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2.2-Search Algorithm - Basics-060224

The document discusses search algorithm terminologies and properties including search space, start state, goal test, and path cost. It describes uninformed search strategies like breadth-first search and depth-first search. Informed search uses domain knowledge and heuristics to more efficiently find solutions.

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lakshyamittal2003
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15 views

2.2-Search Algorithm - Basics-060224

The document discusses search algorithm terminologies and properties including search space, start state, goal test, and path cost. It describes uninformed search strategies like breadth-first search and depth-first search. Informed search uses domain knowledge and heuristics to more efficiently find solutions.

Uploaded by

lakshyamittal2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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06-02-2024

Artificial Intelligence
(BITE308L)

Search Algorithm

2/6/2024
Basics

Dr. Hemalatha S, SCORE, VIT


Dr. S. Hemalatha
School of Computer Science Engineering & Information Systems
VIT, Vellore

Search Algorithm Terminologies


• Searching: a step by step procedure to solve a search-problem in a given
search space

A search problem can have 3 main factors:


2/6/2024
• Search Space: Search space represents a set of possible solutions, which a
system may have
• Start State: It is a state from where agent begins the search
• Goal test: It is a function which observe the current state and returns whether
the goal state is achieved or not

Dr. Hemalatha S, SCORE, VIT

1
06-02-2024

Search Algorithm Terminologies


• Search tree: A tree representation of search problem is called Search tree
• Root node - The root of the search tree
• Corresponds to the initial state
• Actions: It gives the description of all the available actions to the agent

2/6/2024
• Transition model: A description of what each action do, can be represented as
a transition model
• Path Cost: It is a function which assigns a numeric cost to each path
• Solution: It is an action sequence which leads from the start node to the goal
node
• Optimal Solution: If a solution has the lowest cost among all solutions

Dr. Hemalatha S, SCORE, VIT

Properties of Search Algorithms


• Completeness: A search algorithm is said to be complete if it guarantees to
return a solution if at least any solution exists for any random input.
• Optimality: If a solution found for an algorithm is guaranteed to be the best
solution (lowest path cost) among all other solutions, then such a solution for
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is said to be an optimal solution.
• Time Complexity: Time complexity is a measure of time for an algorithm to
complete its task.
• Space Complexity: It is the maximum storage space required at any point
during the search, as the complexity of the problem.

Dr. Hemalatha S, SCORE, VIT

2
06-02-2024

Types of Search Algorithms

2/6/2024
Dr. Hemalatha S, SCORE, VIT

Uninformed search
• The search strategies have no additional information about states beyond that
provided in the problem definition
• Does not contain any domain knowledge
• Closeness
• Location of the goal
• Search tree is searched without any information about the search space 2/6/2024

• Initial state operators


• Test for the goal
• So, is called blind search
• It includes information about how to
• Traverse the tree &
• Identify leaf and goal nodes
• These search strategies are distinguished by the order in which nodes are
expanded

Dr. Hemalatha S, SCORE, VIT

3
06-02-2024

informed search
• Strategies that know whether one non-goal state is more promising than
another
• Informed search algorithms use domain knowledge
• In an informed search, problem information is available which can

2/6/2024
guide the search
• Informed search strategies can find a solution more efficiently than an
uninformed search strategy
• Also called a Heuristic search
• A heuristic is a way which might not always be guaranteed for best
solutions but guaranteed to find a good solution in reasonable time

Dr. Hemalatha S, SCORE, VIT

Uninformed Search Algorithms

• Breadth-first Search
• Depth-first Search 2/6/2024

• Uniform cost search


• Depth-limited Search
• Iterative deepening depth-first search
• Bidirectional Search

Dr. Hemalatha S, SCORE, VIT

4
06-02-2024

informed Search Algorithms

• Greedy Best-first Search

2/6/2024
• A* Search

Dr. Hemalatha S, SCORE, VIT

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