SITE PLANNING AND DESIGN PROCESS

A Written Report Presented to

AR. GERELSON RAY R. BERNARDINO, UAP, PIEP, MSCM, CIPM

Planning 1 Adviser

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Course

Planning 1

By

Candelaria, Mary Claire D.

ARCH3B

February 9, 2024
TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION
…………………………………………………………………………..1

II. BODY
……………………………………………………………………………………....2

1. EIGHT – STAGE SITE PLANNING CYCLE

……………………………………...2
2. PLANNING – DESIGN PROCESS
………………………………………………..6
3. THREE GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF THE SITE PLANNING – DESIGN
PROCESS …………………………………………………………………………..9
4. SITE SELECTION …………..
……………………………………………………..11
5. SITE ANALYSIS
…………………………………………………………………...13

III. CONCLUSION ……….…………………………………………………………………13

IV. RECOMMENDATIONS ………………..……………………………….

……………...14

V. REFERENCES ………….………………………………………………………………15
I. INTRODUCTION
Architects cannot accomplish their job well when constructing a building of
any kind if they cannot perform at least some site planning. Architectural site plans
are essential for organizing many parts of the project, ranging from drainage and
gradients to the arrangement of the structures. Architects cannot carry out their
duties without these project components, which is why one of the first things that
must happen before the other parts of the development process can start is creating
an architectural site plan.

Site planning in architecture involves creating detailed site plans that outline
the layout of a building site, incorporating crucial details such as structure placement,
drainage, and vegetation. Starting with assessments and feasibility studies, these
plans are essential for organizing access, ensuring privacy, and meeting zoning
codes. The comprehensive site plan includes dimensions, topography, infrastructure,
setbacks, and more, serving as a vital tool for architects, planners, engineers, and
contractors to effectively organize construction projects. This detailed document aids
in understanding the natural and cultural aspects of the land, facilitating informed
decision-making in the architectural process.

The planning and designing activities follow a systematic process, involving a

logical sequence of steps to reach a viable solution. This problem-solving operation
is typically conducted by architects, landscape architects, and engineers, and it often
requires collaboration with physical scientists, especially for addressing
environmental considerations. The process is inherently multidisciplinary, aiming to
integrate various perspectives. It requires logical objectives for some steps but also
allows room for subjective design interpretation in others. The design process is
essential for understanding the construction limits for potential building projects and
for creating a plan that captures the project details. The design process is integral to
site planning as it involves creating detailed plans and specifications for a new
facility, taking into account the close relationship between design and construction.

According to GetASitePlan, architects play a key role in shaping the physical

environment around us, and at the heart of their creative process lies the essential
practice of site planning. Site planning enables architects to transform their visions
into reality by providing a comprehensive understanding of the project's requirements
for successful completion. It involves research, analysis, and synthesis to effectively
understand and organize various construction project elements (Site Planning in
Architecture: The Ultimate Guide - GetASitePlan, 2023).

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II. BODY

Many architects and other professionals follow their methodical methods to

produce an output, Kevin Lynch and John Simond develop distinct phases or stages
that enable a project to be executed clearly.

1. EIGHT-STAGE SITE PLANNING CYCLE

The site is a crucial part of one’s design environment. Beyond its
acknowledged influence on cost and technical function, site planning is
thought to have biological, social, and psychological effects. It gives people
more opportunities while also restricting what they can accomplish in their
designated space (Lynch, 1972).
Lynch outlines eight stages of site planning – the first one being
defining the problem which includes analysis of the given brief and
requirements. The second one is the programming and analysis of the
relation between the site and user which gives the idea of how the site can be
dealt with. Stages three, four, five, and six include schematic design solutions,
cost estimation, preparation of contract documents, and the process of
bidding and contracting. The last two stages comprise the construction of the
building according to the site and followed by occupation and management of
the building and spaces.

Fig. 1.
Eight- stage of
site planning
by Kevin Lynch

1.1 Defining the problem

In any project, you cannot avoid encountering a problem. Defining the
problem is a crucial step in any project, as it helps to articulate the
problem and provides a clear idea of exactly which problem needs to be
solved. It is essential to establish a clear idea of the goal of the project
and to align the team around design problem-solving. Defining the
problem is necessary to identify the barriers that are in the way of

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 reaching the end goal and to find additional opportunities that might have
gone unnoticed.

1.2 Programming and the analysis of site and user

In the design process, programming and the analysis of the site and
user are interconnected, working collaboratively to define the problem at
hand. Programming sets the foundation by understanding what the client
wants and how things should function. Site and user analysis looks at the
surroundings and the people using the space, making sure the problem
definition considers everything from the environment to user needs. This
approach ensures a complete, user-friendly problem definition, taking
advantage of specific site features. What users need, identified in
programming, affects how much space is needed, and site analysis helps
understand any limits or opportunities. It's like putting together all the
puzzle pieces to create a design that fits the place and meets people's
needs.
This collaborative input refines the problem definition iteratively,
aligning it with the unique context of the site and the preferences and
behaviors of the end-users. The resulting design solutions are not only
aesthetically pleasing but also functionally effective, responsive to the
site's unique characteristics, and tailored to the needs of the end-users.

1.3 Schematic design and the preliminary cost estimate

In the design process, schematic design and the preliminary cost
estimate are interlinked stages following programming and site/user
analysis. Schematic design involves creating the initial concept and
spatial layout, allowing for client input and adjustments. Simultaneously, a
preliminary cost estimate is prepared to project potential construction
costs based on the initial design.
The iterative relationship between the two ensures that design
decisions impact cost estimates, and vice versa. This collaborative
approach aligns the envisioned design with budgetary constraints,
preventing discrepancies and fostering a successful and feasible project
outcome.

1.4 Developed design and detailed costing

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 Following the schematic design and preliminary cost estimate, the
developed design and detailed costing are intricately connected
processes in the design and construction phases. In the developed design
phase, the initially selected schematic design undergoes further
refinement into detailed drawings, specifications, and material selections,
forming the comprehensive construction plan. This phase is influenced by
insights gained from schematic design adjustments made during the
preliminary cost estimate phase, ensuring a more detailed and realistic
plan.
Simultaneously, the detailed costing process involves creating a
precise breakdown of construction costs based on the finalized developed
design. The detailed costing is directly impacted by the specifics of the
developed design, including material choices, construction details, and
spatial configurations. This creates an iterative relationship, forming a
feedback loop where adjustments made in the design influence detailed
costing and vice versa. The iterative nature of this relationship
progressively improves the accuracy of the detailed costing as the design
evolves, aligning the final developed design not only with initial budget
constraints but also with detailed costing considerations.
This collaborative approach ensures that the construction project
remains successful and financially feasible, minimizing discrepancies
between the budget and actual construction costs.

1.5 Contract Documents

Contract documents, representing a set of legally binding papers,
derive directly from the developed design. They include detailed drawings,
specifications, terms, and conditions, forming the foundation for
contractors to bid on and execute the construction work. The iterative
nature of this process ensures that any adjustments made during the
contract document phase are accurately reflected in the design and
costing components, maintaining consistency and alignment. The finalized
design, technical details, and material choices specified in the contract
documents provide contractors with a clear roadmap for the construction
project, ensuring a cohesive and well-coordinated transition from design
to construction.

1.6 Bidding and Contracting

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 After preparing detailed contract documents, the subsequent
processes of bidding and contracting are closely connected in the design
and construction sequence. Contract documents serve as the foundation
for contractors to submit bids, and the awarded contract dictates the
execution of the construction work based on the outlined terms. Bidding
initiates the process, with contractors providing proposals based on the
contract details. The successful bidder is then awarded the contract,
leading to the contracting phase.
This iterative relationship ensures that any adjustments made during
bidding and contracting are accurately reflected in the contract
documents, maintaining consistency. The refinement of contractual terms
during these phases aligns the project with client and contractor
expectations, guiding the successful implementation of the construction
project.

1.7 Construction
Bidding involves contractors submitting proposals, and the successful
bidder is awarded the contract based on the terms outlined in the contract
documents. The contracting phase formalizes this agreement, designating
the selected contractor to carry out the construction work. In the
construction phase, the awarded contractor mobilizes resources,
manpower, and equipment to execute the project.
The iterative relationship ensures feedback between construction
activities and the contract documents, maintaining alignment. Close
monitoring, quality control, and adherence to safety standards
characterize the construction phase. Upon completion and a final
inspection, the project is handed over to the client, marking the successful
implementation and conclusion of the construction project.

1.8 Occupation and Management

Following the completion of the construction phase, the subsequent
processes of occupation and management come into play in the design
and construction sequence. Occupation represents the phase where the
finished project is utilized for its intended purpose, involving the move-in
or operation of the constructed facility. Once construction is complete and
necessary inspections are done, the project is prepared for use by its
intended occupants. Concurrently, management encompasses the

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 ongoing supervision and maintenance of the project, ensuring its efficient
operation and addressing any issues during the occupancy phase. The
management phase commences with the occupation, focusing on day-to-
day operations and maintenance. The feedback loop during occupancy
provides insights into user experiences, influencing continuous
improvements in management strategies. The management approach
extends to the long-term lifecycle of the project, planning for renovations,
upgrades, or eventual replacement as needed. Experience gained during
the occupation phase informs decisions for the future management and
development of the project, ensuring its continued functionality and
relevance over time. This iterative connection ensures the project remains
aligned with user needs throughout its lifecycle.

Kevin Lynch's Eight-Stage Site Planning Cycle offers a structured and

client-centric approach to site planning. The method begins with
understanding client goals and emphasizes holistic site analysis, allowing for
flexibility in goal setting and optimizing resource use. The iterative design
process encourages continuous refinement based on feedback, fostering
successful and sustainable designs. Despite its advantages, potential
drawbacks include perceived time constraints, resource intensity, and
resistance to its structured nature. Adaptability may be limited, and careful
consideration is needed for projects with clear initial goals. In summary, while
effective, the success of Lynch's approach depends on project characteristics
and potential challenges during implementation.

2. PLANNING – DESIGN PROCESS

John Simonds outlines a six-phase planning-design process that applies to
architecture, landscape architecture, and engineering.

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 Fig. 2 John Simond’s Planning - Design Process

2.1 Commission
It involves initiating the project and defining its scope and objectives.
This phase is critical as it sets the foundation for the entire project. It may
include the preliminary contractual agreement and post-construction
operations. The commission phase involves identifying the client's needs
and goals, establishing the project's scope, and defining the project's
objectives. It also involves identifying the project's stakeholders, including
the client, users, and regulatory agencies. The commission phase is
essential for ensuring that the project is aligned with the client's vision and
goals and that the project's scope is well-defined. It is also important to
establish a clear understanding of the project's constraints, including
budget, schedule, and regulatory requirements. The commission phase
sets the stage for the subsequent phases of the planning-design process,
including research, analysis, synthesis, construction, and operation.

2.2 Research
After the project is initiated and its scope and objectives are defined in
the commission phase, the research phase involves gathering and
analyzing information about the site and its surroundings, as well as the
specific requirements of the project. This phase encompasses several key
activities, including understanding the existing problem and associating
available data, images, and fundamental principles with it. The research
phase is essential for laying the groundwork for the subsequent phases of
the planning-design process, such as analysis, synthesis, construction,
and operation. It provides the necessary insights to shape the problem
statement and guide the subsequent design process, ensuring that the
project is rooted in user needs and goals.

2.3 Analysis
The analysis phase focuses on understanding each set of
relationships in the design through a process of diagramming. This phase
encompasses activities such as pre-analysis (problem formulation), data
inventory and file, full-scale analysis, criteria-evaluation development,
concept development, and concept evaluation and selection. The

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 research phase provides the necessary data and insights that are then
analyzed in the subsequent analysis phase to understand the context,
relationships, and implications for the development of the site for the
stated objective.
2.4 Synthesis
It involves articulating all the factors into a design form, where the
details of size, shape, materials, and other specific design elements are
developed. This phase is where the design action is re-evaluated, re-
analyzed, and re-synthesized. As the process moves forward, a true
grasp of the problem, and therefore its solution, is reached
simultaneously. The synthesis phase is essential for linking the program
and concept in land planning and design. It is a logical continuation of the
analysis phase, as it involves translating the findings and insights from the
analysis phase into a tangible design form. The synthesis phase is
fundamental for creating products that truly matter and for ensuring that
the final design will not lack focus. It sets the stage for the subsequent
phases of the planning-design process, such as construction and
operation, by providing a clear and well-developed design form based on
the analysis conducted in the previous phase

2.5 Construction
Once the design has been synthesized and the details of size, shape,
materials, and other specific design elements have been developed, the
project moves into the construction phase. This phase involves the actual
execution and realization of the site plan, including the construction
activities. It is where the design is translated into physical form, and the
planned elements are built and assembled. The construction phase is a
direct continuation of the synthesis phase, as it represents the
implementation of the design that has been developed. It is a critical stage
that requires close coordination and communication to ensure that the
constructed elements align with the design intent and meet the specified
requirements.

2.6 Operation
Once the project has been constructed, the operation phase involves
managing and maintaining the site after its completion. This phase
includes the occupation and management of the site, as well as the post-

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 construction activities. The operation phase is a direct continuation of the
construction phase, as it represents the ongoing management and
maintenance of the site after its completion. It is a critical stage that
requires close coordination and communication to ensure that the site is
functioning as intended and meeting the specified requirements.

3. THREE GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF THE SITE PLANNING – DESIGN

PROCESS
3.1 Research and Analysis Phase
During the Research Phase, a comprehensive exploration of the site's
background occurs, involving the review of historical records,
demographic studies, and an analysis of land use patterns. This phase
aims to establish a robust understanding of the site's context, history, and
any cultural or social considerations that might impact the design.
Following this, the Analysis Phase delves into the detailed examination of
the physical characteristics of the site, evaluating topography, soil
conditions, vegetation, climate, and regulatory requirements. The goal is
to gain insights into the site's limitations and opportunities that will
influence the design. Integration of findings from both phases is then
undertaken, involving the synthesis of information to identify design
parameters, set goals, and establish a framework for subsequent design
phases. This integration ensures that the ensuing design is not only
creative but is also grounded in a thorough understanding of the site's
context and physical attributes, laying the groundwork for a responsive
and effective design solution.

3.2 Program Development

The program development phase acts as a crucial link between the
analysis and synthesis (design) stages in the land use planning process.
Kevin Lynch's four "P's" - Population, Packaging, Performance, and
Patterns - define the components of the program. "Population" considers
the actual users, "Packaging" involves the type and quantity of design
elements, "Performance" sets quality standards for elements, and
"Patterns" refers to desired physical relationships.
During program development, the designer responds to the client's
initial intent, adjusting it based on insights gained from the analysis phase.
There's a fluid transition between these steps, as the analysis builds upon

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 a basic program concept. The site's development potential influences the
planner's ultimate program recommendations.
A comprehensive program should include a statement of project goals,
a list of objectives to achieve those goals, and a description or analysis of
the interrelationships among project elements. Essentially, the program
serves as a guiding framework for the designer, offering explicit direction
while allowing flexibility for the incorporation of new ideas and evolving
directions throughout the design process. It must strike a balance
between providing clear guidance and being adaptable to changing
circumstances and creative input.

3.3 Synthesis (Design Phase)

This phase is responsible for the actual development of the program.
The functional diagram is the first step in the conceptual design. After
analysis, a program is developed as a solution to the problem at hand.
This phase deals with the schematic design of a site plan. The designer
will work to perfect the creation of the preliminary plan by providing the
suggested dimensions and an indication of the materials they will be
made of. In other words, he or she pinpoints the specific locations of
structures and paved surfaces, outlines ground forms and planted areas,
and identifies which utilities are required. The synthesis phase is essential
for linking the program and concept in land planning and design. It sets
the stage for the subsequent phases of the planning-design process, such
as construction and operation, by providing a clear and well-developed
design form based on the analysis conducted in the previous phase.

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 Fig. 3 Sequence in Producing a Site Plan

4. SITE SELECTION
Site selection is a critical process that involves identifying the best real
estate opportunities and avoiding costly mistakes. It encompasses a detailed
evaluation of project needs, which are then measured against the merits of
potential locations. To aid in this process, various tools and services are
available.

4.1 Site Characteristics

It encompasses a wide range of factors that can significantly impact
the suitability of a location for a particular project. These characteristics
typically include physical attributes such as land topography, drainage,
soil conditions, and accessibility.

4.2 Availability of Services

It encompasses the accessibility and reliability of essential services
and infrastructure. This may include factors such as the availability of
utilities (e.g., water, power, gas, and telecommunications services), as
well as the presence of sewer and stormwater drainage, and the
accessibility of mass transit. Understanding the availability of these
services is fundamental in assessing the suitability of a site for a particular
project, as it directly impacts the feasibility and functionality of the
location. Additionally, the level of service availability is related to the
hardware, software infrastructure, and maintenance practices used, and is
often formalized in service level agreements (SLAs) to ensure continuous
and reliable operation.

4.3 Availability of Community Services

Community services refer to the services that are available in a
community to support the needs of its residents. These services may
include healthcare facilities, educational institutions, recreational facilities,
community centers, and other public services.

4.4 Livability of Site

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 Livability, in the context of site selection, refers to the degree to which
a location is suitable for living. It encompasses factors such as
neighborhood amenities (parks, open space, walkways, grocery shops,
and restaurants), environmental quality, safety, health, cost, and
friendliness. It focuses on how comfortable and enjoyable a city or
neighborhood is to live in, whereas quality of life is more subjective and
encompasses a broader range of personal factors, including health,
education, income, and social relationships.

4.5 Costs
The costs of a site are a critical consideration in the site selection
process. They encompass various factors such as the cost per square
foot, cost of improvements, real estate expenses, and the cost of land or
building acquisition. Understanding these costs is fundamental in
assessing the financial implications of a site and its long-term viability for
a particular project. Additionally, the availability of economic incentives,
the potential for higher long-term returns, and the impact of setup costs
are important aspects to consider when evaluating the costs of a site.

4.6 Maintenance and operating costs

Other factors that impact the maintenance and operating costs of a
site include the availability and reliability of essential services and
infrastructure, such as utilities, sewer and stormwater drainage, and
public transportation. Understanding these costs is fundamental in
assessing the financial implications of a site and its long-term viability for
a particular project.

4.7 Marketability
It refers to the attractiveness and suitability of a specific location for a
particular business, project, or development. It involves assessing
whether the site will appeal to the target market and fulfill the intended
purpose. Factors that contribute to the marketability of a site may include
its accessibility, proximity to major roads, availability of essential services,
economic development incentives, and the overall alignment with the
strategic objectives of the business or project.

4.8 Appearance and general character

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 The appearance and general character of a site refer to the physical
attributes and overall aesthetic of a location. This includes factors such as
topography, drainage, soil conditions, accessibility, and architectural style.
Additionally, the general character of a site may encompass the cultural
and social atmosphere of the surrounding area, including the presence of
diverse recreational activities and community engagement opportunities.

5. SITE ANALYSIS
Site analysis in architecture is a comprehensive process that involves
researching and analyzing various aspects of a location to inform the design
and planning of a structure or building. This analysis typically includes the
study of social, historical, climatic, geographical, legal, and infrastructural
factors. The information gathered during site analysis is used to create visual
representations, such as site analysis diagrams, which are then utilized in the
design process. The analysis phase involves sifting through the collected data
to identify relationships and patterns. Key elements of site analysis include
climate trends, social considerations, topography, zoning regulations, traffic
conditions, and the impact of the built environment on the surrounding area.
The result of the site analysis process is a summary, often presented as a
graphical sketch, that integrates environmental information with the site's
morphology.

5.1 SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis is a strategic planning process that helps businesses
identify their internal strengths and weaknesses and external
opportunities and threats. The acronym SWOT stands for Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The process involves assessing
the company's competitive position and evaluating its current and future
potential. SWOT analysis is a powerful tool for helping businesses identify
competitive opportunities and make smarter decisions to preserve what
they do well, capitalize on their strengths, mitigate risks regarding
weaknesses, and plan for events that may adversely affect the company
in the future. The process involves assessing internal capabilities and
determining strengths and weaknesses, followed by evaluating external
factors that impact the business. These external factors may create
opportunities or threaten existing operations.

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III. CONCLUSION

Site planning, site selection, and site analysis are vital processes in the
development and architectural projects. Site planning involves understanding the
site's potential and environmental impact to create cost-effective and sustainable
design options. Site selection is the process of choosing the best location for a
business, involving financial, demographic, and geographical research. Site analysis
is valued for understanding a site's existing potential and environmental impact. It
involves researching and analyzing various aspects of a location to inform the design
and planning of a structure or building. These processes are critical for making
informed decisions, optimizing the potential for success, and contributing to the
creation of well-designed, sustainable, and contextually relevant built environments.
Thorough and objective site analysis remains a valuable and potent mechanism for
environmentally sustainable and rational design solutions for any project.

Therefore, leveraging these processes is essential for architects and

businesses to make informed decisions and ensure the long-term success of their
projects.

IV. RECOMMENDATION

1. Comprehensive Site Analysis:

Conduct a thorough site analysis to understand the physical, environmental,
and regulatory characteristics of the site. This analysis should include soil
quality, topography, environmental hazards, and compliance with local zoning
regulations. A comprehensive understanding of the site informs the design
process.
2. SWOT Analysis:
Perform a detailed SWOT analysis to identify the site's internal strengths and
weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats. This will help in
understanding the site's potential and possible challenges, enabling informed
decision-making.
3. Include Key Elements in the Site Plan:
When developing a site plan, ensure it includes essential elements such as
property lines, topography, vegetation, infrastructure, existing buildings, and

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 weather. Leave no room for interpretation and tell the whole story of the site
and building through the site plan.

V. REFERENCES

Dutta, A. J. (2023). Book Review: Site Planning By Kevin Lynch [Online Image].
Urban design lab. https://urbandesignlab.in/book-review-site-planning-kevin-
lynch/

Lynch, K. (1972). The Art of Site Planning. In K. Lynch, Site Planning 2nd Edition (pp.
1-8). The MIT Press.

Site planning in architecture: The ultimate guide - GetASitePlan. (2023, August 18).
https://getasiteplan.com/site-planning-architecture/

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