 du
2
1 u4
C
2 4
x 2
2 4
C
8
e) Let I 25 x 2 dx and u 25 x 2
du
2 xthen
dx
du 2 x dx
But 2x is not a constant, so we cannot write this integrand as a constant multiple
of un du. We therefore cannot use this substitution method and we cannot
integrate using the methods learnt thus far.
dt
f) Let I and t 1 u , then dt du
t 1
du
Thus I 1 u 2 du
1
u 2
2u 2 C
1
2 t 1 2 C
1
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Module 7 Learning Unit 3
INTEGRATION: Method of substitution
1 dx
g)
dx 2 Rearrange the denominator
60 x 100 9 x 2
9 x 60 x 100
dx
Factorise the denominator
3 x 10
2
1
Let I dx and u 3 x 10
60 x 100 9 x
2
then du 3dx
Thus I 13 u du 2
13 . 11 u 1 C
3x 10
1
C
3
1 2x dx
3
h)
Let u 1 2 x, then du 2 dx or 1
2 du dx
1
1 2 x dx u 3 du
3 1
Thus 2
4
12 34 u 3 C
4
3
8 1 2 x 3 C
1 2 x C
3 3 4
8
i) x 1 x 2 dx
Let u 1 x 2 , then du 2 x dx or 1
2 du x dx
1
Thus x 1 x 2 dx 1
2 u 2
du
3
12 23 u 2 C
3
13 1 x 2 2 C
13 1 x 2 3
C
1 x
7
j) dx
Let u 1 x, then du dx
1 x
7
dx u du
7
Thus
18 u 8 C
1 x
8
1
8 C
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Module 7 Learning unit 3
INTEGRATION: Method of substitution
3x 2 6
k) dx
2 x 3 12 x 10
Let u 2 x 3 12 x 10, then du (6 x 2 12) dx
thus 1
2 du (3 x 2 6) dx
3x 2 6 du
1
Thus
2 x 3 12 x 10
dx
u
1
2 1
2 u 2
du
1
12 12 u 2 C
1
2 x 12 x 10 C
3 2
2 x3 12 x 10 C
3
14 1 x
l) 4 dx
Let u 1 x, then du dx
3 3
1 x
Thus 1
4
4 dx 1
4 u 4
du
1
1
4 u
4
1
4
C
1
1 x 4 C
3
x 1 x 2 dx
2
m)
Let u 1 x 2 , then du 2 x dx or 1
2 du xdx
3 3
Thus x 1 x 2 dx 2 1
2 u 2
du
5
12 52 u 2 C
5
1 x 2 2 C
5
3x 2
n)
dx
1 x
3 2
Let u 1 x3 , then du 3x 2 dx
3x 2
Thus dx u 2 du
1 x
3 2
(1) u 1 C
1
C
1 x3
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Module 7 Learning Unit 3
INTEGRATION: Method of substitution
15 x 1 x
2 3 4
o) dx
Let u 1 x3 , then du 3 x 2 dx
Thus 15 x 2 1 x3 dx 5 3x 2 1 x3 dx
4 4
4
5 u du
5 15 u 5 C
1 x3 C
5
(1 3x ) 4 x x
2 3 2
p) dx
Let u 4 x x 3 , then du (1 3 x 2 ) dx
Thus (1 3 x 2 ) 4 x x 3 dx
2
u 2 du
1 u 1 C
4 x x3 C
1
1
C
(4 x x 3 )
dx
q)
1 2 x
2
Let u 1 2 x, then du 2 dx or 1
2 du dx
dx
u
2
Thus 1
du
1 2 x
2 2
12 (1) u 1 C
1
C
2 1 2 x
This the end of learning unit 3 and you should therefore be able to determine integrals of
f ' x f x
n
the form dx using the substitution u = f(x).
Now we move on to learning unit 4 with a focus on standard integrals.
160 MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering)
MODULE 7 INTEGRATION
LEARNING UNIT 4 Standard integrals
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
use a table of standard integrals to solve integrals
simplify an integrand to reduce to a standard integral
use the method of substitution to reduce an integrand to a standard integral
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. TABLE OF STANDARD INTEGRALS ............................................................ 162
f (x)
2. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx .......................................................... 163
f(x)
3. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f ' x ef x dx .................................................. 165
4. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f (x).af(x) dx .................................................. 166
5. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 168
5.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 168
5.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 168
5.3 Activity 3 ............................................................................................................. 169
5.4 Activity 4 ............................................................................................................. 169
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Mathematics I (Engineering) 161
Module 7 Learning unit 4
INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
1. TABLE OF STANDARD INTEGRALS
Every derivative, when written in reverse, gives us an integral. To assist with the process
of integration we resort to tables of standard integrals. These tables are generated by
using a list of standard derivatives. The following list of standard integrals will be
available in your examination.
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
a x(n 1 )
c, n 1
n
1. ax dx
n 1
f(x)
n 1
f(x)
n
2. .f'(x) dx c, n 1
n 1
f (x)
3. f(x)
dx n f(x) c
4. f (x).e f(x) dx e f(x) c
a f(x)
5. f (x).a f(x) dx
n a
c
6. f (x).sin f(x) dx cos f(x) c
7. f (x).cos f(x) dx sin f ( x) c
8. f (x). tan f(x) dx n sec f(x) c n cos f(x) c
9. f (x).cot f(x) dx n sin f(x) c
10. f (x).sec f(x) dx n sec f(x) tan f(x) c
11. f (x). cosec f(x) dx n cosec f(x) cot f(x) c
12. f (x).sec2 f(x) dx tan f(x) c
13. f (x).cosec 2 f(x) dx cot f(x) c
14. f (x).sec f(x). tan f(x) dx sec f(x) c
15. f (x).cosec f(x). cot f(x)dx cosec f(x) c
162 MAT1581
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INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
It is important to note that when dealing with the trigonometric functions, the variable x
must be measured in radians and not degrees. The modulus (absolute value) sign is
inserted to remind us that only logarithms of positive numbers can be found.
When using the table of standard integrals we will use the substitution u = f(x). After you
have practised a lot, you will find that the substitution becomes unnecessary. You will be
able to multiply by the correct constant to find f ' (x) and read off the answer to the
integral straight from the table.
We have already discussed integrals of standard forms 1 and 2. In this unit we will
concentrate on integrals of forms 3 and 4.
f (x)
2. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx
f(x)
In standard forms 1 and 2 we excluded the case n = . The reason is that it does not
yield valid results. For n = division by 0 is obtained, which is not defined.
Remember: If y n x, then
dy 1
dx x
thus
1
dx x dx n x . We can therefore
x
1
see number 3 in the table as the special case where n = .
f '( x)
In general,
d
n f x
f '( x)
thus dx n f ( x) .
dx f ( x) f ( x)
Example 1
1 2x
a) Determine dx
7 x x2
du
Put u 7 x x 2 , then 1 2 x or du 1 2 x dx
dx
1 2x
Thus dx 1 du
7 x x2 u
n u C
n 7 x x 2 C
Some of you might recognise immediately that
the derivative of 7 x x 2 is 1 2 x.
f '( x)
Therefore the integrand is of the form
f ( x)
and the answer can be read from the table as
n 7 x x 2 C
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INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
1
b) Determine dx
x 1 x
This is more difficult to recognise, so we need to do a substitution.
1
Put u 1 x , then
du 1 2
x
dx 2
1
and du x
1
2
2 dx
1 dx
. 1
2 2
x
dx
2 du
x
1 1 dx
dx .
x 1 x
1 x x
1
2 du
u
2
1
du
u
f ' x
Now it is possible to recognise that the integrand is of the form
f x
2 n u C
2 n 1 x C
ACTIVITY 1
Determine
a) u 1 du
3x
3
b) dx
1 x4
x 3x 3x 1
3 2
c) dx
x2
Remember to check the response on page 168.
164 MAT1581
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Module 7 Learning unit 4
INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
3. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f ' x ef x dx
dy
If y e x , then e x from which it follows that e x dx e x C
dx
In general the standard integral is obtained as follows:
dy
If y e , then f ' x e , thus f ' x e dx e C
f x f x f x f x
dx
Example 2
a) Find e3 x dx.
The most direct route would be to say, let f x 3 x then f ' x 3.
We need to modify the integrand by multiplying by the correct constants.
Remember we are using an equal sign, so we need to observe equality.
e dx 13 (3)e3 x dx 13 3e3 x dx
3x
The integrand is of the form f ' x e
f x
.
Use the table of standard integrals to read off the answer.
e3 x dx 13 e3 x C.
Or we may use substitution.
du
Let u 3 x, then 3
dx
du 3dx or
dx 13 du
1
e dx eu . du
3x
Hence,
3
e du
1 u
3
13 eu C
13 e3 x C
b) Find e x .2 x dx .
2
If f x x 2 , then f ' x 2 x, the integrand is of the form f ' x e f x
Use the table of standard integrals to write down the answer.
e .2 x dx e C
2 2
x x
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INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
Or use substitution:
Let u x 2 , then du 2 x dx
e .2 x dx e du
2
x u
Hence
eu C
ex C
2
Determine
1
c) 3 x dx .
7e
We will find the answer without substitution.
1 dx 1 e 3 x dx
3x 7
7e
3 e dx
3 x
1
7
1
3
3e dx1
21
3 x
211 e 3 x C
ACTIVITY 2
Determine
a) e 7 x 3e5 x 11e9,2 x 5e 2 x dx
1 x x 1 2 x dx
2
b) e
Remember to check the response on page 168.
4. INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f (x).af(x) dx
dy
If y a x , then a x n a from which it follows that a x n a dx a x C.
dx
Sometimes we would slightly modify the expression to give a neater standard integral.
In this case n a is a constant, which can therefore be taken out of the integral
n a a x dx a x C
Dividing both sides by n a :
ax C
a dx n a n a where the last term can be replaced with a single constant symbol.
x
In general the standard integral is
a f(x)
f (x).a f(x) dx
n a
C
166 MAT1581
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Module 7 Learning unit 4
INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
Example 3
a
3x
a) Find dx
du
Let u 3x, then 3 or dx 13 du
dx
a 3 x du 1
3 a du
u
au
13 . C
n a
a3 x
C
3 n a
x.7
3 x 2 1
b) Determine dx .
du du
Put u 3 x 2 1, then 6 x and x dx
dx 6
Thus x.73 x 1
7
2
dx 1
6
u
du
7u
1
C
6
n 7
73 x 1
2
C
6 n 7
ACTIVITY 3
Determine
a) a 2 x dx
3
5x
b) dx
Remember to check the response on page 169.
To consolidate what you have learnt thus far, try an activity with mixed questions.
ACTIVITY 4
Determine
a) x2
dx
e
x2 1 3
xe xa 7 x 1 x 1 e x dx
2 x
b)
1
ex x 2x 1
2
c) 2 dx d) dx
x x3
4x
3
1 2x
e) dx f)
2 dx
4 x4 x x 1
1 x 3s 4
2
g) x dx h) ds
i) 3x 1 2 x 2 dx
Remember to check the response on page 169.
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INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
5. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
5.1 Activity 1
du
1
u
1
a) du nu C
u
b)
3x
3
Determine dx
1 x
4
du du
Put u 1 x 4 , then 4 x3 , thus x3dx
dx 4
Substitute values then
3x
3
3
1 du
dx
1 x
4
u 4
3 1
du
4 u
34 n u C
34 n 1 x 4 C
c)
First simplify the integrand:
x 3x 3x 1
3 2
x3 3x 2 3x 1
dx 2 2 2 2 dx
x2 x x x x
3
x 3 x 2 dx
x
You should be able to do this without any substitution
x2
3 x 3 n x x 1 C
2
x2 1
3 x 3 n x C
2 x
5.2 Activity 2
e 3e5 x 11e9,2 x 5e 2 x dx
7x
a)
e7 x 3e5 x 11e9,2 x 5e 2 x
C
7 5 9, 2 2
e7 x 3 5 x 11 9,2 x 5 2 x
e e e C
7 5 9, 2 2
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INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
1 x x 1 2 x dx
2
b) Determine e
du
Put u 1 x x 2 , then 1 2 x and du 1 2 x dx
dx
1 x x 1 2 x dx eu du
2
Thus e
eu C
e
1 x x C
2
5.3 Activity 3
a dx 2a 3 dx 5.3
2x 1 2x 5x 1 5x
a) 2
dx b) 5
dx
a2x 35 x
C C
2 n a 5 n 3
5.4 Activity 4
a) xe x2 xa x 2 7 x 1 x 2 1 dx
du du
Put u x 2 , then 2 x, and xdx
dx 2
Thus x2 xa x 2 7 x 1 x 2 dx
1
xe
e du 12 a u du 72 (1 u ) 1 du
1 u
2
au
12 eu 12 72 n 1 u C
n a
2
e 1
2
x2
ax
2 n a
72 n 1 x 2 C
e
3
b) x
1 e x dx
Put u e x 1,
du
then ex
dx
and du e x dx
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INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
e
3
Thus x
1 e x dx u 3 du
u4
C
4
e
4
x
1
C
4
1
ex
c) 2 dx
x
du dx
Put u x 1 , then 1 x 2 and du x 2 dx 2
dx x
1
ex
Thus 2 dx eu du
x
eu C
1
e x C
x 2x 1 1 2 1
2
d) dx 2 3 dx
x 3
x x x
1
2 x 2 x 3 dx
x
2 x 1 x 2
n x C
1 2
2 1
n x 2 C
x 2x
4x
3
e) dx
4 x4
f ' x
The integrand is of the form
f x
n 4 x 4 C
1 2 x dx
f) 2
x x 1
f ' x
The integrand is of the form
f x
n x 2 x 1 C
g) 1 x x dx
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Module 7 Learning unit 4
INTEGRATION: Standard integrals
x dx x x dx
1 3
x 2 dx x 2 dx [using the law a m .a n a m n ]
3 5
2 2
x2 x2 C
3 5
3s 4 3 3s 4
2 2
h) ds 1
3
ds
3s 4
3
1
3
C
3
3s 4
3
C
9
or
3s 4
2
ds 9 s 2 24s 16 ds
9 s 3 24s 2
16s C
3 2
3s 3 12s 2 16 s C
The two answers should be the same.
To compare expand the fraction in answer one using the binomial theorem:
3s 4 3 3s 3 3(3s)2 (4) 3(2) (3s )(4) 2 43
2
C
9 9
27 s 3 108s 2 144s 64
C
9
3s 3 12s 2 16s C , where 649 is incorporated in C
1
i) 2
3x 1 2 x dx 3 x 1 2 x
2
2 dx
1
4 x 1 2 x
3
4
2
2 dx
3
3
4 1
2
3
2x 2 2
12 1 2 x 2 3
C
Since this is the end of learning unit 4, you should be able to
use a table of standard integrals to solve integrals
simplify an integrand to reduce to a standard integral
use the method of substitution to reduce an integrand to a standard integral
Learning unit 5 deals with partial fractions.
MAT1581 171
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MODULE 7 INTEGRATION
LEARNING UNIT 5 Partial fractions
OUTCOME
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to use partial fractions to integrate
algebraic expressions.
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS ............................................ 173
2. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY ............................................................................... 175
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Mathematics I (Engineering) 172
Module 7 Learning unit 5
INTEGRATION: Partial fractions
1. INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS
The first step is to verify that you do not have an integral of one of the following forms:
EXAMPLE
f x f ' x dx, n 1 2x 2
n
1. 5
2 dx x 2
2 x 2 x 2 dx
x 2x
5
x 2x
2 4
C
4
f ' x 2x 2
2. f x dx 2 dx n x 2 2 x C
x 2x
Partial fractions may be used in integration of algebraic expressions as follows:
Example 1
3x 8
a) Find the integral of
2 dx with the aid of partial fractions.
x 2 x 35
The integral is not of the forms mentioned above. We can return to the examples in
module 3, unit 2 to see how to write the expression in partial fractions.
3x 8 13 23
That is,
x 2 x 35 12 x 7 12 x 5
2
This gives us two integrals of form 2.
3x 8
dx
13
dx
23
2 dx
x 2 x 35 12 x 7 12 x 5
12
13
n x 7 12
23
n x 5 C
3x 2 7
b) Use partial fractions to find dx
x 1
4
The integral is not of the forms mentioned above. We can return to the examples in
module 3, unit 2 to see how to write the expression in partial fractions.
3x 2 7 3 6 4
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
4 2 3 4
This gives us three integrals of form 1.
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INTEGRATION: Partial fractions
3x 2 7 3 6 4
dx dx dx dx
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
4 2 3 4
3 6 4
C
x 1 2 x 1
2
3 x 1
3
3 3 4
C
x 1 x 1
2
3 x 1
3
x3 2 x 2 4 x 4
c) Find
dx .
x2 x 2
The integral is not of the forms mentioned above. The integrand is an improper
fraction. We can return to module 3, unit 3 to see how to write the expression in
partial fractions.
x3 2 x 2 4 x 4 4 3
x3
x x2
2
x 2 x 1
This gives four integrals
x 2 x 4 x 4 dx x dx 3 dx 4 dx 3 dx
3 2
x2 x 2
x 2
x 1
x2
3 x 4 n x 2 3 n x 1 C
2
using the rules of logarithms we can combine
the two terms with logarithms
x2
3 x n x 2 n ( x 1)3 C
4
2
x 2
4
x2
3x n C
x 1
3
2
ACTIVITY 1
Find
2x 8
a)
2
x 5x 6
x3 3x 2 7 x 4
b) dx
x2 2x
8x2
c)
3
dx
x 2
3
4 x 8 dx
d) 2
x 4x 5
Remember to check the response on page 175.
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INTEGRATION: Partial fractions
2. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY
a) First resolve the integrand in partial fractions:
2x 8 2x 8 A B
x 5x 6
2
x 3 x 2 x 3 x 2
Combine right-hand side:
2x 8 A x 2 B x 3
x 3 x 2 x 3 x 2
Equating numerators gives:
2 x 8 A x 2 B x 3
Let x 2, then 2(-2) 8 B(2 3)
4 B
Let x 3, then 2(3) 8 A(3 2)
2 A
A 2
2x 8 2 4
x 3 x 2 x 3 x 2
The integral becomes
2x 8 2 4
2 dx
x 5x 6 x 3 x 2
dx dx
2 4
x 3 x 2
2n x 3 4n x 2 C
using the rules of logarithms we can simplify our answer
by combining the two logarithm terms
n x 3 n x 2 C
2 4
n x 2 n x 3 C
4 2
x 2
4
n C
( x 3) 2
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INTEGRATION: Partial fractions
b) Resolve the integrand in partial fractions. The degree of the numerator is larger
than the degree of the denominator. It is an improper fraction. Therefore we first
divide:
x 1
x 2 2 x x3 3x 2 7 x 4
x3 2 x 2
x2 7 x
x2 2x
5x 4
x3 3x 2 7 x 4 5x 4
Thus x 1 2
x 2x
2
x 2x
5x 4
Resolve in partial fractions
x2 2x
5x 4 5x 4 A B
x 2x x x 2 x x 2
2
Combine right-hand side:
5x 4 A x 2 Bx
x x 2 x x 2
Equating numerators gives:
5 x 4 A x 2 Bx
Let x 2, then 5 2 4 2 B
2 B 6
B3
Let x 0, then 4 2 A
A2
5x 4 2 3
Therefore
x 2x x x 2
2
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INTEGRATION: Partial fractions
The integral becomes
x 3 3x 2 7 x 4 2 3
x 1 dx
x 2x
2
x x2
1 1
x dx dx 2 dx 3 dx
x x2
x2
x 2 n x 3 n x 2 C
2
using the rules of logarithms we can simplify our answer
by combining the two logarithm terms
x2
x n x 2 x 2 C
3
c) This is an example of standard form 2 with n a negative number.
8x2
3
8 2 3
dx 3 x x 2 dx
3
x 2
3 3
8 x 2
3 2
C
3 2
4
C
3 x 2
3 2
d) This is an example of standard form 3.
4 x 8 dx 2 2 x 4 dx
2 2
x 4x 5 x 4x 5
2 n x 2 4 x 5 C
This is the end of learning unit 5, so you should be able to use partial fractions to
integrate algebraic expressions in the form of a quotient.
Learning unit 6 deals with trigonometric functions.
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INTEGRATION
MODULE 7 Trigonometric
LEARNING UNIT 6 functions
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
integrate trigonometric functions using a table of standard integrals
use trigonometric identities to rewrite the integrand in standard form
use the method of substitution to simplify the integrand
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS .................................. 179
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 182
2.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 182
2.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 184
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Module 7 Learning unit 6
INTEGRATION: Trigonometric functions
1. INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
In this unit we will discuss the basic trigonometric integrals. The following list of
standard integrals will be available in your examination. Number 6 to 15 deal with
trigonometric functions. The substitution u = angle will usually allow an easier
integration.
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
a x(n 1 )
c, n 1
n
1. ax dx
n 1
f(x)
n 1
f(x)
n
2. .f'(x) dx c, n 1
n 1
f (x)
3. f(x)
dx n f(x) c
4. f (x).e f(x) dx e f(x) c
a f(x)
5. f (x).a f(x) dx
n a
c
6. f (x).sin f(x) dx cos f(x) c
7. f (x).cos f(x) dx sin f ( x) c
8. . tan f(x) dx
f (x) n sec f(x) c n cos f(x) c
9. f (x).cot f(x) dx n sin f(x) c
10. f (x).sec f(x) dx n sec f(x) tan f(x) c
11. f (x). cosec f(x) dx n cosec f(x) cot f(x) c
12. f (x).sec2 f(x) dx tan f(x) c
13. f (x).cosec 2 f(x) dx cot f(x) c
14. f (x).sec f(x). tan f(x) dx sec f(x) c
15. f (x).cosec f(x). cot f(x)dx cosec f(x) c
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INTEGRATION: Trigonometric functions
Example 1
a) Find sin 5x dx
du du
Let u 5 x, then 5 and dx
dx 5
1
Hence sin 5 x dx sin u . du
5
1
cos u C
5
1
cos 5 x C
5
This is an example of standard form 6.
b) Find cos 2 x 1 dx
du du
Let u 2 x 1, then 2 and dx
dx 2
1
Hence cos 2 x 1 dx cos u . du
2
1
sin u C
2
1
sin (2 x 1) C
2
This is an example of standard form 7.
c) Find sin tan x sec 2 x dx
Let u tan x, then du sec2 x dx
sin tan x sec2 x dx sin u du
cos u C
cos tan x C
ACTIVITY 1
Find
a) cos 7x dx
b) tan 5 x 7 dx
x cot x dx
2
c)
d) sec 3x 4 tan 3x 4 dx
x sec x dx
2 2 3
e)
x cosec x dx
2 2
f)
Remember to check the response on page 182.
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INTEGRATION: Trigonometric functions
Example 2
e
tan x
a) Find .sec 2 x
Let u tan x, then du sec 2 x dx
e tan x .sec 2 x dx eu du
eu C
e tan x C
sin x cos x
b) Find dx
cos x
First simplify the integrand
sin x cos x dx sin x cos x dx
cos x cos x cos x
tan x 1 dx
tan x dx 1 dx
We can now use the table of standard integrals.
=n sec x x C
tan 2 x 1
2
b) Evaluate dx .
First expand the integrand as we cannot recognise a standard form.
tan 2 x 1
2
dx tan 2 2 x 2 tan 2 x 1 dx
tan 2 2 x 1 2 tan 2 x dx
sec 2 2 x
2 tan 2 x dx
sec 2 2 x dx 2 tan 2 x dx
du
Now let u 2 x, then du 2 dx and dx
2
Substitute these values in the above integrals:
1
sec 2 u du tan u du
2
1
tan u n sec u C
2
1
tan 2 x n sec 2 x C
2
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INTEGRATION: Trigonometric functions
ACTIVITY 2
Determine
a) a sin x cos x dx
e sin 2 x dx
3 cos 2 x
b)
e cos e dx
x x
c)
tan x dx
2
d)
e)
1
dx
cos 2 x
f) cos 2 x sin x dx
sec 3x tan 3x dx
4
g)
h) sin 2x dx
tan 3x sec 3x dx
2
i)
1 cos x dx
j)
sin x
Remember to check the response on page 184.
2. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
2.1 Activity 1
a)
Find cos 7 x dx
du du
Let u 7 x, then 7 and dx
dx 7
1
Hence cos 7 x dx cos u . du
7
1
sin u C
7
1
sin 7 x C
7
b)
Find tan 5 x 7 dx
du du
Let u 5 x 7, then 5 and dx
dx 5
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INTEGRATION: Trigonometric functions
1
Hence tan 5x 7 dx 5 tan u . du
This compares with standard form 8.
1
n sec u C
5
1
n sec 5 x 7 C
5
c)
Find x cot x 2 dx
du
Let u x 2 , then x dx
2
x cot x 2 dx 1
2 cot u du
This is an example of standard form 9.
12 n sin x 2 C
d)
Find sec 3 x 4 tan 3 x 4 dx
du
Let u 3 x 4, then du 3 dx and dx
3
sec 3 x 4 tan 3x 4 dx 1
3 sec u tan u du
This is an example of standard form 14.
13 sec u C
13 sec 3 x 4 C
e)
Evaluate x 2 sec2 x3 dx
du
Let x3 u , then du 3x 2 dx and x 2 dx
3
1
x 3
sec 2 x3 dx
2
Therefore sec2 u du
This is an example of standard form 12.
1
tan u C
3
1
tan x3 C
3
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INTEGRATION: Trigonometric functions
f)
Find x cosec2 x 2 dx
du
Let u x 2 , then du 2 x dx and x dx
2
1
x cosec 2
x dx
2 2
Therefore cosec2 u du
This is an example of standard form 13.
1
cot u C
2
1
cot x 2 C
2
2.2 Activity 2
a) Find a sin x cos x dx
Let u sin x, then du cos x dx
Hence a sin x cos x dx a u du
au
C
n a
a sin x
C
n a
b) Find e3 cos 2 x sin 2 x dx
du
Let u 3cos 2 x, then du 6sin 2 x dx and sin 2 xdx
6
1 u
Hence e3 cos 2 x sin 2 x dx
6
e du
1 3 cos 2 x
e C
6
e3 cos 2 x
C
6
c)
Find e x cos e x dx
Let u e x , then du e x dx
Hence e x cos e x dx cos u du
sin u C
sin e x C
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INTEGRATION: Trigonometric functions
d)
Find tan 2 x dx
This does not seem to fit in one of the standard forms.
But, if we remember that tan 2 x sec 2 x 1,
we see that
tan
2
x dx sec 2 x 1 dx
sec 2 x dx 1 dx
Now we have standard form 12 in the first integral
= tan x x C
e)
1 dx sec2 x dx
cos 2 x
tan x C
f)
Find cos 2 x sin x dx
Let u cos x, then du sin x dx and du sin xdx
Therefore cos 2 x sin x dx u 2 du
u3
C
3
cos3 x
C
3
g)
Find sec 4 3x tan 3x dx
This is difficult to recognise.
Remember that the derivative of sec x sec x tan x
Rewrite the integrand sec4 3 x tan 3 x dx sec3 3 x sec 3 x tan 3x dx
du
Let u sec 3 x, then du 3sec 3 x tan 3 x dx and sec 3 x tan 3 xdx
3
Therefore sec 4 3x tan 3x dx sec3 3x sec 3x tan 3 x dx
1 3
3
u du
u4
C
12
sec 4 3 x
C
12
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INTEGRATION: Trigonometric functions
h)
Find sin 2x dx
Let u 2x , then du 12 dx and 2 du dx
Therefore sin 2x dx 2 sin u du
2cos u C
2cos 2x C
i)
Find tan 3x sec2 3x dx
If f x tan 3x, then f ' x 3sec2 3x
Therefore tan 3x sec2 3x dx
1
3
tan 3x 3sec2 3x dx
This is an example of standard form 8
1
n sec3x C
3
j)
1 cos x dx 1 dx cos x dx
sin x sin x sin x
cosec x dx cot xdx
n cosec x cot x n sin x C
We can simplify our answer using logarithm rules
=n sin x cosec x cot x C
You have now reached the end of learning unit 6, so you should be able to
integrate trigonometric functions using a table of standard integrals
use trigonometric identities to rewrite the integrand in standard form
use the method of substitution to simplify the integrand
The next learning unit will focus on the definite integral.
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MODULE 7 INTEGRATION
LEARNING UNIT 7 The definite integral
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
define a definite integral
explain the meaning of the terms “upper limit” and “lower limit”
calculate the value of a definite integral
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. DEFINITION ...................................................................................................... 188
2. EVALUATION OF A DEFINITE INTEGRAL ................................................. 188
3. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY ............................................................................... 190
4. EXERCISE 1 ....................................................................................................... 191
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INTEGRATION: The definite integral
1. DEFINITION
You are already familiar with the procedure to evaluate an indefinite integral:
If g ' x f x then f x dx g x C .
Now we can define the definite integral of f(x) between the limits x = a and x = b as:
a f x dx g b g a
b
g x a
b
The constants a and b are called the integration limits. A is called the lower limit and b is
called the upper limit.
The integration constant C does not play a role in the calculation of a definite integral.
The integration constant appears in both brackets and disappears when simplified:
f x dx g b C g a C
b
g b C g a C
g b g a
If the limits of a definite integral are switched around, the sign of the answer changes,
f x dx f x dx .
b a
that is
a b
2. EVALUATION OF A DEFINITE INTEGRAL
(i) Find the indefinite integral (omitting the constant of integration) and enclose
within square brackets with the limits at the right-hand end, or put a straight line
with the limits at the right-hand end.
f x a or f x a
b b
(ii) Substitute the upper limit b for x in f(x), that is find f(b).
(iii) Substitute the lower limit a for x in f(x), that is find f(a).
(iv) Subtract f(a) from f(b).
Example 1
4x 2 dx
3
a) Calculate
1
4 x 2 dx 2 x 2x C
2
Since
it follows from the definition that
4 x 2 dx
3 3
2 x 2 2 x
1 1
2 3 2 3 2 1 2 1
2 2
12 0
12
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INTEGRATION: The definite integral
4 x 2 dx
1
b) Determine
3
4 x 2 dx 2 x 2x C
2
Since
it follows from the definition that
4 x 2 dx
1 1
2 x 2 2 x
3 3
2 1 2 1 2 3 2 3
2 2
0 12
12
f x dx f x dx . Furthermore, the
b a
Note: Examples a) and b) illustrate that a b
definite integral in example b) is a negative number. There are no restrictions on
the value of a definite integral. In example b), the lower limit 3 is larger than the
upper limit 1. This is permissible. The choice of upper and lower limits depends
on the application that is being made of the definite integral.
2
c) Find cos 2x dx
0
Since cos 2 x dx 12 sin 2 x C
it follows from the definition that
12 sin 2 x 0 2
2
cos 2 x dx
0
12 sin 2 2 12 sin 2(0)
12 sin 12 sin 0
0 0
0
sin x 3cos3x dx
2
d) Evaluate
0
sin x 3cos 3x dx cos x sin 3x C
2
Since
0
it follows from the definition that
sin x 3cos 3x dx cos x sin 3x
2
2
0 0
cos 2 sin 3 2 cos 0 sin 3 0
0 (1) 1 0
1 1
1 1
2
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INTEGRATION: The definite integral
ACTIVITY 1
Calculate
x 3x dx
2
2
a)
1
x x 1 dx
0 2
2
b)
1
2 sin 2 x
c) dx
0 1 cos
2
x
1
2
d) 4e2 x dx
-1
3. RESPONSE TO ACTIVITY
2
3 2
x 3x dx = x3 32x
2
2
a)
1
1
2 3 2 2 13 3 1 2
3
3 2 3
2
8 1 3
6
3 3 2
16 36 2 9
6
41
6
5
6
6
xx 1 dx 2 x x 2 1 dx
1 0
0
2 2 2
b)
1 2 1
1 x 1
0
2 3
2 3
1
x 2 1
1 3 0
6 1
0 1 1 1
1
2 3 2 3
6
1
1 8
6
7
6
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INTEGRATION: The definite integral
2 sin 2 x 2 2sin x .cos x
c)
dx dx
0 1 cos 1 cos 2 x
2
x 0
n 1 cos 2 x
2
n 1 0 n 1 1
n 1 n 2
2
n
1
n 2
0, 693
4 1 12
2 e2 x dx
1
4e 2 x dx
1 2 1
2
d)
-1
1
2 e 2 x
2
1
2 e e 2
1
1
2 e 2
e
5.166
4. EXERCISE 1
Evaluate each of the given definite integrals:
x 3 dx x x 2 dx
2 1
2 2
a) b)
1 1
4 x x 2 3 dx 1 x dx
2 0
3 2 2
c) d) x 3
1 1
1
1 1 3
3 dx e 2 dx
x
e) f)
3 x
2 2
x
10
dx 3
4
g) h) sin x dx
6 x2
2
ANSWERS
1 2 1
a) 5 b) 4 c) 7.5 d) 0.3 e) 1
3 3 9
f) 4.99 g) 0.693 h) 0.707
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INTEGRATION: The definite integral
Learning unit 7 is now complete and you should be able to
define a definite integral
explain the meaning of the terms “upper limit” and “lower limit”
calculate the value of a definite integral
Learning unit 8 is next, and you will learn how to calculate the areas using integration.
192 MAT1581
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MODULE 7 INTEGRATION
LEARNING UNIT 8 Areas
OUTCOMES
At the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
interpret a definite integral geometrically
find the area under a curve
find the area between curves
CONTENTS
PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 194
2. SUMMATION AND THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL .......................................... 195
3. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS THE AREA UNDER A CURVE ................. 196
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES.......................................................................... 205
4.1 Activity 1 ............................................................................................................. 205
4.2 Activity 2 ............................................................................................................. 206
5. EXERCISE 1 ....................................................................................................... 208
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Module 7 Learning unit 8
INTEGRATION: Areas
1. INTRODUCTION
When a graph is used to represent a physical quantity, it is often useful to calculate the
area under the graph, because this can represent a related physical quantity. For example,
the area under a graph of velocity against time represents the distance covered. Consider
the following graph:
Velocity
Time
To find the distance travelled, the area under the graph can be calculated by dividing the
area into geometric shapes:
Velocity
Time
The area of rectangles and triangles can be found easily.
Now consider:
Velocity
v(t)
Time
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INTEGRATION: Areas
The area now depends on the curve v(t) and it is no longer possible to calculate the area
exactly and thus the distance covered using simple geometric shapes. In unit 2 of this
module we calculated distance by integrating the velocity, recall that s v dt . This
suggests a relationship between the area under a graph and integration.
2. SUMMATION AND THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Consider the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis, and the lines x = a and
x = b, where b > a. (See figure 1.)
Y
f( x)
X
0 a b
Figure 1
Divide the interval into n equal parts each of length x.
Y
x
X
0 a b
Figure 2
Since the areas of the strips in figure 2 are unknown, we propose to approximate each
strip by a rectangle whose area can be found.
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INTEGRATION: Areas
In figure 3 a representative strip and its approximating rectangle are shown.
Y
Pi (xi;yi)
R S
M x N
X
0 a x b
xi
Figure 3
In figure 3, suppose the representative strip is the i th strip counting from the left, and let
x = xi be the coordinate of the midpoint of its base. Let yi = f(xi) be the ordinate of the
point Pi (on the curve) whose coordinate is xi. Draw a line through Pi parallel to the x-
axis and complete the rectangle MRSN. The area of the i th strip can now be
approximated by the area of rectangle MRSN.
Area of the i th strip = height of strip length of strip
yi x
yi x
Note that the error in the calculated area and the actual area under the curve will become
smaller if we decrease the width of the strip x.
When each strip is treated similarly, it seems reasonable to take the sum of all the strips
as an approximation of the total area under the curve between x = a and x = b
We can write an approximation of the required area as
n
y1 x y2 x y3 x ..... yn x yi x
i 1
[The sigma sign is used to abbreviate the sum.]
Now suppose that the number of strips (with approximating rectangles) is indefinitely
increased so that the width of the strips becomes infinitely small, that is x 0 if n .
It is evident from the figure that by so increasing the number of approximating rectangles,
the sum of their areas more nearly approximates the required area, that is
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INTEGRATION: Areas
n
Area lim yi x
n
i 1
b
y dx
a
f x dx
b
Thus the summation process is a special integration process. In fact, the elongated s-
symbol is meant to indicate a type of summation.
3. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS THE AREA UNDER A CURVE
f x dx is interpreted as the area between the curve f(x), the x-axis
b
Geometrically,
a
and the points a and b on the x-axis.
The value of the integral is positive if the area is above the x-axis and it is negative if the
area is below the x-axis. Therefore we need to take the absolute value when calculating
areas using a definite integral.
If f x 0, then f x dx 0 :
b
a
Y
f( x)
X
0 a b
If f x 0, then f x dx 0 and area = f x dx :
b b
a
a
0 a b
X
f( x)
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INTEGRATION: Areas
The steps necessary for setting up the definite integral which yield a required area are as
follows:
(i) Make a rough sketch showing
the required area
a representative strip
the approximating rectangle, with reference point P(x; y)
(ii) Write the area of the approximating rectangle.
(iii) Assume the number of rectangles to be indefinitely increased and evaluate the
definite integral.
Example 1: Area between a straight line and the axes
We will use this example to show that we get the same answer using the formula for the
area of a triangle, summing over vertical strips and summing over horizontal strips.
Find the area between the straight line with x-intercept = 4 and y-intercept = 3 and the x-
and y-axes.
We draw a sketch of the required area:
3
We can find the equation of the straight line AB using ordinary geometry as y x 3
4
Method 1: Using the formula
Area of AOB 12 width height
43
2
6 units 2
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INTEGRATION: Areas
Method 2 Using vertical strips:
Sketch the required area and a representative strip.
Area of representative strip = height width
y x
3
x 3 x
4
Therefore the required area A can be calculated with the definite integral:
x4
A y dx
x 0
4
3
x 3 dx
0 4
4
3x 2
3x
8 0
3 4 2
3 4 0 0
8
6 12
6 units 2
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INTEGRATION: Areas
Method 3: Using horizontal strips
Sketch the required area and a representative strip.
Area of representative strip A = x . y
y 3
Required area A x dy
y 0
Note: (i) The limits MUST be in terms of y because we integrate with
respect to y.
(ii) We MUST express x in terms of y.
We change the subject of the equation of the straight line to x.
3 x
y 3
4
3x
y 3
4
4y
x 4
3
Therefore the required area is
y 3
A x dy
y 0
3
4y
4 dy
0 3
3
4 y2
4 y
3 2 0
3
2 y2
4 y
3 0
3
2 3 2
4 3
3 0
6 12
6 units 2
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INTEGRATION: Areas
Example 2: Calculating distance from a velocity time graph
The velocity v of a body t seconds after a certain instant is ( 2t 2 5 ) m/s. Find by
integration how far it moves in the interval from t = 0 to t = 4 s.
Since 2t 2 5 is a quadratic expression, the curve v = 2t 2 5 is a parabola cutting the v-
axis at v = 5. The distance travelled is given by the area under the v/t curve.
0 v dt 0 2t
4 4
Thus distance = 2
5 dt
4
2t 3
5t
3 0
2 0
3
2(4)3
5(4) 5 0
3 3
128
20 0
3
62.67 m
Remember to use the correct unit.
As you become more familiar with calculating areas, you can omit showing the
representative strip. All the necessary information is contained in the definite integral.
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INTEGRATION: Areas
Example 3: Area between a curve and the axes
Find the area bounded by the curve y x 2 and the x-axis, between x = 1 and x = 2.
We first sketch the curve and the area to be calculated, as well as a representative strip.
y = x2
The required area is shown (shaded) above.
Area of representative strip A = x .y
x 2
Required area A y dx
x 1
2
x 2 dx
1
2
x3
3 1
2 1
3 3
3 3
8 1
3 3
7
3
1
2 square units
3
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INTEGRATION: Areas
ACTIVITY 1
Find the area bounded by the curve y sin x and the x-axis between x 0
and x .
Remember to check the response on page 205.
Example 4: Area between curve and x-axis where the curve lies partly
above and below the axes
Consider now a curve which lies partly above and partly below the x-axis. At some
values of x, the y-ordinate of the curve will be negative. If we evaluate the area of a strip
at these values of x, we will clearly get a negative result since x is always taken as
positive and this positive length multiplied by a negative length will yield a negative
product. In cases like these, the "negative" areas and positive areas must be evaluated
separately and the absolute value of the two added to give the total area. This then
explains the absolute necessity for a suitable sketch.
Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin x and the x-axis between x = 0 and x = 2.
We first sketch the curve, paying particular attention to the values where the curve
crosses the x-axis.
Area of representative strip = y dx
x x 2
Area y dx y . dx
x 0 x
2
sin x dx sin x dx
0
cos x 0 cos x
2
because cos x cos x
cos cos 0 cos 2 cos
1 1 1 1
22
4 square units
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INTEGRATION: Areas
+The necessity for a sketch and the above method of evaluation is immediately evident if
x 2 2
we evaluate x 0
y dx
0
sin x dx .
x 2 2
x 0
y dx
0
sin x dx
cos x 0
2
cos 2 cos 0
1 1
0
An area of 0 is obviously not true.
ACTIVITY 2
1. Find the area between the curve y = cos x and the x-axis between x = 0 and
x =
2. Find the area between the curve f x x 2 2 x 3 and the x-axis
between x 2 and x = 4.
Remember to check the response on page 206.
Example 5: Area between two curves
Calculate the area enclosed by the parabolas y 6 x x 2 and y x 2 2 x .
Sketch the parabolas on the same set of axes.
Find the intersection of the parabolas by setting the equations equal:
x2 2x 6x x2
2 x2 8x 0
x2 4x 0
x x 4 0
x 0 or x 4
Find the y-values by substituting into one of the equations.
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INTEGRATION: Areas
Thus the intersections of the parabolas are at (0;0) and (4;8).
Length of a typical strip: y1 y2 6 xk xk 2 xk 2 2 xk
y1 y2 dx
4
Required area
0
4
8 x 2 x 2 dx
0
4
4 x 2 23 x3
0
4(16) 2
3 64
64
3
21.33 units 2
4. RESPONSES TO ACTIVITIES
4.1 Activity 1
Sketch the required area.
Area of representative strip : A y.x
x
Required area A y dx
x 0
sin x dx
0
cos x 0
cos cos 0
1 1
2 square units
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INTEGRATION: Areas
4.2 Activity 2
1. We first sketch the area.
A1 : A1 cos x dx
2
sin x 0 2
1 square unit
A2 : A2 cos x dx
2
sin x
2
1square unit
Total area A1 A2
11
2 square units
As before: 0
cos x dx 0 which is the algebraic sum of the two areas.
In the above case, it was not necessary to evaluate both areas since one is obviously
equal to the other by virtue of the symmetry of the cosine curve.
When we are dealing with symmetric curves it is sometimes convenient to evaluate the
area under a specific portion of the curve and then to multiply this by a constant.
2. To sketch the area you must first recognise the curve as a parabola. Therefore we
need to find the x- and y-intercepts and the turning point.
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INTEGRATION: Areas
x-intercepts Put f x 0 : x2 2 x 3 0
x 3 x 1 0
x 1 or 3
y -intercept Put x 0 : y 3
Turning point Use differentiation or the formulae from school
f ' x 2x 2 and f 1 12 2 1 3
2x 2 0 4
x 1
Coordinates of turning point 1; 4 .
x 1
Area 1 y dx
x 2
x 2 x 3 dx
1
2
2
1
x3
x 2 3x
3 2
31 1 3 38 4 6
2 2
1
3 3
1
2 units 2
3
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INTEGRATION: Areas
x 3
Area 2 x 1
y dx
x 2 x 3 dx
3
2
1
3
x3
x 2 3x
3 1
273 9 9 31 1 3
2
9 1
3
2
10
3
2
10
3
x4
Area 3 y dx
x 3
x 2 2 x 3 dx
4
3
4
x3
x 2 3x
3 3
643 16 12 273 9 9
2
6 9
3
1
2
3
Area Area 1 Area 2 Area 3
1
15 square units
3
5. EXERCISE 1
a) Find the area enclosed between the x-axis and y 4 x 2 .
b) Find the area between the x-axis and y x 3 from x = 1 to x = 1
c) Find the area bounded by the parabola x 4 y 2 and the y-axis using
(i) a vertical representative strip (that is perpendicular to the y-axis)
(ii) a horizontal representative strip (that is perpendicular to the x-axis)
d) Find the area between the curve y 3 2 x x 2 and the x-axis.
e) Calculate the area between the curve y x3
3 x 2 3x 1 , the x-axis and the lines
x = 1 and x = 3.
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INTEGRATION: Areas
ANSWERS
a) 10.67 square units
1
b) units 2
2
2
c) 10 units 2
3
d) 10, 67 units 2
e) 12 units 2
Now that you have come to the end of this learning unit, you should be able to
interpret a definite integral geometrically
find the area under a curve
find the area between curves
Now do the post-test below.
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POST-TEST: INTEGRATION
1. Determine
x 2
a x dx
2 x
(b) x 1
x 1 dx
3x 4 x 7
2
c dx
x
2. Determine z if z 9 y 3 11 y 2 y 3 dy , given that when y 1, z 2.
3. When an object having initial velocity u accelerates with constant acceleration a,
the velocity of the object at time t is s. The velocity is the derivative of
ds
displacement, that is v
dt
(a) Derive an expression for s.
(b) Given that when t 0 the displacement s 0 , find the value of the
constant of integration.
4. An object moves with variable acceleration a given by the formula a 3t 2 .
(a) Find an expression for the velocity of the object.
(b) Find an expression for the displacement of the object.
5. Find
x 2 dx
a
b x x 2 4 dx
1 x 3
dx
c
d x 19 17 x 2 dx
2 3x 2
2x2 3
3
(e)
2 x3
(f) 3t. t2 3 dt
3x 7
3
e
2
(g) x
1 e x dx
6. Determine the following integrals, using partial fractions where necessary to
simplify the integrand:
x2 2 x x 1
(a) dx (b) dx
2
x 1 x 2x 4
2
x 5x 4 9 x2
3 2
(c) dx (d) 3 dx
x2 ( x 2)
3
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INTEGRATION: Post-test
x2 11 3x dx
(e) 4 3 dx (f) 2
x 2 x 2x 3
2 x 2 9 x 35
(g) dx
x 1 x 2 x 3
7. Evaluate
1 x
2
(a) x 2 x dx
2 4
(b) dx
x
8. Determine
(a) tan 2x dx (b) 3 sin 2 3 x .cos 3 x dx
(c) 5 esin x cos x dx (d) e
tan 2 x
sec 2 x dx
cos ec x sec3x tan 3x dx
(e) dx (f)
sin x 5 2sec3x
9. Evaluate the following integrals:
x 2 x dx
3 3
2
(a)
1
2
(b)
1
x x 2 1 dx
(c)
2
ecos x sin x dx
10. Find the area bounded by the parabola x = 8 + 2y y2, the y-axis and the
lines y = 1 and y = 3.
11. Find the area between the curve y = x3 6x2 + 8x and the x-axis.
12. Calculate the area between the curve y = 2x2 x and the lines x =3 and x = 2.
13. Roughly sketch the curve y = 4x2 3x 1 between x = 1 and x = 2.
Determine the area enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and the lines x = 1
and x = 2.
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INTEGRATION: POST-TEST SOLUTIONS
2 x
1. a x dx
x
2
1 x 1
x 2 2 x 2 dx
2
3 1
x2 1 x2 x2
3
. 2. 1 C
2 2 2 2
2 x3 x 2
4 x C
3 4
(b) x 1 x 1 dx
Simplify integrand before integration
= x 2 x 1 dx
3
x2 2x 2
3 xC
2 2
3
x2 4x 2
xC
2 3
As the question was written in surd (root) form, we write the answer as
x 2 4 x3
xC
2 3
3x 2 4 x 7
c dx
x
3x 2 4 x 7
dx
x x x
2 1 1 1
1
3 x 2 4 x 7 x 2 dx
2
3 1
1
3 x 2 4 x 7 x 2 dx
2
5 3 1
3x 2 4x 2 7x2
5
3
1
C
2 2 2
5 3 1
6x 8x 2 14 x 2 2
C
5 3 1
6 x5 8 x3
14 x C
5 3
2. z 9 y 3 11 y 2 y 3 dy
MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering) 212
Module 7
INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
9 y 4 11y 3 y 2
3y C
4 3 2
given y 1, z 2
9 11 1
2 3C
4 3 2
9 11 1
C 2 3
4 3 2
24 27 44 6 36
12
5
12
Thus the answer is
9 y 4 11y 3 y 2 5
z 3y
4 3 2 12
3.
ds
(a) Given that v u at , and that v , we can write
dt
ds
u at
dt
so that
s u at dt
s ut 12 at 2 C
where C is a constant of integration.
(b) We are given that when t 0, s 0, and substituting these values gives
s ut 12 at 2 C
0 u 0 12 a 0 C
2
0C
Therefore s ut 12 at 2
4. Given that a 3t 2 .
(a) v a dt 3t 2 dt t 3 C
(b)
s v dt t 3 C dt 14 t 4 Ct D
where C and D are constants of integration
MAT1581 213
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
5.
x 2 dx 1 3 x 2
a
dx
1 x3 3 1 x 3
1 1 x
1
3 2
. 1
C
3 2
2
1 x3 C
1
2
1
b x x 2 4 dx 2 x x 2 4 dx
2
1 x 4
3
2 2
3
C
2 2
x 4
3
2 2
C
3
dx
c
2 3x 2
Let u 2 3x 2 then du 6 x.
This integral cannot be solved with the methods we discussed thus far;
You will learn suitable methods in Mathematics II.
(d) x 19 17 x 2 dx
Let u 19 17 x 2
then, du 34 x dx
1
and x 19 17 x dx 2 1
34 u 2
du
3
341 32 u 2 C
3
19 17 x 2 2
C
51
19 17 x 2 3
C
51
2x2 3
(e)
2 x3
3x 7
3
2 x3
Let u 3 x 7 then du (2 x 2 3) dx .
3
214 MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7
INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
2x2 3
1
and u 2
du
2 x3
3x 7
3
1
2u C 2
1
2 x3 2
2 3x 7 C
3
2 x3
2 3x 7 C
3
3t.
3 3
t 3 dt 2t. t 3
2 3 2 2
(f) 2
dt
1
3 2 2
.
2 1
t 3 2 C
3
C
t2 3
e
2
(g) x
1 e x dx
Let u e x 1, then du e x dx
e
2
Therefore x
1 e x dx u 2 du
u3
C
3
e
3
x
1
C
3
6.
x2 2 x x 2x
2
(a) dx dx
x 1 x2 2 x 1
2
We can use partial fractions or manipulate the integrand as follows:
x 2 x 1 1
2
dx
x 2x 1
2
( x 2 x 1) 1
2
dx
x2 2 x 1
( x 2 x 1)
2
dx
1
2 2 dx
x 2x 1 x 2x 1
1
1 dx dx
x 1
2
MAT1581 215
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
x 1 dx
2
x
x 11
x C
1
1
x C
x 1
x 1
(b) dx
x2 2 x 4
1
(2 x 2) x
1
2
2
2x 4 2 dx
1
1 2
. x2 2x 4
2 1
2 C
x 5x 4
3 2
(c) dx
x2
x 5 4 x 2 dx
x2 4
5x C
2 x
9 x2
(d) 3 dx
( x 2)
3
3
3 3 x 2 x 3 2 dx
x
2
3
2
3. C
2
3
C
2
2 x 2 3
x2
(e) 4 3 dx
x 2
1
1
3 3x 2 x3 2 4 dx
3
1 4
. x3 2 4
3 3
4
3
4 x3 2 C
9
216 MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7
INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
11 3x dx
(f) 2
x 2x 3
Resolve the integrand in partial fractions
11 3 x 11 3 x A B A x 3 B x 1
x 2 x 3 x 1 x 3 x 1 x 3
2
x 1 x 3
Equating numerators gives
11 3 x A x 3 B x 1
Let x 1: 8 4 A
A 2
Let x 3 : 20 4 B
B 5
11 3 x 5
Hence dx
2
2 dx dx
x 2x 3 x 1 x3
2n x 1 5n x 3 C
x 12
n C by the laws of logarithms
x 3
5
2 x 2 9 x 35
(g) x 1 x 2 x 3 dx
Resolve the integrand in partial fractions
2 x 2 9 x 35 A B C
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 1 x 2 x 3
A x 2 x 3 B x 1 x 3 C x 1 x 2
x 1 x 3 x 2
Equating numerators gives
2 x 2 9 x 35 A x 2 x 3 B x 1 x 3 C x 1 x 2
Let x 1: 24 6 A
A 4
Let x 2 : 45 15 B
B 3
Let x 3 :10 10C
C 1
MAT1581 217
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
2 x 2 9 x 35
dx dx
4 3 1
Hence dx dx
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 1 x2 x3
4 n x 1 3 n x 2 n x 3 C
x 1 x 3
4
n C by the laws of logarithms
x 2
3
7.
(a) x 2 2 x 4 dx
x 2 1 2 x 2 dx
x2 1 2 x dx2
1
x 1 2x
2 2
dx
1
1
4
4 x 1 2 x 2 2 dx
1 2
3
. 1 2x2
4 3
2 C
1
3
1 2 x2 C
6
1 x 1 2 x x2
2
(b) dx dx
x 1
x2
1 1 3
x 2 2 x 2 x 2 dx
1 3 5
2x 2 4
3
x2 2
5
x2 C
8.
(a) tan 2 x dx 12 2 tan 2 x dx 12 n sec 2 x C
(b) If f x sin x, then f ' x cos x
Therefore 5 esin x cos x dx 5 esin x C
sin 3 3 x
(c) 3 sin 2 3 x cos 3 x dx C
3
e sec 2 x dx e tan x C
tan x
(d)
218 MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7
INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
cos ec x
(e) dx cosec2 x dx cot x C
sin x
sec3x tan 3x dx
(f)
5 2sec3x
Let u 5 2sec 3x, then du 6sec 3x tan 3x dx
Therefore dx
sec 3x tan 3x 1 1
du
5 2sec 3x 6 u
1
n u C
6
n 5 2sec 3x
C
6
9.
x 2 x dx
3
Let I 2 3
(a)
1
du
Let u x 2 2, then 2x
dx
The values of the limits must also be changed to correspond with the
new variable u :
Therefore if x 1 then u 12 2 1
and if x =3 then u 32 2 7
1 7
I u 3 du
2 1
7
1
u4
8 1
1
2401 1
8
300
2 du
(b) Put I x x2 1 dx Let u x 2 1, then 2x .
1 dx
MAT1581 219
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
Therefore if x 1 then u 1 1 0
2
and if x =2 then u 2 1 3
2
1 2 2
2 1
I x 1.2 x. dx
1 3 1
u 2 du
2 0
3
1 u 2
3
3
2 2 0
1 32
3
3 0 2
3
1 1 12
.3 .3
3
3
(c) Put I ecos x sin x dx
2
Let u ecos x
du
Then sin x ecos x
dx
and du sin x ecos x dx
Now substitute in the original integral.
b
I du
a
where a and b are the new limits in terms of the variable u. However, in
this case we are not going to use u in our final calculation, so there is no
need to calculate the new limits.
b
I du
a
u a
b
ecos x
2
cos 2
e e
cos
1
e e 0
1
1
e
10. 8 2 y y2 x
y -intercepts: 4 y 2 y 0
y 4 or y 2
220 MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7
INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
8 2 y y dy
3
Area 2
1
3
y3
8y y 2
3 1
24 9 9 8 1 13
24 6 23
2
30
3
11.
x 6 x2 8x x x2 6 x 8
3
x x 4 x 2
MAT1581 221
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
2 x
2 4
Area x3 6 x 2 8 x dx 3
6 x 2 8 x dx
0
2 4
x4 x4
2 x3 4 x 2 2 x3 4 x 2
4 0 4 2
4 4
8
12. 2x2 x 0
x 2 x 1 0
1
x 0 of/or x
2
2x
0 0 2
Area 2
x dx 1 2 x 2 x dx 1 2 x 2 x dx
3 2 2
0 0 2
2 x3 x 2 2 x3 x 2 2 x3 x 2
3 2
3 3 2 1 3
2
2 1
2
1 1 1 16 1 1
18 4 2
2 12 8 3 2 8
1 1 81
22
2 24 24
11
25
12
222 MAT1581
Mathematics I (Engineering)
Module 7
INTEGRATION: Post-test solutions
13. y 4 x 2 3x 1
4 x 2 3x 1 0
4 x 1 x 1 0
1
x of/or x 1
4
2
Area 4 x 2 3x 1 dx
1
2
4 x3 3x 2
x
3 2 1
32 4 3
6 2 1
2 3 2
2 1
2 1
3 6
5
3
6
You have now completed study guide 2 and as such the whole module: MAT1581.
Make sure that you have worked through the study guides sequentially, know the theory
and are able to do the calculations as guided by the outcomes of every module.
MAT1581 223
Mathematics I (Engineering)
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