Aviation Security Management

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 Learning Objectives

Acts of Unlawful Interference

Bombing
Hijackings
The Impact of 9/11
Criminal Acts

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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - Bombing
Building Design: Utilize blast-proof materials for walls
and shatter-proof glass to enhance structural resilience
against explosive threats.

Preventive Structures: Integrate barriers like cement

obstacles to deter drive-in attacks and unauthorized
vehicle access to sensitive areas.

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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - Bombing
Segregation of Areas: Separate pick-up and drop-off
zones from terminal entrances to minimize congestion
and vulnerability to potential attacks.

Space Management: Reevaluate space allocation to

mitigate large gatherings, reducing the risk of mass
casualties in the event of an attack.

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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - Bombing
Integration of Security Measures: Incorporate security
considerations into the initial design phase of new
construction projects to minimize retrofitting costs and
enhance overall safety.
Physical Security Measures: Implement closed-circuit TV
surveillance in public areas to monitor for suspicious
activities and enhance overall situational awareness.

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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - Bombing
Canine Detection Teams: Utilize explosive detection dogs
to identify explosives swiftly and efficiently without
causing significant disruptions to passenger flows

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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - Hijackings
Historical Trend: Between 1948 and 1957, there were 15
hijacking attempts globally, drawing significant public
attention and serving as inspiration for terrorists due to
extensive media coverage.
Rapid Increase: The number of hijackings surged
between 1967 and 1976, with 385 incidents recorded
during this period, including 82 attempts in 1969 alone.

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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - Hijackings
Focus of AVSEC in the 1960s: Aviation security (AVSEC)
efforts in the 1960s were primarily directed towards
preventing and managing hijacking attempts, as well as
apprehending perpetrators.
Characteristics of Hijackers: Hijackers vary in
sophistication, ranging from organized paramilitary
groups to individuals seeking personal escape or asylum.
Organized groups often negotiate demands publicly,
while individuals may be less organized.
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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - Hijackings
Motives of Organized Groups: Organized hijackers may
be motivated by political causes or seeking to draw
attention to their grievances against governments.
Pre-9/11 Pilot Strategy: Prior to the events of September
11, 2001, pilots were trained to follow a strategy of
"accommodate, negotiate, and do not escalate" in
dealing with hijackings.

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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - Hijackings
Ground Hijackings: In the event of a hijacking on the
ground, pilots aimed to keep the aircraft isolated in a
secure parking position to facilitate negotiations and
prevent further escalation.
Airborne Hijackings: If a hijacking occurred while the
aircraft was in the air, the primary goal was to maintain
safe and controlled flight while aiming to land the aircraft
as quickly as possible.

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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - The Impact of 9/11
Terrorist Attacks on 9/11: The tragic events of September
11, 2001, involved 19 terrorists hijacking four commercial
flights with the intent of using them as guided missiles.

Failure of Existing Strategies: The common strategy of

"accommodate, negotiate, and do not escalate" proved
ineffective in preventing the suicide hijackings carried out
on 9/11.
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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - The Impact of 9/11
Immediate Response: Following the hijackings, there was
initial confusion among air traffic control (ATC), and the
military response was delayed.
Closure of Airspace: In response to the attacks, airspace
over the United States and Canada was closed, except for
military and medical flights, under the Security Control of
Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids (SCATANA) plan. This
led to the diversion of numerous international flights to
other countries.
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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - The Impact of 9/11
Change in Security Strategy: The events of 9/11
prompted a fundamental shift in aviation security
strategy. The new approach focused on defending the
cockpit at all costs.
Creation of TSA: In November 2001, the Aviation and
Transportation Security Act was passed in the United
States, establishing the Transportation Security
Administration (TSA) to federalize airport security
screening and deploy advanced security technology.
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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - The Impact of 9/11
Economic Impact: The attacks had significant economic
repercussions for the aviation industry, resulting in
substantial losses for airlines globally. The US government
enacted measures to prevent airline bankruptcies,
including a $15 billion bailout and the stabilization of
insurance rates.

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 Acts of Unlawful Interference - The Impact of 9/11
ICAO Response: The International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) responded to the attacks by revising
Annex 17 with new security provisions, including
reinforcing cockpit doors and enhancing passenger and
baggage screening measures.

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 Criminal Acts - Disruptive passengers
Definition: Disruptive passengers violate rules and
instructions, disturbing order and safety on aircraft or at
airports.

Behaviors: Examples include drug use, refusal of safety

instructions, confrontations, threats, and riotous
behavior.

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 Criminal Acts - Disruptive passengers
Causes: Disruption may stem from alcohol, frustration,
mental health issues, or withdrawal symptoms.

Incidents: Instances range from intoxicated passengers

making threats to assaulting crew members or damaging
aircraft.

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 Criminal Acts - Disruptive passengers
Management: All airline staff collaborate to address
disruptive behavior, categorized by severity into four
levels.

PIC Authority: The Pilot-in-Command (PIC) has ultimate

authority, with flight attendants acting on their behalf.

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 Criminal Acts - Disruptive passengers
Response: Airlines warn passengers of consequences, use
restraint systems, and involve able-bodied passengers to
control disruptions.

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 Criminal Acts - Drug Smuggling:
Global Scope of Drug Smuggling: Drug smuggling is a
global problem that involves the illegal production,
transportation, and sale of narcotics.

Exploitation of Transportation Networks: Criminal

organizations exploit various transportation networks,
including air routes, to move drugs across borders.

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 Criminal Acts - Drug Smuggling:
Types of Drugs Transported: Aviation smuggling typically
involves substances like cocaine and heroin, which are
transported over long distances between production and
consumption areas.
Tactics Used by Traffickers: Traffickers employ
sophisticated tactics to evade detection, such as using
private aircraft, altering flight plans, and avoiding radar
detection.

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 Criminal Acts - Human Trafficking
Persistent Issue: Human trafficking remains a significant
global concern, impacting millions of people worldwide,
including within the aviation industry.

Industry Involvement: Aviation professionals must be

trained to identify and address potential cases of human
trafficking among passengers..

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 Criminal Acts - Human Trafficking
Flight Attendant Role: Flight attendants play a vital role
in identifying trafficking indicators and suspicious
behavior during flights.

Indicators: Educating aviation professionals on trafficking

indicators, such as lack of travel autonomy and
fearfulness, enhances detection efforts.

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