Appendix A

Statistical Tables and Proofs

725
726 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs

Σ
r
Table A.1 Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p)
x=0
p
n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
1 0 0.9000 0.8000 0.7500 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000
1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2 0 0.8100 0.6400 0.5625 0.4900 0.3600 0.2500 0.1600 0.0900 0.0400 0.0100
1 0.9900 0.9600 0.9375 0.9100 0.8400 0.7500 0.6400 0.5100 0.3600 0.1900
2 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
3 0 0.7290 0.5120 0.4219 0.3430 0.2160 0.1250 0.0640 0.0270 0.0080 0.0010
1 0.9720 0.8960 0.8438 0.7840 0.6480 0.5000 0.3520 0.2160 0.1040 0.0280
2 0.9990 0.9920 0.9844 0.9730 0.9360 0.8750 0.7840 0.6570 0.4880 0.2710
3 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4 0 0.6561 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401 0.1296 0.0625 0.0256 0.0081 0.0016 0.0001
1 0.9477 0.8192 0.7383 0.6517 0.4752 0.3125 0.1792 0.0837 0.0272 0.0037
2 0.9963 0.9728 0.9492 0.9163 0.8208 0.6875 0.5248 0.3483 0.1808 0.0523
3 0.9999 0.9984 0.9961 0.9919 0.9744 0.9375 0.8704 0.7599 0.5904 0.3439
4 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
5 0 0.5905 0.3277 0.2373 0.1681 0.0778 0.0313 0.0102 0.0024 0.0003 0.0000
1 0.9185 0.7373 0.6328 0.5282 0.3370 0.1875 0.0870 0.0308 0.0067 0.0005
2 0.9914 0.9421 0.8965 0.8369 0.6826 0.5000 0.3174 0.1631 0.0579 0.0086
3 0.9995 0.9933 0.9844 0.9692 0.9130 0.8125 0.6630 0.4718 0.2627 0.0815
4 1.0000 0.9997 0.9990 0.9976 0.9898 0.9688 0.9222 0.8319 0.6723 0.4095
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
6 0 0.5314 0.2621 0.1780 0.1176 0.0467 0.0156 0.0041 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.8857 0.6554 0.5339 0.4202 0.2333 0.1094 0.0410 0.0109 0.0016 0.0001
2 0.9842 0.9011 0.8306 0.7443 0.5443 0.3438 0.1792 0.0705 0.0170 0.0013
3 0.9987 0.9830 0.9624 0.9295 0.8208 0.6563 0.4557 0.2557 0.0989 0.0159
4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9954 0.9891 0.9590 0.8906 0.7667 0.5798 0.3446 0.1143
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9993 0.9959 0.9844 0.9533 0.8824 0.7379 0.4686
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
7 0 0.4783 0.2097 0.1335 0.0824 0.0280 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000
1 0.8503 0.5767 0.4449 0.3294 0.1586 0.0625 0.0188 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000
2 0.9743 0.8520 0.7564 0.6471 0.4199 0.2266 0.0963 0.0288 0.0047 0.0002
3 0.9973 0.9667 0.9294 0.8740 0.7102 0.5000 0.2898 0.1260 0.0333 0.0027
4 0.9998 0.9953 0.9871 0.9712 0.9037 0.7734 0.5801 0.3529 0.1480 0.0257
5 1.0000 0.9996 0.9987 0.9962 0.9812 0.9375 0.8414 0.6706 0.4233 0.1497
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9984 0.9922 0.9720 0.9176 0.7903 0.5217
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Table A.1 Binomial Probability Table 727

Σ
r
Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p)
x=0
p
n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
8 0 0.4305 0.1678 0.1001 0.0576 0.0168 0.0039 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.8131 0.5033 0.3671 0.2553 0.1064 0.0352 0.0085 0.0013 0.0001
2 0.9619 0.7969 0.6785 0.5518 0.3154 0.1445 0.0498 0.0113 0.0012 0.0000
3 0.9950 0.9437 0.8862 0.8059 0.5941 0.3633 0.1737 0.0580 0.0104 0.0004
4 0.9996 0.9896 0.9727 0.9420 0.8263 0.6367 0.4059 0.1941 0.0563 0.0050
5 1.0000 0.9988 0.9958 0.9887 0.9502 0.8555 0.6846 0.4482 0.2031 0.0381
6 0.9999 0.9996 0.9987 0.9915 0.9648 0.8936 0.7447 0.4967 0.1869
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9961 0.9832 0.9424 0.8322 0.5695
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
9 0 0.3874 0.1342 0.0751 0.0404 0.0101 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000
1 0.7748 0.4362 0.3003 0.1960 0.0705 0.0195 0.0038 0.0004 0.0000
2 0.9470 0.7382 0.6007 0.4628 0.2318 0.0898 0.0250 0.0043 0.0003 0.0000
3 0.9917 0.9144 0.8343 0.7297 0.4826 0.2539 0.0994 0.0253 0.0031 0.0001
4 0.9991 0.9804 0.9511 0.9012 0.7334 0.5000 0.2666 0.0988 0.0196 0.0009
5 0.9999 0.9969 0.9900 0.9747 0.9006 0.7461 0.5174 0.2703 0.0856 0.0083
6 1.0000 0.9997 0.9987 0.9957 0.9750 0.9102 0.7682 0.5372 0.2618 0.0530
7 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9962 0.9805 0.9295 0.8040 0.5638 0.2252
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 0.9899 0.9596 0.8658 0.6126
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
10 0 0.3487 0.1074 0.0563 0.0282 0.0060 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.7361 0.3758 0.2440 0.1493 0.0464 0.0107 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000
2 0.9298 0.6778 0.5256 0.3828 0.1673 0.0547 0.0123 0.0016 0.0001
3 0.9872 0.8791 0.7759 0.6496 0.3823 0.1719 0.0548 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000
4 0.9984 0.9672 0.9219 0.8497 0.6331 0.3770 0.1662 0.0473 0.0064 0.0001
5 0.9999 0.9936 0.9803 0.9527 0.8338 0.6230 0.3669 0.1503 0.0328 0.0016
6 1.0000 0.9991 0.9965 0.9894 0.9452 0.8281 0.6177 0.3504 0.1209 0.0128
7 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9877 0.9453 0.8327 0.6172 0.3222 0.0702
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9893 0.9536 0.8507 0.6242 0.2639
9 1.0000 0.9999 0.9990 0.9940 0.9718 0.8926 0.6513
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
11 0 0.3138 0.0859 0.0422 0.0198 0.0036 0.0005 0.0000
1 0.6974 0.3221 0.1971 0.1130 0.0302 0.0059 0.0007 0.0000
2 0.9104 0.6174 0.4552 0.3127 0.1189 0.0327 0.0059 0.0006 0.0000
3 0.9815 0.8389 0.7133 0.5696 0.2963 0.1133 0.0293 0.0043 0.0002
4 0.9972 0.9496 0.8854 0.7897 0.5328 0.2744 0.0994 0.0216 0.0020 0.0000
5 0.9997 0.9883 0.9657 0.9218 0.7535 0.5000 0.2465 0.0782 0.0117 0.0003
6 1.0000 0.9980 0.9924 0.9784 0.9006 0.7256 0.4672 0.2103 0.0504 0.0028
7 0.9998 0.9988 0.9957 0.9707 0.8867 0.7037 0.4304 0.1611 0.0185
8 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9941 0.9673 0.8811 0.6873 0.3826 0.0896
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9941 0.9698 0.8870 0.6779 0.3026
10 1.0000 0.9995 0.9964 0.9802 0.9141 0.6862
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
728 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs

Σ
r
Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p)
x=0
p
n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
12 0 0.2824 0.0687 0.0317 0.0138 0.0022 0.0002 0.0000
1 0.6590 0.2749 0.1584 0.0850 0.0196 0.0032 0.0003 0.0000
2 0.8891 0.5583 0.3907 0.2528 0.0834 0.0193 0.0028 0.0002 0.0000
3 0.9744 0.7946 0.6488 0.4925 0.2253 0.0730 0.0153 0.0017 0.0001
4 0.9957 0.9274 0.8424 0.7237 0.4382 0.1938 0.0573 0.0095 0.0006 0.0000
5 0.9995 0.9806 0.9456 0.8822 0.6652 0.3872 0.1582 0.0386 0.0039 0.0001
6 0.9999 0.9961 0.9857 0.9614 0.8418 0.6128 0.3348 0.1178 0.0194 0.0005
7 1.0000 0.9994 0.9972 0.9905 0.9427 0.8062 0.5618 0.2763 0.0726 0.0043
8 0.9999 0.9996 0.9983 0.9847 0.9270 0.7747 0.5075 0.2054 0.0256
9 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9972 0.9807 0.9166 0.7472 0.4417 0.1109
10 1.0000 0.9997 0.9968 0.9804 0.9150 0.7251 0.3410
11 1.0000 0.9998 0.9978 0.9862 0.9313 0.7176
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
13 0 0.2542 0.0550 0.0238 0.0097 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.6213 0.2336 0.1267 0.0637 0.0126 0.0017 0.0001 0.0000
2 0.8661 0.5017 0.3326 0.2025 0.0579 0.0112 0.0013 0.0001
3 0.9658 0.7473 0.5843 0.4206 0.1686 0.0461 0.0078 0.0007 0.0000
4 0.9935 0.9009 0.7940 0.6543 0.3530 0.1334 0.0321 0.0040 0.0002
5 0.9991 0.9700 0.9198 0.8346 0.5744 0.2905 0.0977 0.0182 0.0012 0.0000
6 0.9999 0.9930 0.9757 0.9376 0.7712 0.5000 0.2288 0.0624 0.0070 0.0001
7 1.0000 0.9988 0.9944 0.9818 0.9023 0.7095 0.4256 0.1654 0.0300 0.0009
8 0.9998 0.9990 0.9960 0.9679 0.8666 0.6470 0.3457 0.0991 0.0065
9 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9922 0.9539 0.8314 0.5794 0.2527 0.0342
10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9888 0.9421 0.7975 0.4983 0.1339
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9983 0.9874 0.9363 0.7664 0.3787
12 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9903 0.9450 0.7458
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
14 0 0.2288 0.0440 0.0178 0.0068 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.5846 0.1979 0.1010 0.0475 0.0081 0.0009 0.0001
2 0.8416 0.4481 0.2811 0.1608 0.0398 0.0065 0.0006 0.0000
3 0.9559 0.6982 0.5213 0.3552 0.1243 0.0287 0.0039 0.0002
4 0.9908 0.8702 0.7415 0.5842 0.2793 0.0898 0.0175 0.0017 0.0000
5 0.9985 0.9561 0.8883 0.7805 0.4859 0.2120 0.0583 0.0083 0.0004
6 0.9998 0.9884 0.9617 0.9067 0.6925 0.3953 0.1501 0.0315 0.0024 0.0000
7 1.0000 0.9976 0.9897 0.9685 0.8499 0.6047 0.3075 0.0933 0.0116 0.0002
8 0.9996 0.9978 0.9917 0.9417 0.7880 0.5141 0.2195 0.0439 0.0015
9 1.0000 0.9997 0.9983 0.9825 0.9102 0.7207 0.4158 0.1298 0.0092
10 1.0000 0.9998 0.9961 0.9713 0.8757 0.6448 0.3018 0.0441
11 1.0000 0.9994 0.9935 0.9602 0.8392 0.5519 0.1584
12 0.9999 0.9991 0.9919 0.9525 0.8021 0.4154
13 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9932 0.9560 0.7712
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Table A.1 Binomial Probability Table 729

Σ
r
Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p)
x=0
p
n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
15 0 0.2059 0.0352 0.0134 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000
1 0.5490 0.1671 0.0802 0.0353 0.0052 0.0005 0.0000
2 0.8159 0.3980 0.2361 0.1268 0.0271 0.0037 0.0003 0.0000
3 0.9444 0.6482 0.4613 0.2969 0.0905 0.0176 0.0019 0.0001
4 0.9873 0.8358 0.6865 0.5155 0.2173 0.0592 0.0093 0.0007 0.0000
5 0.9978 0.9389 0.8516 0.7216 0.4032 0.1509 0.0338 0.0037 0.0001
6 0.9997 0.9819 0.9434 0.8689 0.6098 0.3036 0.0950 0.0152 0.0008
7 1.0000 0.9958 0.9827 0.9500 0.7869 0.5000 0.2131 0.0500 0.0042 0.0000
8 0.9992 0.9958 0.9848 0.9050 0.6964 0.3902 0.1311 0.0181 0.0003
9 0.9999 0.9992 0.9963 0.9662 0.8491 0.5968 0.2784 0.0611 0.0022
10 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9907 0.9408 0.7827 0.4845 0.1642 0.0127
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9981 0.9824 0.9095 0.7031 0.3518 0.0556
12 1.0000 0.9997 0.9963 0.9729 0.8732 0.6020 0.1841
13 1.0000 0.9995 0.9948 0.9647 0.8329 0.4510
14 1.0000 0.9995 0.9953 0.9648 0.7941
15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
16 0 0.1853 0.0281 0.0100 0.0033 0.0003 0.0000
1 0.5147 0.1407 0.0635 0.0261 0.0033 0.0003 0.0000
2 0.7892 0.3518 0.1971 0.0994 0.0183 0.0021 0.0001
3 0.9316 0.5981 0.4050 0.2459 0.0651 0.0106 0.0009 0.0000
4 0.9830 0.7982 0.6302 0.4499 0.1666 0.0384 0.0049 0.0003
5 0.9967 0.9183 0.8103 0.6598 0.3288 0.1051 0.0191 0.0016 0.0000
6 0.9995 0.9733 0.9204 0.8247 0.5272 0.2272 0.0583 0.0071 0.0002
7 0.9999 0.9930 0.9729 0.9256 0.7161 0.4018 0.1423 0.0257 0.0015 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9985 0.9925 0.9743 0.8577 0.5982 0.2839 0.0744 0.0070 0.0001
9 0.9998 0.9984 0.9929 0.9417 0.7728 0.4728 0.1753 0.0267 0.0005
10 1.0000 0.9997 0.9984 0.9809 0.8949 0.6712 0.3402 0.0817 0.0033
11 1.0000 0.9997 0.9951 0.9616 0.8334 0.5501 0.2018 0.0170
12 1.0000 0.9991 0.9894 0.9349 0.7541 0.4019 0.0684
13 0.9999 0.9979 0.9817 0.9006 0.6482 0.2108
14 1.0000 0.9997 0.9967 0.9739 0.8593 0.4853
15 1.0000 0.9997 0.9967 0.9719 0.8147
16 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
730 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs

Σ
r
Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p)
x=0
p
n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
17 0 0.1668 0.0225 0.0075 0.0023 0.0002 0.0000
1 0.4818 0.1182 0.0501 0.0193 0.0021 0.0001 0.0000
2 0.7618 0.3096 0.1637 0.0774 0.0123 0.0012 0.0001
3 0.9174 0.5489 0.3530 0.2019 0.0464 0.0064 0.0005 0.0000
4 0.9779 0.7582 0.5739 0.3887 0.1260 0.0245 0.0025 0.0001
5 0.9953 0.8943 0.7653 0.5968 0.2639 0.0717 0.0106 0.0007 0.0000
6 0.9992 0.9623 0.8929 0.7752 0.4478 0.1662 0.0348 0.0032 0.0001
7 0.9999 0.9891 0.9598 0.8954 0.6405 0.3145 0.0919 0.0127 0.0005
8 1.0000 0.9974 0.9876 0.9597 0.8011 0.5000 0.1989 0.0403 0.0026 0.0000
9 0.9995 0.9969 0.9873 0.9081 0.6855 0.3595 0.1046 0.0109 0.0001
10 0.9999 0.9994 0.9968 0.9652 0.8338 0.5522 0.2248 0.0377 0.0008
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9894 0.9283 0.7361 0.4032 0.1057 0.0047
12 1.0000 0.9999 0.9975 0.9755 0.8740 0.6113 0.2418 0.0221
13 1.0000 0.9995 0.9936 0.9536 0.7981 0.4511 0.0826
14 0.9999 0.9988 0.9877 0.9226 0.6904 0.2382
15 1.0000 0.9999 0.9979 0.9807 0.8818 0.5182
16 1.0000 0.9998 0.9977 0.9775 0.8332
17 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
18 0 0.1501 0.0180 0.0056 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000
1 0.4503 0.0991 0.0395 0.0142 0.0013 0.0001
2 0.7338 0.2713 0.1353 0.0600 0.0082 0.0007 0.0000
3 0.9018 0.5010 0.3057 0.1646 0.0328 0.0038 0.0002
4 0.9718 0.7164 0.5187 0.3327 0.0942 0.0154 0.0013 0.0000
5 0.9936 0.8671 0.7175 0.5344 0.2088 0.0481 0.0058 0.0003
6 0.9988 0.9487 0.8610 0.7217 0.3743 0.1189 0.0203 0.0014 0.0000
7 0.9998 0.9837 0.9431 0.8593 0.5634 0.2403 0.0576 0.0061 0.0002
8 1.0000 0.9957 0.9807 0.9404 0.7368 0.4073 0.1347 0.0210 0.0009
9 0.9991 0.9946 0.9790 0.8653 0.5927 0.2632 0.0596 0.0043 0.0000
10 0.9998 0.9988 0.9939 0.9424 0.7597 0.4366 0.1407 0.0163 0.0002
11 1.0000 0.9998 0.9986 0.9797 0.8811 0.6257 0.2783 0.0513 0.0012
12 1.0000 0.9997 0.9942 0.9519 0.7912 0.4656 0.1329 0.0064
13 1.0000 0.9987 0.9846 0.9058 0.6673 0.2836 0.0282
14 0.9998 0.9962 0.9672 0.8354 0.4990 0.0982
15 1.0000 0.9993 0.9918 0.9400 0.7287 0.2662
16 0.9999 0.9987 0.9858 0.9009 0.5497
17 1.0000 0.9999 0.9984 0.9820 0.8499
18 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Table A.1 Binomial Probability Table 731

Σ
r
Table A.1 (continued) Binomial Probability Sums b(x; n, p)
x=0
p
n r 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
19 0 0.1351 0.0144 0.0042 0.0011 0.0001
1 0.4203 0.0829 0.0310 0.0104 0.0008 0.0000
2 0.7054 0.2369 0.1113 0.0462 0.0055 0.0004 0.0000
3 0.8850 0.4551 0.2631 0.1332 0.0230 0.0022 0.0001
4 0.9648 0.6733 0.4654 0.2822 0.0696 0.0096 0.0006 0.0000
5 0.9914 0.8369 0.6678 0.4739 0.1629 0.0318 0.0031 0.0001
6 0.9983 0.9324 0.8251 0.6655 0.3081 0.0835 0.0116 0.0006
7 0.9997 0.9767 0.9225 0.8180 0.4878 0.1796 0.0352 0.0028 0.0000
8 1.0000 0.9933 0.9713 0.9161 0.6675 0.3238 0.0885 0.0105 0.0003
9 0.9984 0.9911 0.9674 0.8139 0.5000 0.1861 0.0326 0.0016
10 0.9997 0.9977 0.9895 0.9115 0.6762 0.3325 0.0839 0.0067 0.0000
11 1.0000 0.9995 0.9972 0.9648 0.8204 0.5122 0.1820 0.0233 0.0003
12 0.9999 0.9994 0.9884 0.9165 0.6919 0.3345 0.0676 0.0017
13 1.0000 0.9999 0.9969 0.9682 0.8371 0.5261 0.1631 0.0086
14 1.0000 0.9994 0.9904 0.9304 0.7178 0.3267 0.0352
15 0.9999 0.9978 0.9770 0.8668 0.5449 0.1150
16 1.0000 0.9996 0.9945 0.9538 0.7631 0.2946
17 1.0000 0.9992 0.9896 0.9171 0.5797
18 0.9999 0.9989 0.9856 0.8649
19 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
20 0 0.1216 0.0115 0.0032 0.0008 0.0000
1 0.3917 0.0692 0.0243 0.0076 0.0005 0.0000
2 0.6769 0.2061 0.0913 0.0355 0.0036 0.0002
3 0.8670 0.4114 0.2252 0.1071 0.0160 0.0013 0.0000
4 0.9568 0.6296 0.4148 0.2375 0.0510 0.0059 0.0003
5 0.9887 0.8042 0.6172 0.4164 0.1256 0.0207 0.0016 0.0000
6 0.9976 0.9133 0.7858 0.6080 0.2500 0.0577 0.0065 0.0003
7 0.9996 0.9679 0.8982 0.7723 0.4159 0.1316 0.0210 0.0013 0.0000
8 0.9999 0.9900 0.9591 0.8867 0.5956 0.2517 0.0565 0.0051 0.0001
9 1.0000 0.9974 0.9861 0.9520 0.7553 0.4119 0.1275 0.0171 0.0006
10 0.9994 0.9961 0.9829 0.8725 0.5881 0.2447 0.0480 0.0026 0.0000
11 0.9999 0.9991 0.9949 0.9435 0.7483 0.4044 0.1133 0.0100 0.0001
12 1.0000 0.9998 0.9987 0.9790 0.8684 0.5841 0.2277 0.0321 0.0004
13 1.0000 0.9997 0.9935 0.9423 0.7500 0.3920 0.0867 0.0024
14 1.0000 0.9984 0.9793 0.8744 0.5836 0.1958 0.0113
15 0.9997 0.9941 0.9490 0.7625 0.3704 0.0432
16 1.0000 0.9987 0.9840 0.8929 0.5886 0.1330
17 0.9998 0.9964 0.9645 0.7939 0.3231
18 1.0000 0.9995 0.9924 0.9308 0.6083
19 1.0000 0.9992 0.9885 0.8784
20 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
732 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs

Σ
r
Table A.2 Poisson Probability Sums p(x; μ)
x=0
μ
r 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.9048 0.8187 0.7408 0.6703 0.6065 0.5488 0.4966 0.4493 0.4066
1 0.9953 0.9825 0.9631 0.9384 0.9098 0.8781 0.8442 0.8088 0.7725
2 0.9998 0.9989 0.9964 0.9921 0.9856 0.9769 0.9659 0.9526 0.9371
3 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9982 0.9966 0.9942 0.9909 0.9865
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9992 0.9986 0.9977
5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9997
6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

μ
r 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
0 0.3679 0.2231 0.1353 0.0821 0.0498 0.0302 0.0183 0.0111 0.0067
1 0.7358 0.5578 0.4060 0.2873 0.1991 0.1359 0.0916 0.0611 0.0404
2 0.9197 0.8088 0.6767 0.5438 0.4232 0.3208 0.2381 0.1736 0.1247
3 0.9810 0.9344 0.8571 0.7576 0.6472 0.5366 0.4335 0.3423 0.2650
4 0.9963 0.9814 0.9473 0.8912 0.8153 0.7254 0.6288 0.5321 0.4405
5 0.9994 0.9955 0.9834 0.9580 0.9161 0.8576 0.7851 0.7029 0.6160
6 0.9999 0.9991 0.9955 0.9858 0.9665 0.9347 0.8893 0.8311 0.7622
7 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 0.9958 0.9881 0.9733 0.9489 0.9134 0.8666
8 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 0.9962 0.9901 0.9786 0.9597 0.9319
9 1.0000 0.9997 0.9989 0.9967 0.9919 0.9829 0.9682
10 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9972 0.9933 0.9863
11 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9991 0.9976 0.9945
12 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9980
13 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993
14 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
15 1.0000 0.9999
16 1.0000
Table A.2 Poisson Probability Table 733

Σ
r
Table A.2 (continued) Poisson Probability Sums p(x; μ)
x=0
μ
r 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
0 0.0041 0.0025 0.0015 0.0009 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001
1 0.0266 0.0174 0.0113 0.0073 0.0047 0.0030 0.0019 0.0012 0.0008
2 0.0884 0.0620 0.0430 0.0296 0.0203 0.0138 0.0093 0.0062 0.0042
3 0.2017 0.1512 0.1118 0.0818 0.0591 0.0424 0.0301 0.0212 0.0149
4 0.3575 0.2851 0.2237 0.1730 0.1321 0.0996 0.0744 0.0550 0.0403
5 0.5289 0.4457 0.3690 0.3007 0.2414 0.1912 0.1496 0.1157 0.0885
6 0.6860 0.6063 0.5265 0.4497 0.3782 0.3134 0.2562 0.2068 0.1649
7 0.8095 0.7440 0.6728 0.5987 0.5246 0.4530 0.3856 0.3239 0.2687
8 0.8944 0.8472 0.7916 0.7291 0.6620 0.5925 0.5231 0.4557 0.3918
9 0.9462 0.9161 0.8774 0.8305 0.7764 0.7166 0.6530 0.5874 0.5218
10 0.9747 0.9574 0.9332 0.9015 0.8622 0.8159 0.7634 0.7060 0.6453
11 0.9890 0.9799 0.9661 0.9467 0.9208 0.8881 0.8487 0.8030 0.7520
12 0.9955 0.9912 0.9840 0.9730 0.9573 0.9362 0.9091 0.8758 0.8364
13 0.9983 0.9964 0.9929 0.9872 0.9784 0.9658 0.9486 0.9261 0.8981
14 0.9994 0.9986 0.9970 0.9943 0.9897 0.9827 0.9726 0.9585 0.9400
15 0.9998 0.9995 0.9988 0.9976 0.9954 0.9918 0.9862 0.9780 0.9665
16 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9990 0.9980 0.9963 0.9934 0.9889 0.9823
17 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9992 0.9984 0.9970 0.9947 0.9911
18 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993 0.9987 0.9976 0.9957
19 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9995 0.9989 0.9980
20 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996 0.9991
21 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9996
22 1.0000 0.9999 0.9999
23 1.0000 0.9999
24 1.0000
734 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs

Σ
r
Table A.2 (continued) Poisson Probability Sums p(x; μ)
x=0

r 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0

0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0028 0.0012 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.0103 0.0049 0.0023 0.0011 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0293 0.0151 0.0076 0.0037 0.0018 0.0009 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001
5 0.0671 0.0375 0.0203 0.0107 0.0055 0.0028 0.0014 0.0007 0.0003
6 0.1301 0.0786 0.0458 0.0259 0.0142 0.0076 0.0040 0.0021 0.0010
7 0.2202 0.1432 0.0895 0.0540 0.0316 0.0180 0.0100 0.0054 0.0029
8 0.3328 0.2320 0.1550 0.0998 0.0621 0.0374 0.0220 0.0126 0.0071
9 0.4579 0.3405 0.2424 0.1658 0.1094 0.0699 0.0433 0.0261 0.0154
10 0.5830 0.4599 0.3472 0.2517 0.1757 0.1185 0.0774 0.0491 0.0304
11 0.6968 0.5793 0.4616 0.3532 0.2600 0.1848 0.1270 0.0847 0.0549
12 0.7916 0.6887 0.5760 0.4631 0.3585 0.2676 0.1931 0.1350 0.0917
13 0.8645 0.7813 0.6815 0.5730 0.4644 0.3632 0.2745 0.2009 0.1426
14 0.9165 0.8540 0.7720 0.6751 0.5704 0.4657 0.3675 0.2808 0.2081
15 0.9513 0.9074 0.8444 0.7636 0.6694 0.5681 0.4667 0.3715 0.2867
16 0.9730 0.9441 0.8987 0.8355 0.7559 0.6641 0.5660 0.4677 0.3751
17 0.9857 0.9678 0.9370 0.8905 0.8272 0.7489 0.6593 0.5640 0.4686
18 0.9928 0.9823 0.9626 0.9302 0.8826 0.8195 0.7423 0.6550 0.5622
19 0.9965 0.9907 0.9787 0.9573 0.9235 0.8752 0.8122 0.7363 0.6509
20 0.9984 0.9953 0.9884 0.9750 0.9521 0.9170 0.8682 0.8055 0.7307
21 0.9993 0.9977 0.9939 0.9859 0.9712 0.9469 0.9108 0.8615 0.7991
22 0.9997 0.9990 0.9970 0.9924 0.9833 0.9673 0.9418 0.9047 0.8551
23 0.9999 0.9995 0.9985 0.9960 0.9907 0.9805 0.9633 0.9367 0.8989
24 1.0000 0.9998 0.9993 0.9980 0.9950 0.9888 0.9777 0.9594 0.9317
25 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9974 0.9938 0.9869 0.9748 0.9554
26 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9987 0.9967 0.9925 0.9848 0.9718
27 0.9999 0.9998 0.9994 0.9983 0.9959 0.9912 0.9827
28 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9991 0.9978 0.9950 0.9897
29 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9989 0.9973 0.9941
30 0.9999 0.9998 0.9994 0.9986 0.9967
31 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9993 0.9982
32 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9990
33 0.9999 0.9998 0.9995
34 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
35 1.0000 0.9999
36 0.9999
37 1.0000
Table A.3 Normal Probability Table 735

Table A.3 Areas under the Normal Curve 0 z

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
−3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
−3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
−3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
−3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
−3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
−2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
−2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
−2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
−2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
−2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
−2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
−2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
−2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
−2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
−2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
−1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
−1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
−1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
−1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
−1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
−1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
−1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
−1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
−1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
−1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
−0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
−0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
−0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
−0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
−0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
−0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
−0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
−0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
−0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
−0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
736 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.3 (continued) Areas under the Normal Curve

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
 Table A.4 Student t-Distribution Probability Table 737


Table A.4 Critical Values of the t-Distribution 0 t 

α
v 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025
1 0.325 0.727 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706
2 0.289 0.617 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303
3 0.277 0.584 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182
4 0.271 0.569 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776
5 0.267 0.559 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571
6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447
7 0.263 0.549 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365
8 0.262 0.546 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306
9 0.261 0.543 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262
10 0.260 0.542 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228
11 0.260 0.540 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201
12 0.259 0.539 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179
13 0.259 0.538 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160
14 0.258 0.537 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145
15 0.258 0.536 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131
16 0.258 0.535 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120
17 0.257 0.534 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110
18 0.257 0.534 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101
19 0.257 0.533 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093
20 0.257 0.533 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086
21 0.257 0.532 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080
22 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074
23 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069
24 0.256 0.531 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064
25 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060
26 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056
27 0.256 0.531 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052
28 0.256 0.530 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048
29 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045
30 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042
40 0.255 0.529 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021
60 0.254 0.527 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000
120 0.254 0.526 0.845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980
∞ 0.253 0.524 0.842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960
738 Appendix A Statistical Tables and Proofs

Table A.4 (continued) Critical Values of the t-Distribution

α
v 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.0075 0.005 0.0025 0.0005
1 15.894 21.205 31.821 42.433 63.656 127.321 636.578
2 4.849 5.643 6.965 8.073 9.925 14.089 31.600
3 3.482 3.896 4.541 5.047 5.841 7.453 12.924
4 2.999 3.298 3.747 4.088 4.604 5.598 8.610
5 2.757 3.003 3.365 3.634 4.032 4.773 6.869
6 2.612 2.829 3.143 3.372 3.707 4.317 5.959
7 2.517 2.715 2.998 3.203 3.499 4.029 5.408
8 2.449 2.634 2.896 3.085 3.355 3.833 5.041
9 2.398 2.574 2.821 2.998 3.250 3.690 4.781
10 2.359 2.527 2.764 2.932 3.169 3.581 4.587
11 2.328 2.491 2.718 2.879 3.106 3.497 4.437
12 2.303 2.461 2.681 2.836 3.055 3.428 4.318
13 2.282 2.436 2.650 2.801 3.012 3.372 4.221
14 2.264 2.415 2.624 2.771 2.977 3.326 4.140
15 2.249 2.397 2.602 2.746 2.947 3.286 4.073
16 2.235 2.382 2.583 2.724 2.921 3.252 4.015
17 2.224 2.368 2.567 2.706 2.898 3.222 3.965
18 2.214 2.356 2.552 2.689 2.878 3.197 3.922
19 2.205 2.346 2.539 2.674 2.861 3.174 3.883
20 2.197 2.336 2.528 2.661 2.845 3.153 3.850
21 2.189 2.328 2.518 2.649 2.831 3.135 3.819
22 2.183 2.320 2.508 2.639 2.819 3.119 3.792
23 2.177 2.313 2.500 2.629 2.807 3.104 3.768
24 2.172 2.307 2.492 2.620 2.797 3.091 3.745
25 2.167 2.301 2.485 2.612 2.787 3.078 3.725
26 2.162 2.296 2.479 2.605 2.779 3.067 3.707
27 2.158 2.291 2.473 2.598 2.771 3.057 3.689
28 2.154 2.286 2.467 2.592 2.763 3.047 3.674
29 2.150 2.282 2.462 2.586 2.756 3.038 3.660
30 2.147 2.278 2.457 2.581 2.750 3.030 3.646
40 2.123 2.250 2.423 2.542 2.704 2.971 3.551
60 2.099 2.223 2.390 2.504 2.660 2.915 3.460
120 2.076 2.196 2.358 2.468 2.617 2.860 3.373
∞ 2.054 2.170 2.326 2.432 2.576 2.807 3.290