Drainage engineering system design of Adama Science

And Technology University

Group Name .................................................................ID No

1. Yonatan tezera ....................................................Ugr/20038/12
2. Daniel abraham ....................................................Ugr/19609/12
3. Makbel ejigu .........................................................Ugr/20051/12
4. Abel teklu .............................................................Ugr/19734/12
5. Dawit alemayehu………………………………...Ugr/19989/12
6. Samuel debelo……………………………………Ugr/19650 /12

January, 2024
ADAMA, ETHIOPIA

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Contents
1. Project Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Rational Method ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Assumptions and Limitations .................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Procedure for using the Rational Method .............................................................................................. 4
2. Location of the Project area ...................................................................................................................... 5
3. Steps in designing surface drainage system ............................................................................................. 7
3.1. Step 1: Determine watershed area or catchment area of the ASTU ................................................. 8
3.2. Step 2: Determine slope of Adama Science and Technology University ........................................... 9
3.3. Step 3 Determine time concentration ............................................................................................. 11
3.4. Step 4: Determine rainfall intensity of Adama Science and Technology University........................ 12
3.5. Step 5: Determine discharge ............................................................................................................ 12
3.6. STEP 6: Canal design ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.7. Steps of Generating Contour Map from Google Earth .................................................................... 15
Step 1: Main canal calculation ............................................................................................................ 16
Step 2: Collector canal 1 calculation ................................................................................................... 17
Step 3: Collector canal 2 calculation ................................................................................................... 19
Layout of the canal system ......................................................................................................................... 22
References .................................................................................................................................................. 23

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1. Project Introduction

 Catchment (ASTU)
 Collect the necessary data or generate data
 Estimate runoff from ASTU by using Rational method and Design :
• Main drain
• Collector drain
• Lateral drain (Field drain)

1.1 Rational Method

The Rational method is appropriate for estimating peak discharges for
small drainage areas of up to about 200 acres (80 hectares) with no significant
flood storage. The method provides the designer with a peak discharge value,
but does not provide a time series of flow nor flow volume.

1.2 Assumptions and Limitations

Use of the rational method includes the following assumptions and
limitations:
 The method is applicable if tc for the drainage area is less than the
duration of peak rainfall intensity.
 The calculated runoff is directly proportional to the rainfall intensity.
 Rainfall intensity is uniform throughout the duration of the storm.
 The frequency of occurrence for the peak discharge is the same as the
frequency of the rainfall producing that event.
 Rainfall is distributed uniformly over the drainage area.
 The minimum duration to be used for computation of rainfall intensity
is 10 minutes. If the time of concentration computed for the drainage
area is less than 10 minutes, then 10 minutes should be adopted for
rainfall intensity computations.
 The rational method does not account for storage in the drainage area.
Available storage is assumed to be filled.

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 The above assumptions and limitations are the reason the rational
method is limited to watersheds 200 acres or smaller. If any one of these
conditions is not true for the watershed of interest, the designer should use an
alternative method.
The rational method represents a steady inflow-outflow condition of the
watershed during the peak intensity of the design storm. Any storage features
having sufficient volume that they do not completely fill and reach a steady
inflow-outflow condition during the duration of the design storm cannot be
properly represented with the rational method. Such features include detention
ponds, channels with significant volume, and floodplain storage. When these
features are present, an alternate rainfall-runoff method is required that
accounts for the time-varying nature of the design storm and/or
filling/emptying of floodplain storage.

1.3 Procedure for using the Rational Method

The rational formula estimates the peak rate of runoff at a specific
location in a watershed as a function of the drainage area, runoff coefficient,
and mean rainfall intensity for duration equal to the time of concentration. The
rational formula is:

Q= CIA/Z
Where:
 Q = maximum rate of runoff (cfs or m3/sec.)
 C = runoff coefficient
 I = average rainfall intensity (in/hr. or mm/hr.)
 A = drainage area (ac or ha)
 Z = conversion factor, 1 for English, 360 for metric (we will take 360
because we’re using the metric system)

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2. Location of the Project area

Figure 1: Location of the area

Designing a canal using the rational method involves several steps, and
generating contour lines from Google Earth is an important part of the process.
Here are the steps you can follow to design a canal using the rational method and
generate contour lines from Google Earth:

1. Gather Data: Start by gathering the necessary data for the canal design,
including the area where the canal will be constructed, topographic maps, soil
types, land use, and potential water sources.
The land area of the Adama science and Technology University is 164
hectares, composed to which the forest, building and street and covered by
forests is 71.9 hectares, 42.09 hectares of land covered with construction
(building house) and road streets estimated to 50.01 hectares. However, a total of
1.38 hectares of land was surrounded by OBN, 1.66 hectares of house building for
instructors, stadium and around there building constructions are 5.22 hectares,

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and block of the president is 0.93 hectare and other structures were covered by
33.44 hectares.
So we have three land areas, namely; building area, vegetation cover area
and street roads area respectively 42.09ha, 71.9ha and 50.01ha. All these data is
from Google earth pro.
Another necessary component is soil type.
We have many types of soil, but as Adama science and Technology
University’s our soil type is silt soil. Silt soil has high infiltration rate, that means
soil group A. this is required to obtain the runoff coefficient.

Table 1.1 runoff coefficient

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3. Steps in designing surface drainage system

What peak flow is to be expected from a 1 in 10 year storm? From Google

earth pro we can determine that the maximum flow length is 1.04 mile.
That means 1mile = 1609.344m
Therefore our maximum flow length of Adama Science and Technology
University is 1673.72m

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3.1. Step 1: Determine watershed area or catchment area of the ASTU

Figure 2: watershed area of ASTU

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3.2. Step 2: Determine slope of Adama Science and Technology University

Figure 3: Contour map of the project area

Slope = starting point minus ending point per run

Slope = rise / run
Slope = (5587ft – 5431ft)/1.04mile
Slope = 156/5491.2
Slope = 0.0284
Slope = 2.84%

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 Figure 4: Map of the area

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 Figure 5: catchment contour map
We can determine slope from the above

3.3. Step 3 Determine time concentration

We have maximum flow length and gradient respectively 1673.72m and 2.84%.
Tc = 0.019L^0.577S^-0.387………equation 1
= 0.019*1673.72^0.577*0.0284^-0.387
= 5minute

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3.4. Step 4: Determine rainfall intensity of Adama Science and Technology
University

Figure 6: Adama city of the intensity – duration –frequency (IDF) curve by

Gumbel extreme value equations in 10 year storm.
 From Table or Tc- equation, Tc= 5 minutes
 consider from curve: I =175mm in 10 years from the above curve

3.5. Step 5: Determine discharge

We will determine discharge by using rational method.

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Rational Method
Widely known and the most commonly used empirical relation to estimate
the peak rate of runoff.
Q= CIA/360
Where: Q= peak flow (m3/s);
C= dimensionless runoff coefficient;
I=rainfall intensity for a given return period (mm/h). Return period is the
average number of years within which a given rainfall event will be expected to
occur at least once; A= area of the catchment (ha) • Estimation of surface Runoff

We have all data to get discharge.

Q=CIA/360
Given data include; area of building=42.09 hectares
Area of forest= 71.9 hectares
Area of roads= 50.01
We have taken the value of the run of coefficient from the table
 Run off coefficient value of building=o.28
 Run off coefficient value of forest=0.14
 Run off coefficient value of road=0.82
 Intensity value is already given 175mm in 10 years
SOLUTION
Discharge for Building
Q=CIA/360……..=>0.28x42.09x0.175m/360
=>0.005728
Discharge for forest
Q=CIA/360…….=>0.14x71.9x0.175m/360

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 =>0.00489
Discharge for Road
Q=CIA/360…….=>0.82x50.01x0.175m/360
=>0.01993
Then we will calculate the total amount of discharge
Q total = discharge of building+discharge of forest+discharge of road
=0.005728+0.00489+0.01993
=0.030548

3.6. STEP 6: Canal design

STEPS OF CANAL DESIGN

6.1 Canal Design: designing canals involves hydraulic and geometric
considerations. Here's a simplified approach:
6.1.1 Determine Flow Rates: Based on the hydro-graph, calculate the maximum
expected flow rates in the canal.
6.1.2 Select Canal Type: Choose a canal type based on the topography and
requirements (e.g., open channel, lined channel, etc.).
6.1.3 Calculate Cross-Sectional Area: We use Kutter's equation to calculate the
required cross-sectional area of the canal based on the flow rates, slope, and
roughness coefficient.
Q=A*V
Where: Q is the flow rate,
A is the cross-sectional area, and
V is the velocity.
6.1.4 Determine Channel Slope: Consider the elevation difference between the
canal's start and end points to determine the channel slope. To determine slope

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of the catchment we use contour map and to generate contour map we follow
the following steps:

3.7. Steps of Generating Contour Map from Google Earth

3.7.1 Prepare Data in Google Earth:

We Open Google Earth and navigate to the area of our interest.
We create place-marks or paths that outline the boundaries of the area we
want to map.
Note the coordinates of key points or features within the area.

Figure 7: Catchment area of the location

A=dx1/2(2b+2dx)=d(b+dx)=d(2d+1.5d)=3.5d^2
P=b+2(d^2+(dx)^2)^1/2=b+2d(1+x^2)^1/2
FOR x =1^1/2 and B/D=2 : A=d(b+dx)=d(2d+1^1/2d)=3.5d^2

R= b+dx = 2d+1.5d/2+2x(3.25)^1/2=3.5d/5.605=0.62d
b/d+2x(1+X^2)^1/2

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Above table shows how to find the value of Km and also n value
We used the Stickler’s 1923 formula to find the value of D
• The geometrical elements of a channel – Bottom width – Depth

Step 1: Main canal calculation

The givens for calculating the main canal

Discharge total=0.03
Slope=0.0002
R from the above formula=0.62d
A=d(b+dx)=3.5d^2 also km value from the table 30
The values are taken discharges from the summation of building, road, and forest.
0.03=30(0.62d)^2/3(0.0002)^1/2(3.5d^2)=>D= B=
0.03=30(727d2^2/3x0.0495d^2)
0.03/1.0796=d^8/3
D=(0.0278)^3/8

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 D=0.261 m
2D=b…..=>2x(0.261)=B
B=0.522 m
Checking on the velocity v=q/a=0.03/0.7=0.04ms^-1 this is therefore ok.

Figure 8: Layout of the main canal

Step 2: Collector canal 1 calculation

The given data for calculating collector canal 1;

Discharge total=0.005
Slope=0.0002
R from the above formula=0.62d
A=d(b+dx)=3.5d^2 also km value from the table 30
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We use the discharge value from building
FOR x =1^1/2 and B/D=2 : A=(b+dx)=d(2d+1^1/2d)=3.5d^2
R= b+dx = 2d+1.5d/2+2x(3.25)^1/2=3.5d/5.605=0.62d
b/d+2x(1+X^2)^1/2
0.005=30(0.62d)^2/3(0.0002)^1/2(3.5d^2)=>D= B=
0.005=30(727d2^2/3x0.0495d^2)
0.005/1.0796=d^8/3
D=(0.0046)^3/8
D=0.133 m
2D=b…..=>2x(0.133)=B
B=0.266 m

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 Figure 9: collector canal 1 layout

Step 3: Collector canal 2 calculation

The givens for calculating collector canal 2

Discharge total=0.03
Slope=0.0002
R from the above formula=0.62d
A=d(b+dx)=3.5d^2 also km value from the table 30

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We calculate the the discharge from the summation of forest and road
FOR x =1^1/2 and B/D=2: A=(b+dx)=d(2d+1^1/2d)=3.5d^2
R= b+dx = 2d+1.5d/2+2x(3.25)^1/2=3.5d/5.605=0.62d
b/d+2x(1+X^2)^1/2
0.024=30(0.62d)^2/3(0.0002)^1/2(3.5d^2)=>D= B=
0.024=30(727d2^2/3x0.0495d^2)
0.024/1.0796=d^8/3
D=(0.0222)^3/8
D=0.239 m
2D=b…..=>2x(0.239)=B
B=0.478 m

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 Figure 10: collector canal 2 layout

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Layout of the canal system

Figure 11: Canal system layout

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References
 Debebe, Dagnachew." investigation on some of the engineering
characteristics of soils in Adama town, Ethiopia". Diss. Master’s thesis,
Addis Ababa University, 2011.
 Krisnayanti, Denik Sri, et al. "Curve number estimation for ungauged
watershed in semi-arid region." Civil Engineering Journal 7.6 (2021): 1070-
1083.
 Bulti, Dejene Tesema, and Birhanu Girma Abebe. "Analyzing the impacts of
urbanization on run off characteristics in Adama city, Ethiopia." SN Applied
Sciences 2 (2020): 1-13.
 Swamee, Prabhata Kumar, and B. R. Chahar. "Design of canals". Springer
India:., 2015
 Umare, Mahendra, and S. B. Thankare. "Comparative study of canal
design." Journal of river engineering.
 Ramser, Charles Ernest. ”Flow of Water in Drainage Channels: The Results
of Experiments to determine the Roughness Coefficient N in Kutter's
Formula” Vol. 126. US Department of Agriculture, 1929.
 Course material

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