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Performance of Space-Time Block Coded MIMO Systems for Rayleigh Fading

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Conference Paper · November 2012

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PERFORMANCE OF SPACE-TIME BLOCK CODED MIMO SYSTEMS
FOR RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL
1
MAHESH A. KAMATHE, 2VAIBHAV S. HENDRE & 3M. MURUGAN
1&2
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Trinity College of Engineering & Research, Pune, India.
3
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, SRM's Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai-603203

Abstract—Space–time block codes are a remarkable modulation scheme discovered recently for the multiple antenna
wireless channels. Multiple transmit and receive antennas can be used in wireless systems to achieve high data rate
communication. Recently, efficient space–time codes have been developed that utilize a large portion of the available
capacity. These codes are designed under the assumption that the transmitter has no knowledge about the channel. Multi-
antenna systems can be used for increased capacity or for increasing diversity order, but the cost paid for deriving these
benefits is increased hardware complexity due to multiple antennas and the number of RF (Radio Frequency) chains. A well-
known promising technique to reduce the hardware complexity is to use antenna selection for selecting a subset of available
antennas that have stronger links compared to others. This paper deals with lower maximum-likelihood (ML)-decoding
complexity, full-rate and full-diversity space-time block codes (STBCs), which also offer large coding gain, for the Single
Input Multiple Output (SIMO) and Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
systems. It is observed that the similar capacity of SIMO by using Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) can be obtained by
STBC for MISO, whereas it is envisioned that the combination of both can further enhance the capacity and coding gain.
The channel model considered is the Rayleigh fading channel as it represents the most practical non-line of sight (N-LOS)
channel. It is seen that the diversity order is maintained with antenna selection with little loss in channel capacity.

Keywords- MIMO, Alamouti , STBC, Diversity, MRC.

I. INTRODUCTION opportunity to be exploited to design spectrally

efficient systems. MIMO systems use multiple
Wireless communications has made a tremendous antennas at both ends of communication link and
impact on the lifestyle of a human being. It is very have shown considerable increase in spectral
difficult to survive without wireless in some form or efficiency, suppress interference and improve the
the other. As compared to fixed wireless systems, reliability of transmission [2-3]. Because of these
today’s wireless networks provide high-speed features, MIMO systems have received a great
mobility (mobile users in fast vehicles) for voice as attention of wireless research community in the last
well as data traffic. Continuous exponential growths decade.
of Internet, Cellular Mobile and Multimedia Services The use of multiple antennas with space-time
in the near past are the drivi1ng forces for the processing has been considered to increase the
increased demand of data rates in Wireless capacity for high data rate wireless links. In open-
Communication Networks. The availability of limited loop systems where channel state information (CSI)
spectrum on one side and ever increasing demand for is available only at the receiver, space-time block
increased data rates and quality of service (QoS) on codes (STBC) are efficient methods to achieve a
the other side, follows the quest for spectrally efficient transmit diversity gain for the higher link
signaling techniques. Future wireless systems are performance [1]. In contrast, closed-loop systems can
expected to support variety of new services, which utilize knowledge of the channel at the transmitter to
will demand extensively high data rates. Hence high further improve the system performance. [4]
data rate wireless communications, approaching 1 It is known that the effect of imperfect CSI (ICSI)
Gbps, is of great interest and the major focus of at the receiver side results in a performance
wireless research community is directed towards degradation of Alamouti’s scheme. The effect of ICSI
meeting gigabit transmission over wireless systems. has also been analyzed in when Rayleigh fading is
MIMO technology is an attractive solution that offers considered. However, analytical results for Alamouti’s
substantial leverages in achieving gigabit wireless transmission schemes impaired by ICSI in Ricean
links a reality [1]. fading channels are much scarcer [5].
The key issues to be dealt in the design of wireless The Alamouti code for two transmit antennas, due
communication system are fading and interference. to its orthogonality property, allows a low-complexity
Conventional wireless system design treats fading ML-decoder. Hence, are said to be single-symbol
and interference as nuisances as far as improving the decodable. Another bright aspect about these codes is
reliability of air interface is concerned. Recently the that they have full transmit diversity for arbitrary
designers’ focus has shifted towards increasing complex constellations. This scheme led to the
spectral efficiency, where fading is viewed as

Recent Trends in Control, Communication and Computer Technology 25th Nov.2012, Nashik, ISBN: 978-93-82208-40-2

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 Performance of Space-Time Block Coded MIMO Systems for Rayleigh Fading Channel

Tx1 = S

Information Modulator 1 S2
S1 S2 =
Source 2 S1 Tx2 = S

Figure 1. A block diagram of the Alamouti space-time encoder,

frame to another [1].Space Time Coding is one of the

development of the generalized Complex Orthogonal most effective diversity method uses to combat the
Designs (CODs). These designs are famous for the effect of channel fading in wireless communication.
simplified ML- decoding that they provide. They One of the most effective methods in space time
allow all the symbols to be decoupled from one coding is the Alamouti Scheme. The ML receiver of
another. Even when a wireless channel with high
the Alamouti code is so simple that it has led to be
channel capacity is given, we still need to find good
used in practice, but the symbol transmission rate of
techniques to achieve high speed data transmission or
this code is one. (In this paper symbol transmission
high reliability. Multiple antenna techniques can be
broadly classified into two categories: diversity rate is defined as the ratio of the number of
techniques and spatial-multiplexing techniques. The transmitted symbols to the number of time slots). In
diversity techniques intend to receive the same Alamouti the information bits are first modulated
information - bearing signals in the multiple antennas using M-Ary modulation scheme. The Encoder then
or to transmit them from multiple antennas, thereby takes a block of two modulated symbols S1 & S2 in
improving the transmission reliability. A basic idea of each encoding operation and gives it to the transmit
the diversity techniques is to convert Rayleigh fading antenna according to the code matrix, in each
wireless channel into more stable AWGN-like channel encoding operation and gives it to the transmit antenna
without any catastrophic signal fading. according to the code matrix, In matrix (2), the first
column represents first transmission period and the
II. SYSTEM MODEL second column represents the second transmission
In MIMO system having number of RF chains at the period. The first row corresponds to the
transmitter and receiver equal to the number of
antennas at the transmitter and receiver respectively, 3
the incoming data is encoded by the space-time
encoder and fed to serial to parallel converter to , 3
convert the input bit stream into NT parallel streams. symbol transmitted from first antenna and the second
These NT streams are transmitted from NT transmit row corresponds to the symbol transmitted from the
antennas simultaneously. The received signal vector is second antenna. During first symbol period, first
given by antenna transmits and second antenna transmits .
(1) During second symbol Period, first antenna transmits
Where H is NR × NT complex channel matrix S and second antenna transmits S being the
representing the uncorrelated channel. The ij entry complex conjugate of . This implies that we are
of matrix H denoted by hij represents the channel transmitting both in space (across two antennas) and
fading coefficient from the i transmit antenna to the time (two transmission intervals). This is space-time
jth receive antenna, x is NT ×1 column vector and n is coding. Looking at the equations (3), where S is the
NR ×1 column vector representing AWGN noise information sequence from the first antenna and S is
samples The entries of H are modeled as independent the information sequence from the second antenna. A
and identically distributed (i.i.d.) complex Gaussian close examination of (3) reveals that the sequences are
random variables with zero mean and variance 0.5 per orthogonal (i.e. the inner product of S and S is
dimension and the elements of n are modeled as i.i.d. zero). This inner product is given by,
complex Gaussian random variables with zero mean
and variance No/2 per dimension. Rayleigh 0 (4)
distribution is the most representative of N-LOS If we assume one antenna at the receiver, the receiver
signals are defined as follows, based on the scheme at
wireless radio propagation and hence the MIMO
Figure 2. At the receiver the signals after passing
channel capacity has been investigated for Rayleigh
through the channel can be expressed as,
fading channel model. It is assumed that the CSI is
5-a
known exactly at the receiver and not at the S S (5-b)
transmitter, and the channel fading coefficients remain The fading coefficients from antennas 1 and 2 are
constant over the entire frame and changes from one
Recent Trends in Control, Communication and Computer Technology 25th Nov.2012, Nashik, ISBN: 978-93-82208-40-2

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 Performance of Space-Time Block Coded MIMO Systems for Rayleigh Fading Channel

defined by h1 and h2, respectively, at time t. where n1 mean and unit variance, representing additive white
and n2 are independent complex variables with zero Gaussian noise samples at time t.

Fig 2. A block diagram of the Alamouti space-time Receiver,

The results are verified for QPSK system using

III. SUMMARY OF ALAMOUTI’S SCHEME STBC Alamouti for Rayleigh channel.
Alamouti further extended this scheme to the case
of two transmit antennas and MR receive antennas IV. CONCLUSION
and showed that the scheme provided a diversity The space time block codes are showing better
order of 2MR. Characteristics of this scheme include: improvements in MIMO system. In this paper we tried
1) No feedback from receiver to transmitter is to implement maximum-likelihood -decoding
required for CSI to obtain full transmit diversity. echnique with full-rate and full-diversity space-time
2) No feedback from receiver to transmitter is block codes (STBCs), which also offer large coding
required for CSI to obtain full transmit diversity. gain, for the Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) and
3) No bandwidth expansion (as redundancy is Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and Multiple
applied in space across multiple antennas, not in Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. Identical
time or frequency). Low complexity decoders. It performance as MRC if the total radiated power is
is observed that compared to SISO system, SIMO doubled from that used in MRC. This is because, if
system which uses 1 transmitting antenna and 2 the transmit power is kept constant, this scheme
receiving antennas gives better performance as suffers a 3-dB penalty in performance since the
shown in Figure-3. It is further shown in the same transmit power is divided in half across two transmit
figure that the same bit error rate is obtained at antennas. No need for complete redesign of existing
comparatively lower SNR values by using systems to incorporate this diversity scheme. Hence, it
Alamouti STBC for MISO system which uses 2 is very popular as candidates for improving link
transmitting and 1 receiving antenna with BPSK quality based on dual transmit antenna techniques,
modulation for Rayleigh channel. This results without any drastic system modifications. This can be
shows that use of STBC for MISO gives similar further extended for multiple transmitting antennas as
results that of SIMO without knowing CSI at the well as perfect MIMO systems in combination and
transmitter side. Hence the receiver complexity of can results better performance compare to
putting multiple antennas in SIMO can be conventional SISO systems.
avoided by using STBC based MISO techniques.
It is further shown in Figure-4 that the
combination of SIMO and MISO forming MIMO
system which consists of 2 transmitting and 2
receiving antennas gives further improvement in
bit error rate with STBC for Rayleigh channel.
The Alamouti scheme is further applied to
multiple transmitting antennas by increasing the
number of transmitting antennas form NT =2 to
NT =5. It is observed as shown in Figure-5 that if
we go on increasing the number of transmitting
antennas the further improvement is obtained in
bit error rate with respect to received SNR.
Further it puts some theoretical limit on
Fig 3. BER for BPSK modulation with Alamouti STBC
increasing the number of transmitting antennas. with Rayleigh channel,

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 Performance of Space-Time Block Coded MIMO Systems for Rayleigh Fading Channel
[6] Andreas F. Molisch, “MIMO Systems with Antenna
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Figure 4. BER for BPSK modulation with 2Tx, 2 Rx Alamouti [12] Yang Yang et al., “Antenna Selection for MIMO systems
STBC with Rayleigh channel with closely spaced Antennas”, EURAISP Journal on
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Mahesh A. Kamthe received his B.E.

(Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering) from University of Pune in 2011.
He is pursuing his M.E. (Digital System) at
Trinty College of Engineering & Research,
Pune-411048, Maharashtra, India, His field of interest is Wireless
Digital Communication.

Vaibhav S. Hendre received his B.E

(Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering) from University of Pune in 1999
and M. Tech. from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Technological University, Lonere in 2006. He is
a registered Ph.D Research Scholar of
Figure 5. BER for QPSK modulation with 2Tx, 2Rx Alamouti Sathyabama University, Chennai-600119, Tamil Nadu, India. He is
STBC with Rayleigh channel currently serving as Associate Professor and Head of Department
of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Trinty College
V. REFERENCES of Engineering & Research, Pune-411048, Maharashtra, India.
Having 11years of academic experience, his fields of interest are
[1] A.S. Hiwale and A. A. Ghatol, “Performance of Space-Time Error Control coding and Wireless Digital Communications. He is
Block Coded MIMO Systems with Antenna Selection,” in a member of IEEE Communication Society and Life Member of
Proceedings of SPIT-IEEE Colloquium and International ISTE.
Conference, Mumbai, India Vol. 3, p.no.134
[2] S. Saleh et al., “A Full Rate Full Diversity 2*2 Space Time Dr. M. Murugan graduated in E&CE from
Block Code With Linear Complexity for Maximum University of Madras in 1989 received his
Likelyhood Receiver” in IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. Masters in E&TC (Microwave) from University
15, no. 8, August 2011 of Pune in 2001. Subsequently, he completed his
Ph.D in 2010 from the University of Pune.
[3] K. Pavan Srinath and B. Sundar Rajan “Low ML-Decoding Presently he is serving as Vice-Principal & Head
Complexity, Large Coding Gain, Full Rate, Full Diversity, of Department of Electronics & Communication
STBCs for 2*2 and 4*2 MIMO Systems” in IEEE Journal of Engineering, SRM's Valliammai Engineering College, S.R.M.
Selected Topics in Signal Processing, Vol. 3, p no. 6, Nagar. Kattankulathur- 603203, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
December 2009 Having over 23 years of experience in teaching, his field of
[4] S. M. Alamouti, “A simple transmit diversity technique for interests are Antenna, Microwave, Optical Communication, Sat
wireless Communications”, IEEE Journal Select. Areas Com and EMI&C. He is a Life member of IETE, IEI, SEMCEI,
Commun., vol. 16, no. pp. 1451–1458, Oct. 1998. ISTE, ISOI and Semiconductor Society (I). In his credit, he has
over 32 papers published in International /National repute
[5] Ali Ghrayeb, “A Survey on Antenna Selection for MIMO Conferences/Journals.
Communication Systems”, IEEE Information &
Communication Technologies (ICTTA), p. no. 2104-2109,
2006.

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 Performance of Space-Time Block Coded MIMO Systems for Rayleigh Fading Channel
”””

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